정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

뇌사환자의 갑상선 기능, 전신대사 및 중증도에 관한 연구

이영주,정금희,왕희정,문봉기,한연희,이영석 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1999 아주의학 Vol.4 No.1

Background and Objectives : Brain death may lead to hormonal depletion, metabolic derangement and multiple organ dysfunction. We have carried out present study to examine the effects of brain death on the thyroid function, metabolic indices, and the severity scoring systems. Methods : 13 adults patients admitted for organ donation or brain death evaluation were examined after brain death was confirmed. Thyroid hormones measured were .thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4). The metabolic indices measured were arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR), lactic acid (LA), and base defiat (BD). as for reference to the severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ and multiple organ failure score (MOFS) were assessed on the day of brain death confirmation. Arterial blood was drawn for all measurements. Results : As for the thyroid function, there were significant decreases in T3 (40.48±20.96 ng/dL) and T4 (3.47±2.15 ㎍/dL), but no significant change in FT4 (0.75±0.31 ng/dL) and TSH (1.12±1.37 uIU/mL) compared to the normal range. Significant decreases in AKBR (0.39±0.31) and BD (-9.46±5.83 m㏖/L), and significant increase in LA (2.57±2.46 m㏖/L) In metabolic indices, were shown, as for severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ score (101.54±19.41) and MOF score (9.11±2.57) indicated a high mortality. There were significant correlation between thyroid hormones (r=0.565 -0.781) but no correlation among other indices. Also, significant inverse correlations were shown between base deficit and lactic acid (r=-0.660), APACHE Ⅲ score (r=-0.726) and MOF score (r=-0.604). The highest correlation was observed between APACHE Ⅲ score and MOF score (r=0.851). Conclusions : As for the thyroid function, significant decrease in T3 and T4, and almost normal range of FT4 and TSH imply the euthyroid sick syndrome. Abnormal finding of the metabolic parameters indicates an inhibition of the aerobic metabolic rate of the body as a whole. And the severity scoring parameters are compatible with high mortality.

分蘖型 옥수수에 있어서 Source와 Sink의 關係

李喜鳳,崔鳳鎬,李元九,池熺正 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1993 농업과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

This study was carried out to understand the relationship between sources and sinks in tillering maize hybrid. A non-tillering hybrid was included as check hybrid, The following treatments were imposed on the two hybrids at tasseling stages 1) no leaves removed, 2) all leaves removed, 3) leaves above 1st ear node removed, 4) leaves below 1st ear node removed and 5) only 1st ear removed. The experiment was arranged in a split plot with hybrids as main plots and treatments as sub plots. Results obtained were summarized as follows: Plant heights in control were significantly higher in both hybrids than other treatments, No significant differences of plant height were observed among treatments of leaf' removal in both hybrids, No significant differences of kernel weights of plant were found between locations of leaf removal, But seed weight of tillering hybrids was about 10 to 15% heavier than that of non-tillering hybrid. Stem weight showed the same tendency as the kernel weights. Leaf removal above the ear node lowered kernel weight significantly up to 60% compared with no leaf removal, The leaf removal below the ear node lowered the kernel weight about 40%. The effects of leaf removal on kernel weight was more serious in the non-tillering hybrid than in the tillering hybrid. Contribution of each part to the total dry matter varied with position of leaf removal, When no leaves were removed. contribution of each part to the total dry matter was great in the order of kernel weight. leaf weight and culm weight, When leaves above the ear node were removed, the contribution of each part to the total dry matter was in the order of culm weight. leaf weight and kernel weight. When leaves below the ear node were removed. the contribution of kernel weight was greater than the contribution of leaf and culm weights.

2자유도 PI 제어기를 이용한 BLDC 전동기의 벡터제어에 관한 연구

이종현,성낙규,이상집,이승환,오봉환,이훈구,한경희 명지대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.20 No.-

This paper describes the speed control method of BLDC Motor using TDOF PI ( Tow-degree of freedom PI ). PI control method generally used has difficulty in efficient speed control because speed response and load torque response interfere each other. It can't decrease the overshoot of motor speed w rm, and shorten the response time of load torque TL, at the same time according to the step alternation of speed reference w rm. Therefore TDOF PI is applied to BLDC Motor in order to supply these weak points of PI control method in this paper. TDOF PI can get the torque characteristic of short response time as well as stable and prompt speed adjustment by separate control for speed response and load torque response. The results from the tests of C program simulation and system construction show that TDOF PI is superior to PI control system in speed adjustment and load torque response.

광중합형 구치부 수복재료의 중합수축량과 중합수축력

박성호,이순영,조용식,김수선,이창재,김영주,이봉희,이광성,노병덕 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.4

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage stress and amount of linear shrinkage of composites and compomers for posterior restoration. For this purpose, linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress were measured. For linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress measurement, custom made Linometer (R&B, Daejon, Korea) and Stress measuring machine was used (R&B, Daejon, Korea). Compositers and compomers were evaluated; Dyract AP (Dentsply Detrey, Gumbh, German) Z100 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, USA) Pyramid (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA) Synergy Compact (Coltene, Altstatten, Switzerland), Heliomolar (Vivadent/Ivoclar, Liechtenstein), and Compoglass (Vivadent Ivoclar/Liechtenstein) were used. 15 measurements were made for each material. Linear polymerization shrinkage or polymerization stress for each material was compared with one way ANOVA with Tukey at 95% levels of confidence. For linear shrinkage ; Heliomolar, Surefil<Synergy Compact, Z100<Dyract AP<Pyramid, Compoglass F (p<0.05) For Shrinkage stress ; Heliomolar < Z100, Pyramid<Synergy Compact, Compoglass F<Dyract AP<Heliomolar HB, Surefil (p<0.05)

한국 주요정신장애의 유병률 및 관련요인 : 2006 전국정신질환역학조사

조맹제,장성만,함봉진,정인원,배안,이영문,안준호,원승희,손정우,홍진표,배재남,이동우,조성진,박종익,이준영,김진영,전홍진,이해우 大韓神經精神醫學會 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.3

Objectives The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in the Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), and to compare those with previous studies. Methods The Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area study Replication (KECA-R) was Conducted between August 2006 and April 2007. The sampling of the subjects was carried out across 12 catchment areas. A multistage, cluster sampling design was adopted. The target Population included all eligible residents aged 181o 64 years. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) based on the DSM-IV (N=6,510, response rate=81.7%). Results A total of 6,510 participants completed the interview. The lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for all types of DSM-IV disorders were 30.0% and 17.3%, respectively. Those of Specific disorders were as follows : 1) alcohol use disorder, 16.2% and 5.6% ; 2) nicotine use disorder, 9.0% and 6.0% ; 3) specific phobia, 3.8% and 3.4% ; 4) major depressive disorder, 5.6% and 2.5% ; and 5) generalized anxiety disorder, 1.6% and 0.8%. Data relating to nicotine and alcohol use disorder revealed a very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among females than males. Conclusion The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders across the country and times were observed.

정신분열병에 대한 Risperidone의 효과 및 안전성에 관하여

신석철,왕성근,지익성,이선우,이규광,이봉희,이진영,황선희,신용재,배경도,김정란 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1997 충남의대잡지 Vol.24 No.1

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 10 patients with chronic schizophrenia were examined for 8 weeks in a silgle-open study. After the wash-out period of 1 week, risperidone was administered. Efficacy was evaluated by means of Positive and Negative syndrome Scale for Schizophernia(PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI). Safety assessment included the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), vital signs, body weight, ECG, and laboratory tests. The results were as follows 1) On the PANSS total score, there was significant improvement of total score after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 2) On the PANSS positive and negative subscal, there were significant improvement of posotive and negative scores after 2 weeks (P<.05) of administration. 3) On the PANSS general psychopatholgy subscals, there were significant improvement of general psychopathologyscores after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 4) On the CGI, there was significant decreasement of clinical impression of severity of schizophrenia score after 2 week (P<.05) of administration. 5) A statistically significant increase in body weight (P<.05) was observed after 8 weeks of administration. 6) EPS reached the peak at the end of the 1st week of administration of risperidone (11.8± 24.25) but they were easily relieved by addition of benztropine and clonazepam. There was not significant change in laboratory tests, vital sign, ECG after 8 weeks of administration. These results suggest that Risperidone is an effective antipsychotics and clinically safe except for increased body weight in chronic schizophrenia.

온도와 광주기에 따른 무 품종의 발아에 관한 연구

이희선,김옥봉 西原大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1998 基礎科學硏究論叢 Vol.12 No.-

The affects of the temperature and light on the germination of the seed of three kinds of the radish(F1 Fine Leaf, Treated Spring Radish and F1 King Kong) were studied at varied temperature(10℃∼28℃) with the light for a period of 12 hours and in the dark. The mean germination rate of all radish at the low temperature was lower than the rate at the high temperature. The significant difference was between the low and high temperature after 24 hours but the non-significant difference was after 72 hours. The temperature of maximum germination rate of F1 Fine Leaf and Treated Spring Radish was 22℃ and F1 King Kong was 28℃. When photoperiod was 12 hours, three kinds of the radish initiated to germinate in 24 hours. In dark condition, F1 Fine Leaf and Treated Spring Radish initiated after 24 hours, and F1 King Kong in 24 hours at the low temperature.

오른손과 왼손에 의한 빛과 소리의 단순반응시간의 정보처리 과정에 관한 연구

이종각,장봉우,이영희 忠北大學校 平生體育硏究所 1995 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The information processing mechanism of the visual and auditory simple reaction time by right and left hands was examined by responding from the presentation of a stimulus until the initiation of a response. Subjects (N=34, 30.79yrs +/- 1.27) were responded by one visual stimulus by right hand and in turn, left hand as quickly as possible, and repeated it 10 times on each hand. Later, they were repeated by the same thing as before, but by auditory (tone) stimulus. The result of this study concluded that; first, there was not significant difference on reaction time between responding by right and left hands whether there was visual or auditory stimuli; second, they responded faster to visual stimulus on both right and left hands than to auditory stimulus. Therefore, simple and ambient visual stimulus may exert more direct control unconsciously.

거주후 평가를 통한 건축 비평 대안모색 : Through a Cultural Field Study on the Library of the Chung-Ang University at Ansung Campus 중앙대학교 안성캠퍼스 도서관 현장연구를 통하여

이희봉 中央大學校 建設環境硏究所 1995 環境科學硏究 Vol.6 No.-

근래 10여년 사이 비평활동이 활발이 일어났다. 겉축비평 전문잡지도 생겨나고 스스로 비평가라고 하는 분들도 나타나게 되었다. 이 논문에서는 우선 비평을 왜 무엇 때문에 누구를 위해 하는가하는 근본적인 질문을 시작으로 비평의 역사적 근원과 그 한계를 살펴보고, 또 최근 등장한 평가라는 단어가 새로이 등장하게된 경위를 추적하며, 두 단어가 보통사람에게는 같은 단어로 보이지만 건축계에서처럼 과연 서로 무관하게 사용되는 단어에 통합의 가능성을 검토한다. 따라서 이 논문은 한국 건축 현황에 대한 비평임과 동시에 비평의 새로운 방향을 제시하고자 하기 위함이다. 논문 전체를 전반부와 후반부로 나누어, 전반부에서는 한국에서 비평의 개략적 상황을 살펴본 다음, 건축학에서 비평의 발생으로부터 현재까지의 현황을 살펴보고, 서구 근대건축에서의 실패라는 평가가 나오게 된 이유와, "사용자"와 그의 형태, "문화"가 주목받게 되는 과정을 살펴보며, 따라서 순수한 의미의 비평의 문제를 살펴본다. 후반부에서는 사용자의 문화를 중심으로 하여 실제 건물인 중앙대학교 안성캠퍼스를 일종의 "거주후평가"로서 "문화 인류학적 현장연구"를 통하여 비평의 문제점을 살펴본다. 현장연구의 방법은 관찰을 통하여 문제점을 추출하여 관련된 사람들, 사용자인 사서, 학생, 교수들과 설계자, 관리자의 인터뷰를 통하여 원인을 분석하고나서 전반적인 설계과정에 대해 해석하고, 나아가 비평의 과정에 대하여 논의한다. 현장연구 결과 결론은 다음과 같다. 중앙대학교 안성 캠퍼스의 도서관 현장연구를 통하여 건축가의 조형의지를 살펴보고 일종의 예측 행위인 설계 결과가 실제 사용자에게 어떻게 작용하는지를 객관적으로 검증하려고 노력하였고, 지어진 후 건축가의 영역을 떠나서 건축주 또는 관리자가 그 설계 의도를 어떻게 해석하여 거주하는 가를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 조형의지와는 별도로 사용자는 건물을 사용하고 있으며, 한번 어긋난 체계는 연속적으로 다른 문제를 발생시키며, 그 손실은 사용자 부담으로 되어 있음을 보았다. 이를 비평의 하나의 새로운 파라다임으로 제안한다. 건축은 Vitruvius의 아름다움, 편리함, 튼튼함의 건축 3요소를 들지 않더라도 종합적인 행위의 결과이다. 건축 비평이 그간 미술 비평의 영향으로 인하여 조형 미학으로 치우쳐온 경향이 있다. 건축 비평의 전제는 "누구를 위한 비평인가?" 의 질문의 답으로 시작하여야 할 것이다. 민주화 시대에 보통 사용자에게 만족을 주기 위함과 설게자에게 보다 더 나은 방향을 제시한다는 목적하에 건축 비평은 조형 미학 비평에서 벗어나야 할 것이다. 건축계에서 서로 발생한 근원은 다르지만 실제 제상의 지식을 바탕으로하여 환류과정의 설계방법으로서의 "평가"와 "비평"은 서로 통합되어야 할 것이다. 한국에서의 건축실무는 다분히 서양 근대 건축엠서의 실패의 교훈을 충분히 얻지 못하고 있으며, 심지어 건축주와 사용자가 그다지 분화되어 있지 않은 단계에 있을지도 모르는 현실에서, 평가를 통한 비평으로서 사람들에게 좀더 편리하고 친근한 건축을 달성할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 비평은 건축 창작을 비난 또는 동조하기 보다는 방향을 제시하여 보다 나은 창작의 원동력이 될 수 있을 것이다. Architectural criticism often lacks for academic inquiry : for what purpose, for whom and with what method. The first purpose of this article is a critique on the present trends of the architectural criticism, which depends on form aesthetics heavily in disregard of suitableness of a building for user and the second a suggestion for new criticism as a paradigm by doing post-occupancy evaluation. A design-awarded university library was selected as a case for scrutiny. Several conflicts and discrepancies are discovered by comparison of architect's intention and client's request with students' and librarians' use : Design by client's request for symbolic aesthetics sacrifices usefulness and efficiency. Moreover, client's arbitrary change of library system after construction from the closed (limited access, separating between bookstacks and reading room) to the open (free access combining bookstacks with reading room) makes original design intentions useless : e. g. huge area of basement book storage and elevator for book circulation. As a final result, insufficiency of a closed circuit system of architectural criticism at present should be redefined and broaden by new paradigm of evaluation.