균류 분화과정의 유전적 조절기작

박범찬,이환희,박윤희,박희문 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 2003 생물공학연구지 Vol.9 No.1

Fungi are well suited for studying mechanism controlling development and cell differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes. The asexual and sexual reproductive cycles are tightly coordinated during the life cycle of Aspergillus nidulans. The asexual (mitotic) reproductive cycle involves the formation of a number of differentiated cell types. Successful formation of multicellular reproductive structures and spores (conidia) requires the establishment of spatiotemporal gradients in essential transcriptional regulators, such as brlA, abaA and wetA. Altered gene expression is coordinated with critical changes in the movement of nuclei and the regulation of the cell division cycle. Therefore, it has been proposed to define a central regulatory pathway. Several early regulatory genes involved in signal transduction pathway controlling asexual sporulation are also required for activating the central pathway. Sexual (meiotic) reproduction is more complex, requiring the differentiation of several specialized tissue types. Although technical difficulties have limited efforts to study the genetics of sexual fruiting-body formation directly, some recent progress has been made. With the recent availability of mutants blocked in sexual development, understanding the genetic interactions between genes that function primarily in determining sexual sporulation will be achieved in the near future.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

공황장애에서 Paroxetine 치료반응을 예측할 수 있는 생물학적 지표

박주언,유범희 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : Previons studies reported altered beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR) responsiveness in panic disorder, but few studies reported to see the effect of pharmacotherapy on βAR function in panic patients. This investigation examined βAR responsiveness in patients with panic disorder before and after pharmacotherapy with paroxetine. Methods : After assessment using the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for DSM-FV, 27 acute panic patients whose illness duration did not exceed 1 year were assigned to 12 weeks of paroxetine treatment. Twenty seven normal control subjects with no previous history of major medical and psychiatric illnesses were matched by age, sex, exercise, and body mass index. The Hamilton rating scaIe for anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D), Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory-State (STAI-S) and Trait (STAI-T), acute panic inventory (API), anxiety sensitivity index (ASI), and Beck depression index (BDI) were performed to assess clinical states in the panic patients before and after treatment. The HAM-A, HAM-D, STAI-S and STAI-T, and BDI were also performed in the normal control subjects. We measured the βAR density (Bmax), affinity (l/Kd), and sensitivity (cyclic AMP ratio of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP to basal cAMP)in all subjects. Results : Panic patients showed much lower scores of the HAM-A, STAI-S, STAI-T, API, ASI, HAM-D, and BDI after 12 weeks ofparoxetine treatment than those before the treatment. There was no significant difference in the means of Bmax and cAMP ratio between control subjects and panic patients before and after the treatment. However, Pretreatment Kd(R²=0.314, β=-0.876, p=0.001) and Bmax (R²=0.230, β=-0.575, P=0.019) significantly accounted for API scores after the treatment and change of Bmax according to the treatment accounted for the improvement of anxiety sensitivity (R²=0.353, β=0.594, P=0.015). The pretreatment Kd value was significantly higher in the panic patients compared with that of control subjects (78.35≥26.20 vs. 59.15≥29.33, p=0.014), which was significantly reduced after the treatment (79.43≥26.83 vs. 56.38≥28.79, p=0.002). The pretreatment Kd value significantly accounted for the improvement of API scores (R²=0.316, β=0.562, p=0.029) and the decrease in trait anxiety (R²=0.246, β=-0.513, P=0.025). Conclusion : In acute panic patients, only βAR affinity was reduced before the treatment, which was contrary to our ex-pectation. Decreased ,βAR affinity was normalized after paroxetine treatment. Decreased βAR affinity and increased βAR density before the treatment predicted good treatment response in acute panic patients. Thus, βAR affinity and density could be useful biological markers that predict the treatment response of paroxetine in panic disorder.

한국판 해밀턴 우울증평가척도(K-HDRS)의 확인적 요인 분석

박혜원,이은호,김도관,유범희,이동수,김지혜 大韓神經精神醫學會 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.1

Objectives The present study was conducted to examine the factor structure of a Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS), and we did so by performing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Methods The data from the 17-item K-HDRS data was obtained from 319 South Koreans who met the DSM-IV Criteria of Major Depressive Disorder. We examined the fit of ten competing models. The CFAs were evaluated in their original first-order structures and in their hierarchically related counterparts. Results The alternative models obtained unsatisfactory fit indices, although the five-factor inter-correlated model (model 5a) demonstrated a relatively good fit to the data. The model 5a also performed better than its hierarchically related counterpart (model 5b). The Modification Indices (MIs) were used to provide a more satisfactory account of the data. The Mls suggested correlations between the unique variances of items (item 1 & 3, item 10 & 15), and these parameters were added to the model 5a. After introducing minor modifications, the 'final' model (5m) yielded an improved model fit. Conclusion This study suggests that the symptoms of depression, as assessed by the K-HDRS, cluster into five factors : anhedonia/retardation, guilt/agitation, bodily symptoms, insomnia and appetite. This study provides evidence for the cross-cultural generalizability of the HDRS, although some refinement of the scale is still required.

經濟開發과 經濟體制

朴喜範 서울大學校商科大學 韓國經濟硏究所 1966 經濟論集 Vol.5 No.4

Economic system is a social order in which the economic institutions as its component factors are not only consistent with each other but form an integrated organization. There may be some economic institutions which defend and support the interests of existing ruling economic powers. But if those private interests conflict with national interest, that is, the development of national productivity, the economic institutions must be changed to be appropriate for the development of national productivity and in the result the character of the economic system is changed. In this way, the economic powers based on the old institutions will be substituted for the other economic powers suitable for the new institutions. The relation between the national productivity and the economic institutions forming an economic system is divided into two cases: in general case, the development of national productivity determines the character of economic system; and in special case, on the contrary, the reform of economic system brings the development of national productivity. The advanced economies, I think, belong to the former, and the backward to the latter. In other words, in the advanced economy the development of national productivity has acted as an independent variable in reforming the economic institutions or system; in the backward economy the reform of the institutions or system has played a role of independent variable in the development of the national productivity. The series of the systems of the advanced economy, in the reform of which the development of national productivity has played a ruling role, may usually be understood as mercantilism, industrial capitalism, monopolistic capitalism, and modified capitalism. And also the series of the systems of the backward economy, in which the reform of economic institutions has played a ruling role in the development of national productivity, can be understood as physiocracy, protectionism, Sunwenism (a kind of ideal type), and backward countries' type of mixed economic system. Therefore, in spite of the background of the same age there may well be the difference in the economic systems between the advanced and the backward countries according to the individuality of national economy. The backward countries who created the economic systems suitable for their individuality which is different from that of the advanced countries have achieved the rapid development of national productivity; on the contrary, the backward countries without their suitable systems did not break away from economic backwardness. This is a historical lesson. The economic systems in backward countries which conquered successfully their economic backwardness have coped and coexisted with those of advanced countries; namely, physiocracy with mercantilism, protectionism, with industrial capitalism, Sunwenism, with imperialism, and finally backward countries' type of mixed economic system with modified capitalism. There is no doubt that this contrast or distinction has not the same exactitude as in natural science. It is also obvious that the implications of economic system vary to a large extent according to the peculiarity of cultural tradition and national individuality. We have so far described the factors to change advanced economic systems in relation to the different stages of economic development, and backward economic systems in relation to the difference of individuality-economic backwardness- in national economy. For that reason, by the difference of individuality many countries in the same development stage of productive power have adopted different economic systems respectively. Succeeding to the same monopolistic capitalism inview of the development stage of productive power, the "Have Nations" whose resources were rich have been transformed into modified capitalism on one hand, and the "Have-not Nations" whose resources were poor were transformed into fascism on the other hand. This historical fact proves that the difference of national individualities accrues partly from natural environments. Here is, however, an economic system based on the theory of Marxian socialism. The series of economic systems in backward countries which I mentioned above, though they are historical facts, can be considered as one of the alternatives in viewing from the theoretical aspects. For example, economic system other than protectionism might have opposed to the industrial capitalism of advanced countries, have developed their national productivity rapidly, and have wiped out economic backwardness; and in the result, the above economic systems might have brought up the countries to become members of advanced group in the near future as the protectionism has done. In the same way, the economic system which could have opposed to imperialism-the highest stage of monopolistic capitalism, and protected its national interest, may not imply only Sunwenism. We can say that the economic system of Marxism-Leninism was one of the possible systems in backward countries. Why Marxian socialism could not but be born in the most economically backward country, Russia, contrary to the prophecy of Marx, can not be explained without standing on the different theoretical ground from Marxism. It seems to me that the deep-rooted foreign capital unable to be eliminated by laissez-faire, the sudden introduction of modern institutions shocking the feudal semi-serfdom, the secret police system of Imperial Russia, and other cultural traditions, etc. were the factors to have made out the economic system of Marxism-Leninism which is a sort of socialism having Russian individuality. From the viewpoint of the exclusion of humanity and other cultural values, that system has many faults. But that ruthless and violent system has accomplished economic modernization. On the contrary, Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles which is more rational and ideal than Marxism-Leninism has ended in a failure. Though Marx and Schumpeter were based on the different theoretical ground, both foresaw the coming world after capitalism to be socialist society. But they emphasized only the generality of history based on the advanced capitalist economies which had played a leading role in modern history; they neglected the various effects of the supporting role of a number of backward economies on the modern history. In this sense, they have forgotten the individuality of historical phenomena. It can be known from the fact that the proposition of Marx-the most advanced capitalist economies will transform into socialism in the first place-was denied by the very man, Lenin, his genuine successor. In spite of long and boring explanation by the socialists, the historical fact that in the most economically backward country, Russia, was born socialism for the first time, contradicts the proposition of Marx. I do not doubt that Marxian socialism is one of the alternative ways in economic development of backward countries. But this system may be irrational economic system as well as abnormal. Marxian socialism cannot destroy the general law that the connotation of a term varies according to the development stages of productive power. Marxian socialism is classified into advanced and backward types, as same as advanced type of industrial capitalism implied laissez-faire and backward type of it protectionism. Soviet Union has recently transformed into revised socialist system, but Red China is to stick to Stalinism. In this very point the economic factor of Sino-Soviet ideological dispute is believed to lie. Soviet Union could not but transform into revisionism for her national interest, the development of productive power, on the contrary, to Red China Stalinism seems rather appropriate. Various types of economic system after industrial capitalism-protectionism, Sunwenism, Fascism, two kinds of Marxian socialism and all other possible socialist economic systems, can be defined as modern economic systems. The word 'modern' in this place means that it is not the traditional economic system the characteristic of which is the unproductive allocation of resources, but the economic system which is characterized by the productive allocation of resources and which makes, therefore, economic development possible. In other words, the word 'modern' does not imply the primitive accumulation of capital, i.e., merely one-way transfer of wealth, but the accumulation of industrial capital by private sector and/or government. Here I must emphasize the point that any economy has created a new economic system on the basis of historical inheritances. A new economic system as a new social order was established by modifying the system taken over as historical inheritance or lesson according to new principles, or by creating partly new institutions. It is proved by the fact that socialist economic systems which are utterly hostile to capitalism in ideology have adopted capitalist institutions in modified form suitable for their principles. Therefore, in case we discuss the economic system in the backward countries which were emerged as independent nations in our times, we must keep it in mind that all the economic institutions constituting it can not and need not be newly created. Now, let's summarize the analysis of the mixed economy which is supposed the most rational economic system for the backward countries. Above all, it is necessary to make clear some problems in the reformation of economic institutions in the backward countries. First, it is needed to remove some elements of traditional or pre-modern institutions which block the economic modernization of the backward countries. As for this point, Professor W. W. Rostow asserts that the control in the flow of income should be transferred from the unproductive class to the productive. So long as the control in the flow of income remains in the hands of unproductive or traditional economic powers, i.e., middlemen, brokers, foreign exchange or real estate speculators, etc., the economic surplus as once mentioned by P. Baran is laid out unproductively or penetrates into the same consumption process as redistribution in the end. Hence, the control must be transferred to the modern productive class, whether it is private and/or government. To say once more, the social and economic activities which pursue the primitive accumulation of capital must be changed into the other social and economic activities in which the accumulation of industrial capital plays a ruling role. To satisfy these social desires the existing economic system must be reformed or a new system must be created. Second, the economic system in the backward countries must have the same institutional arrangements which can assure the realization of policies for national interests as the protectionism of backward countries in the nineteenth century had. The backward countries in the nineteenth century could guarantee their national interests, i.e., the development of national productivity, only by protecting their infant domestic industries. But the case of the present emerging independent countries is very different from the above. Their domestic industries are not only infant, but economically subordinate to the industries of advanced countries. They are subordinate not entirely in the pattern of manufactured goods versus primary goods as in the colonial ages. Maintaining partly this type of subordination, they are subordinate mainly in the aspect that their domestic consumer-goods-processing industries constructed after their independence are dependent on the heavy machinery industries and heavy chemical industries of advanced countries in the demand side of their facilities and raw materials. And also those consumer-goods-processing industries are usually forming monopolistic or oligopolistic positions in the backward countries, and they have comprador characteristics acting only as the fixed merchandise market for advanced countries. Consequently, the industrialization policies in the backward countries must be ultimately focused on establishing economic independence. But in the present economic conditions they must necessarily pursue the inward-looking nationalism aiming at the intensive industrialization. The reasons are as follows: the international specialization in the latter half of the twentieth century has changed long before from north-south trade to east-west; the advanced countries which have lost their colonies are protecting their agriculture as one means of industry-diversification policies; the advanced countries including the United States which forms the backbone of international trade are suffering from the overproduction in the agricultural sector; and to make matters worse, by the invention of synthetic raw materials the industries of advanced countries do not so much depend on the raw materials of the backward countries as before. From the outside factors, the industrialization of emerging independent countries enforces the intensive industrialization. Moreover, the nationalism of those countries which were liberated from the colonial rule is naturally rushing into the inward-looking nationalism. The economic system in the backward countries, therefore, needs the institutional arrangements which can satisfy this inward-looking economic nationalism. The next problem is which economic system can defend the national interests of the backward countries. Of course, we can think of the variously possible economic systems; modern capitalism, Fascism and various types of socialist systems may be the adoptable in the point that they can change the traditional types of economic activities into the modern. But the economic system we intend to pursue must be one which is rational and normal to any extent on one hand, because the economic life is not all of the social life of man, and rather the economic activities are the mere means to accomplish the higher objectives; and which can maintain the nationalistic features on the other hand. It will be identified that the backward countries' type of mixed economic system as H. Myint defined can satisfy the above requirements. First, it needs the institutional reform related with the agricultural sector. The institutional framework must be arranged which can transform the economic surplus originated from agriculture into the productive investment by abolishing the semi-feudal tenant system through land reform. The institution need be arranged which can remove the control in the flow of income around the agriculture from the unproductive landlords to the farmers, so that the farmers can invest productively in agriculture or other sectors. Agricultural revolution, however, cannot be fulfilled only by the land reform. The economic surplus in agriculture has been expropriated not only by the traditional feudal forces, but also by the precapitalistic merchant capital. Moreover, in the agricultural sector without landlords there are so many owner cultivators or petty cultivators that minor middlemen versus major cultivators form the selling or purchasing market for the necessaries of life and the agricultural products. As the result, the oligopolistic competition peculiar in the backward countries occurs in the marketing process, and the expropriation of farmers by the middlemen becomes more excessive. Hence, the marketing mechanism for the farm products and the necessaries of farmers need be modernized. The marketing revolution in the agricultural sector must be focused on the following policy: the agricultural cooperatives must take charge of the former function of middlemen so that the economic surplus can be resolved to the farmers or cooperatives themselves, or mobilized into production in the form of government tax revenues. Central Marketing System in Malaysia, Farmer's Association System in Taiwan, and State Marketing System(or State Trade System) in Burma and India, are the good examples. As the land reform or marketing revolution aims ultimately at the productive transformation of the semi-feudal land capital, middle merchant capital or usury capital, such an agricultural revolution must coincide with the industrialization plan which makes possible the productive mobilization of unproductive capitals. Second, the marketing revolution is needed not only in the agricultural sector but also in the industrial sector or other commerce and service sectors. In order to remove the control in the flow of income from the unproductive classes to the productive classes, modern marketing system must be established in the overall marketing sector. The principles of institutional reform in this sector are the same as those in agricultural cooperatives: the intermediate marketing system excluding retail trade must be undertaken by the producer's associations which are organized respectively by occupations. This will transfer the incomes of excluded middlemen to the producers associations or the producers themselves; and therefore, it will be conducive to the reduction of tax-collecting expenses and the increase of government revenues, because the taxation policies can be executed against the producer's associations. To efficiently administer the producer's associations and to block the evasion of taxes by the exact grasping of the production and circulation of goods, the financial institutions must be arranged. All the transactions excluding those with the final demanders must be regulated in the check exchange and balanced through the current deposit accounts of banks, so that the evasion of taxes by the usurpation on raw materials or finished goods and by the unfairness in the allocation of raw materials can be prevented. Third, the government organization must be so reformed that it can orientate and supervise producer's associations in accordance with the policies and can accomplish the objectives of them, because the occupational producer's association are not the production organization but the regulation organization. The marketing mechanism and the government organization of Fascism which, allowing in principle the priviate property system and the freedom of enterprise in the production activities, could obstruct the waste of resources by allocating the resources productively according to the government plan, may be utilized for the mixed economic system of the backward countries. Here we must keep it in mind that the ideology of Fascism is one thing and the economic institutions of it are another. It would be a good lesson that the Soviet socialism adopts many capitalistic institutions in various sectors, but administers them entirely differently from capitalism. The fourth is the problem about the monopolistic and oligopolistic financial cliques. The monopoly and oligopoly in the backward countries are formed not only in the marketing sector as already mentioned, but tend to be formed in the manufacturing sector, especially in the consumer-goods-processing industries or the durable consumer-goods-processing industries. These financial cliques generally have subordinate and comprador subcontract relations with the heavy machinery industries, the heavy chemical industries and the exact machinery industries of advanced countries in the aspect of facilities, raw materials and technology. As long as these subcontract relations are continued, the investment in these sectors can not expect the derived investments by linkage and/or multiplier effects. In spite of these features, the financial cliques have received the special favor in finance under the name of industrialization and have generally formed family companies. In having formed the financial cliques, their creative entrepreneurship must have played a large role, but their connection with the political powers may have been a much more direct factor. The formation of family financial cliques largely impedes the automatic mobilization of private capital. Low interest loans, even if there is not progression of inflation, give enormous opportunities for vested interests along with other subsidies. So long as such a loan system exists, the development of the automatic mobilization machinery of private capital, i.e., the stock market, will be blocked, and the popularization of stocks will be impossible. Though the theoretical discussion on the development bank is still continuing, it is a general trend of many countries that loan policy is being substituted for investing policy. Development bank will be able to make the automatic mobilization of private capital and the popularization of stocks possible, for it can invest directly in the stock market. Consequently, the reformation of financial institutions is desired. In the particular economic sectors or industries which private capital can not undertake, government will be able to invest directly and dispose of the enterprises to private capitalists; this case was historically the state capitalism in the initial stage of modernization of Japan. Fifth, various problems can be appeared in the transitory period. As the modernization of backward countries implies the change of social powers in the sociological and political aspects, there must be social frictions. Especially, the present backward countries which were liberated from the colonial rules must fight against the domestic traditional powers on one hand as in the industrialization process of advanced countries; and must fight against the oppression by the advanced countries' monopolistic capital which is linked with the domestic subordinate processing industries on the other hand. The maintenance of traditional, commerce capitalistic or usury capitalistic institutions are favorable to both of the domestic traditional powers and the monopolistic capital of the advanced countries. Therefore, the coalition of these two powers is the most important factor blocking the modernization of backward countries. Here is one of the reasons why nationalism is so prevalent in the present backward countries. The unemployment problem in the transitory period may not be very important. Though frictional unemployment will occur temporarily, the more creation of productive employment opportunities will make it easier. The frictional unemployment in the retail trades or other services business which give the most of employment opportunities will be affected little by the marketing revolution. The exclusion of middlemen or brokers will be compensated by the employment opportunities created in the modern marketing organization by the producer's associations. Consequently, the frictional unemployment cannot be an important social problem. It is a quite different problem how the mass communication defending the existing economic powers will treat this problem. It is already mentioned that the industrialization of backward countries can not but have the intensive character and advance to the inward-looking nationalism. To realize the inward-looking nationalism; first, on the side of policy measures the intensive industrialization plan is necessary, second, on the side of institutions the tariff system and the adjustment of domestic price mechanism able to support the industrialization plan must be established. And the institutional arrangements will be necessary which can systematically carry forward the plan in order to form the social overhead capital and to establish the basic industries essential for the intensive industrialization.

소화기 Behcet병: 13예의 임상분석

정희원,유빈,문희범,이인철,김병식,박건춘,김진천 대한대장항문학회 1995 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.11 No.1

後進國에 있어서의 內資의 調達과 그 産業別 配分 (基2)

朴喜範 서울大學交 商科大學 韓國經濟 硏究所 1964 經濟論集 Vol.3 No.4

The economic development plan in underdeveloped countries should include two aspects as its target of development policy; on the one hand the social change, and on the other, the structural change. The social change means reforming of traditional economic institutions, in which precapitalistic primitive accumulation of capital, unproductive investment of capital and so-called comprador capital can easily be prevailed. The structural change means the transformation of industrial structure into independent or self-sustained structure from dependent or subordinative one, which have grown up under long-continued colonial rule in the past and become nowadays the ground for a new form of the primitive accumulation of capital of the advanced monopolistic capitalism. The social change is related to the mobilization-programme of industrial capital, and the structural change to the allocation of capital among industries, i.e., the investment-programme of capital in the economic development plan in underdeveloped countries. In the first part of this paper we discussed the problem of capital mobilization accompanied with the "social change," and here in the second part, the problem of capital investment accompanied with the "structural change." Both problems, however, are closely related to one another, and can not be inquired into separately. In other words, here we discuss the strategies of capital investment inspiring the structural change. The characteristics of the industrial structure of underdeveloped countries can be summed up in a word of "subordination" to advanced economy. Generally speaking, the subordination of industrial structure was one-sidedly compelled by advanced monopolistic capitalists at the stage of imperialism in the late 19th century, and today it has changed into a new form by the modern expansionism that has tried to maintain the 19th century's subordinative relations. But there are substantially few differences between the 19th century's subordinative relations and those of today. In the underdeveloped economy, the mining industry is not linked up with its own country's manufacturing industries but with the producer's goods or heavy industries of advanced countries. And the modernized estate agriculture except the traditional small farming in underdeveloped countries is linked up not with its own country's manufacturing industries but with the consumer's goods or light industries of advanced countries. In the cities of underdeveloped countries there are few productive enterprises except handicraft and production of simple tools or instruments; but there are only the usuries, the landlords, the bureaucrats and the parasitic merchants who export their own country's primitive products and import the consumer's goods of advanced countries. Thus the underdeveloped countries with those subordinative industrial structure have few economic linkages among mining, agriculture and manufacturing, and socially, they constitute the plural or dualistic society which has few interactions between rural and urban areas. In the underdeveloped economy with those characteristics the principle of development policy should be strictly distinguished from that of advanced economy. First, the precapitalistic traditional economic institutions such as merchant capital, usuries and semi-feudal land system should be reformed; and also all the traditional social institutions that hinder the enlarged-reproduction and force the simple reproduction should be also reformed. This means the overall social change. Secondly, the structural change of industry should proceed toward the independent self-sustained structure, getting out of the situation of ground for primitive accumulation of capital of the advanced countries. In other words, the underdeveloped countries should establish their own mixed economy that could reform the social institutions as well as change the industrial structure simultaneously. The word "their own" implies that the underdeveloped countries, whether they are capitalist or socialist, have to exclude the subordinative relations and cast off the role of the apostle for the advanced countries on the ideological aspects. Without the construction of such independent system, it is impossible to exclude the economic pressure from advanced countries and to achieve the reasonable development of economy for the underdeveloped countries. That is a very different point between the situation of the present underdeveloped countries and that of 19th century's. Since the allocation of capital among industries in underdeveloped countries, which we take as the subject in the second part of this paper, aims at the reformation of subordinative structure of industry, the "maximization of national productive power" should be the principle of development policy. the difference between the principle of the "maximization of welfare" in advanced countries and that of the "maximization of productive power" in underdeveloped countries is a matter of course of different stages of economic development. While the purpose of economic policy in advanced economy is on the present welfare, i.e., the present pleasure, of the people; the principle of economic policy in underdeveloped countries is on the furture welfare of the nation, i.e., the present austerity of the people. The former intends to increase the purchasing power i.e., monetary national income (economic growth), but the latter should intend to increase the productive power (economic development), i.e., the industrialization. While the feature of the former is the marginal growth based upon the modernized industrial foundations, the latter should achieve overall change of industrial structure. While the underdeveloped countries of 19th century, which had similar traditions of the culture and relatively high level of national income, could achieve the industrialization with a loose policy of so-called protectionism, those of the present day, which have the precapitalistic socio-economic institutions, the pressure from advanced countries, the lower level of income and savings and rapid growth of population, need inevitably the strict control of central government and the economic development plan for the rapid industrialization. Achieving structural change under the principle of the " maximization of national productive power," there must be both the expansion of social overhead capital and the construction of the basic industries. This is the process of "Big Push" at the early stage of economic development. For the "Big Push" process, it is necessary to supply enormous domestic capital and to import foreign capital and advanced technology. For the purpose of mobilization of domestic capital, first, the rate of social savings should be raised; secondly, the export should be raised; secondly, the export should be increased, and thirdly the international economic cooperation should be urged. For the increase of social savings, the precapitalistic economic institutions which may induce the waste of productive resources should be modernized. Therefore, we need some institutional reformations, such as land reform, the reform of marketing system specially relevant to foreign and domestic trade and reform of capital accumulation mechanism which can mobilize the unemployed resources into productive investment. Professor Rostow argued that the rate of productive investment should be increased more than 10% of national income for the "pre-conditions of take-off." Professor Rostow's premise of "take-off," however, based only on ex post facto economic realities; moreover, he did not discuss about the measures which could raise the productive investment more than 10% of national income. Professor Hirschman, from the beginning of his discussion, did not pay his attention to the structural change. He evaded the core of the problem by taking the technical problems which might bring about the induced in vestment by the creation of external economies. In my opinion, the reformation of existing economic institutions (especially the mechanism of capital accumulation) might be inevitable for raising the rate of social savings in present underdeveloped countries with less than 100 dollars of per capita income. The factors impeding the modernization of the underdeveloped countries are not the vicious circle of poverty as Professor Nurkse pointed out, but the "vicious circle of policy" rejection the institutional reform. Besides the raise of social savings, the importation of foreign capital and modern technology must be met in accordance with the development programme. But this is a difficult task for underdeveloped countries; this problem can only be solved effectively by the international economic cooperation without any political string. Under the relations of capitalist economy, the foreign private investment, generally speaking, has been concentrated on the particular sectors such as mining, oil, rubber plantation, etc., which can supply raw materials for their own heavy and light industries. As the result, the industrial structure of under-developed countries has been distorted. as for the foreign government capital, it has been invested mainly to the social overhead capital in underdeveloped countries. And usually this foreign capital has political strings. However, the foreign capital may play an important role in developing the basic industries of underdeveloped countries, if well-managed. In connection with the importation of foreign capital, the priority of investment, i.e., on which basic industry to place the priority, exerts a great influence on demand and supply of foreign exchange and on shortening of industrialization period needed. For instance, if the investment priority had been placed on a integrated heavy machine building plant rather than a steel plant in the Indian Second Five Year Plan, said Professor Mahalanobis, both the goal of the Plan itself and the following investment projects could have been accomplished without any crisis of foreign exchange. Finally, here remains the technical problems of strategies for allocation of capital among industries. But this is only the technique of minor details; it can never be the substantial problem influencing the fate of economic development plan of underdeveloped countries. Nevertheless, the most of the works of western scholars on economic development are limited to these technical problems, and as the result, they, are evading the core of the problems. The reason, I suppose, is that they take the views which are speaking for the national interests of advanced countries. Nevertheless their strategies and techniques are very useful, if we grasp the essence of the problems correctly. When we apply them to the economic development of underdeveloped countries, of course, we need much modification and new coordination of them There are Professor Rostow's theory of primary growth sector and Professor Hirschman's theory of linkage effects for the development strategies and input-output analysis for the planning technique which we can apply economic development of underdeveloped countries usefully. But Professor Rostow's primary growth-sector is an ex post facto notion, not a dynamic one which can present a guidance to judge which the most important industry is or on which industry to place the priority. It is the basic industries that must undoubtedly be the primary growth sector in underdeveloped countries, and if the basic industries are arranged as the new export industries, which are specialized in the new international division of labour, Professor Rostow's so-called primary growth sector will be established, Once the basic industries, as the primary growth sector, are established, we can expect the induced investment in the supplementary growth sector related to those basic industries by Professor Hirschman's complementarity effects, i.e., forward and backward linkage effects and Keynesian induced investment in the derived growth sector. Input-output analysis, as an economic planning technique, must become the ex ante analysis or the dynamic analysis based on experience which is acquired from the earlier economic development of advanced countries. Because, input-output table of an underdeveloped country itself, which is reflecting subordinative and distorted industrial structure, cannot present any guidance to the investment programme of underdeveloped countries attempting the structural changes of industries. One of the most important things in effort for the economic development in underdeveloped countries is to respect the national interests of underdeveloped countries themselves. For underdeveloped countries, it is necessary to create the original "ideology' which can speak for their interests against imported foreign ideologies. List's protectionism against Ricardo's international division of labor and Sun Yat-sen's Three-fold National Principle against imperialism are some of good examples. To achieve the economic development, underdeveloped countries must find out their real images and interests.

계지의 항염 효과에 관한 연구

박히준,이지숙,이재동,김남재,표지희,강전모,최일환,김수영,심범상,이제헌,임사비나 EAST-WEST MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYUNG HEE UNI 2005 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2005 No.-

Objectives : Cinnamomi Ramulus (CR), the young twing of Cinnamomi loureirii nees, has been used for treating symptoms related to pain. rheumatic arthritis and inflammation in Korean herb medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR in vivo and in vitro. Methods : Extracts of CR were prepared and the chemical components of the extracts were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were administrated to the rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR. The expressions of nitric oxide (NO). prostaglandin E2(PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were also quantified in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages to survey the effect of CR in vitro. The main components were cinnamaldechyde and coumarin. Results : We examined the anti-inflammatory activity of the 80% ethanol extract of Cinnamomi Ramulus in vivo by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Maximum inhibition of 54.9% was noted at the dose of 1000㎎/㎏ after 2 hours of drug administration in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and this showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusions : The results showed that Cinnamomi Ramulus suppressed dose-dependently LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and also decreased iNOS protein expression. Cinnamomi Ramulus also showed a significant inhibitory effect in LPS-induced PGE2 production and COX-2 expression.

韓國體育大學 運動種目別 選手들의 體力實態分析(Ⅱ)

朴泳熙,朴喆斌,申範澈 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1983 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.2 No.1

The physique and physical fitness of the athletes at Korean National College of physical Education were measured. The implications of this study are as follows: 1.physique index Throwers and Gymnastics were superior in physique of length, size and girth, while male table tennis players had the problem of posture guidance. 2. physical fitness 1) throwers were superior in upper and lower extrimity and male archers in upper arm Flexion strength, while table tennis players were inferior. 2)Both badminton players and male table tennis players were superior in muscularstrength; archers, middle distance runners, male shooters, female hockey players were the next in order of the muscle strength. 3) male sprinters, male throwers, female rowers superior in vertical jump, while table tennis players were inferior. 4) Middle distance runners, sprinters, and male throwers were superior in 50m-dash and side step test, while male skaters were inferior. 5) Male swimmers, male throwers, female handball players were superior in respiratory function, while male table tennis players, male foil and sabre fencers were inferior. 6) Male skatera, male foil fencers, male fencers, male long distance runners, female fences were superior in whole body endurance. 7) Male swimmers, male Gymnastics were superior in flexibility of forward trunk flexion, while male table tennis players and male sprinters were inferior. Male shooters, male biathlon athletes, female rowers, female rowers, female badminton and tennis players were superior in backward trunk flexion, while middle distance runners and male table tennis players were inferior.

다제내성 그람양성균에 대한 Linezolid(Zyvox^(�))의 시험관내 항균력 비교

박대원,정희진,엄중식,황병연,김성범,이재갑,이연주,정혜원,정성주,박재형,이진수,손장욱,김우주,김민자,박승철 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

배경 : MRSA, VRE, VRSA같은 다제 내성 그람 양성균의 등장에 따라 glycopeptide를 대체할 새로운 항생제의 개발이 필요하게 되었고 결과적으로 새로운 항생제인 linezolid라는 항생제가 개발되었다. Linezolid는 이전의 항생제와는 다른 새로운 계열의 oxazolidinone으로 경구 이용률이 우수하다. 원내 및 원외감염의 중요한 원인균이 되고 있는 MRSA, VRE에 대한 적절한 경구용 항균제가 없는 국내에서 폐렴 및 피부 연조직 감염에서 경구용으로 사용해 볼 수 있는 약제이다. 본 연구에서는 고대 구로 병원에서 분리된 MRSA, VRE 등을 대상으로 다른 여러 항균제와 비교한 linezolid의 시험관내 항균력을 조사하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 연구대상은 1998년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 본원에서 입원 및 외래를 통하여 피부 연조직 감염증 및 호흡기 감염증, 요로감염증으로 진단된 환자들의 가검물로부터 분리된 MRSA 60균주, VRE 43균주, PRSP 25균주를 액체배지 또는 한천배지 희석법을 통하여 linezolid 및 기타 항균제에 대한 최소발육억제농도를 구하였다. 결과 : 실험에 사용한 S. aureus는 모두 MRSA였고 이들은 linezolid에 대해 MIC_(90) 2㎍/㎖(MIC 범위 1-2㎍/㎖), Enterococcus spp는 모두 VRE로 linezolid의 MIC_(90)은 2㎍/㎖로 MIC 범위는 1-4㎍/㎖였다. 한 개의 균주에서 MIC 4㎍/㎖로 중등도 감수성을 보였으나 MIC breakpoint가 (8㎍/㎖인 내성균주는 없고 모두 감수성을 보였다. S. pneumoniae의 경우 penicillin 내성이었고, linezolid MIC_(90) 1㎍/㎖ (MIC 범위 0.5-1㎍/㎖)로 전부 감수성을 보였다. 결론 : Linezolid는 MRSA를 위시한 VRE, PRSP 등의 다제 내성 그람 양성균에 대하여 우수한 시험관내 항균력을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Background : The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, VRE, and VRSA, necessitated to develop new antibiotics, which could replace the glycopeptide. As a result, a new antibiotics named linezolid was developed. Linezolid is different line of oxazolidinones with a good oral bioavailability, compared to other antibiotics. Since appropriate oral antibiotics are not presently available for MRSA, which is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections, the introduction of linezolid will have favorable effect on treatment of infections such as pneumonia or skin infections. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic effect of linezolid on MRSA and VRE isolated from patients who were treated in Korea University Guro Hospital. Material and Methods : By using broth microdilution and agar dilution method we measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with sixty S. aureus, forty three Enterococcus spp., and twenty five S. pneumoniae isolates from patients who were diagnosed as skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and urinary infections in Korea University Guro Hospital from January, 1998 to December, 2002. Results : All of S. aureus used in this study were MRSA, and MIG_(90) of linezolid was below 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1-2 ㎍/㎖). All of Enterococcus spp. were VRE, and had MIG_(90) of 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1 to 4 ㎍/㎖). One of the VRE showed intermediate susceptibility with MIC of 4 ㎍/㎖. However, none was resistant with MIC breakpoint above 8 ㎍/㎖. All of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin, but they were susceptible to linezolid with MICao of 1 ㎍/㎖(MIC range 0.5-1㎍/㎖). Conclusion : In conclusions, linezolid has an excellent in vitro antibiotic effect on multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, PRSP, and VRE.