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《福建方言字典(Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language)》을 통해본 19세기초 漳浦方言의 聲調
이해우 한국중국문화학회 2016 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.52
The Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language(1832) is the first Chinese dialect dictionary which was compiled by the western scholar, Walter Henry Medhurst(1796∼1857). He described the pronunciation of Zhangpu(漳浦) dialect by using the Morrison’s phonetic notation which was generally used in the West. This study tries to research the numbers, notation, and values of the tones reflected in the Dictionary in the early 19th century. The are eight tones formally, however, actually seven tones, ‘Shangping(上平), Shangsheng(上聲), Shangqu(上去), Shangru(上入), Xiaping(下平), Xiaqu(下去) and Xiaru(下入), exist. Based upon the ‘kwun’ sound, their notations are ‘上平 kwun, 上上 kwún, 上去 kwùn, 上入 kwut, 下平 kwûn, 下上 kwún, 下去 kwūn and 下入 kwu̍t’. The short mark [ˇ] are added over the vowel to notate the guttural stop [-ʔ] like ‘ǎh[aʔ], aoǔh[auʔ], waěngh[uãiʔ] and ǒh[oʔ]’. The values of the seven tones, Shangping(上平) 44, Shangsheng(上聲) 53, Shangqu(上去) 21, Shangru(上入) 32, Xiaping(下平) 213, Xiaqu(下去) 22, Xiaru(下入) 214 can be reconstructed by referring the dictionary and other linguistic materials around the early 19th century. 《福建方言字典(Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language)》(1832년, 이하 《福建》)은 서양인 최초로 중국방언을 수록한 字典이면서 閩南語 발음을 처음으로 로마자로 표기한 문헌이다. 본 자전의 저자 메더스트(Walter Henry Medhurst, 1796∼1857, 中國名 ‘麥都思’)는 《彙集雅俗通十五音》(1818)을 저본으로 삼아 당시 서양에서 각종 언어를 묘사하는데 사용했던 모리손(Robert Morrison)의 표기법을 이용하여 《福建》을 편찬하였다. 본 자전은 19세기초 漳浦方言의 음운을 연구하는데 매우 소중한 자료로 활용할 수 있어 중국 방언사 연구에 매우 중요한 문헌이다. 그간《福建》에 대한 대표적인 연구로 杜曉萍(2014), 馬重奇(2014), 이해우(2014) 등등이 있었지만 주로 聲母와 韻母에 대한 연구로 聲調에 대한 구체적이고 전문적인 연구는 全無하였다. 이에 본 연구는 19세기초 漳浦方言을 반영한《福建》의 성조 표기와 종류, 調値(성조값)에 대해 당시 기타 언어학 문헌, 그리고 현대 장포방언과 상호 비교하며 심층적이고 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 《福建》에는 형식상 8개 종류가 나타나지만 上聲은 上下(즉 陰陽)로 분화되지 않아 실제 ‘上平, 上聲, 上去, 上入, 下平, 下去, 下入’ 등 7개의 성조가 존재한다. 성조 표기로는 ‘kwun’音을 기준으로 한다면 ‘上平 kwun, 上上 kwún, 上去 kwùn, 上入 kwut, 下平 kwûn, 下上 kwún, 下去 kwūn, 下入 kwu̍t’ 등으로 각각 표시하고 있다. 특별히 후두파열음입성 [-ʔ]에 대해서는 ‘ǎh[aʔ], aoǔh[auʔ], waěngh[uãiʔ], ǒh[oʔ]’와 같이 모음 위에 ‘短音符號(short mark)’ [ˇ]를 사용하였다. 이런 모음 위 성조 표기 방식은 차후 한어병음방안에도 그대로 원용되고 있다. 전통적으로 고대 중국 韻書에는 調類(성조의 종류)만 언급되었지 그 調値(성조값)에 대해서는 분명한 설명이 없다.《福建》의 저본이 되는《彙集雅俗通十五音》에도 調値를 짐작케 하는 설명은 없다. 하지만《福建方言字典》은 서양인의 관점에서 19세기초 漳浦方言의 調値에 대해 비교적 자세히 묘사를 하고 있어 본고에서《漳州方言語彙(Vocabulary of the Hok-Këen Dialect as Spoken in the County of Tshëang-Tshew)》(1838년)에 보이는 聲調 관련 설명과 현대 장포어의 조치를 상호 비교하여 당시 調値(성조값)를 재구하였다. 즉, ‘上平[44], 上聲[53], 上去[21], 上入 [32], 下平 [213], 下去 [22], 下入 [214]’ 등으로 재구할 수 있었는데, 이는 馬重奇(2014: 110)이 제시한 ‘上平[44], 上上[41], 上去[21], 上入[32], 下平[13], 下上[41], 下去[22], 下入[23]’과 약간의 차이가 있다.
Dental Survey for Primary School Student at Anseong-si
이해우,김남중,좌수경,문학룡,정재현 대한예방치과학회 2014 International Journal of Clinical Preventive Denti Vol.10 No.1
Objective: The study examined the effect of the water fluoridation concentration project on the children living in Anseong-siin preventing dental caries and the occurrence of staining. Methods: The author has surveyed 249 primary school students on oral examination, in order to appraise the caries preventioneffect for water fluoridation at Anseong-si. Decay-missing-filled rate (DMF rate), decay-missing-filled tooth index(DMFT index), decay-missing-filled surface index (DMFS index), decay tooth rate (DT rate), missing tooth rate (MT rate), filledtooth rate (FT rate), and dental fluorosis were calculated and analyzed on age 10. Results: DMFT index of fluoridated area was examined as 0.72±1.40, and DMFT index of non-fluoridated area was examinedas 1.14±1.65. There was significant difference between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p<0.05). DMFS indexof fluoridated area was examined as 0.94±2.05, and DMFS index of non-fluoridated area was examined as 1.49±2.27. There was significant difference between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p<0.05). There was no statistical differencefor mottled enamel index between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p>0.05)Conclusion: During the water fluoridation, the preventive effect went up as the time passes and the incidence of mottledtooth did not showed big difference. There water fluoridation for dental caries prevention in Anseong-si should be maintainfor the health of Anseong-si residents.
이해우 영남중국어문학회 2013 중국어문학 Vol.0 No.63
This study investigates the chronological strata and regional property of Literary and Colloquial Reading in The Alphabetic Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, which was compiled by C. C. Baldwin and R. S. Maclay in 1897. The Literary and Colloquial Reading occupies about 4% of the characters in The Alphabetic Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect. It can be said that the Literary Reading reflects Middle Chinese strictly, however, Colloquial Reading shares the traces of Old Chinese and even the most advanced chronological strata. Colloquial Reading ‘畝’ [mu?] has experienced the process of [-u] → [-u?], which has undergone the much more advanced sound change than Mandarin [mu]. The phenomenon that the finals of the Fuzhou(福州) dialect are changed according to the tonal differences is originated from The Alphabetic Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect.
이해우 한국중국언어학회 2014 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.55
This study focuses on the analysis of the chronological strata in the Zhangzhou(장州) Dialect reflected in the Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language, which was written by Walter Henry Medhurst in 1832. About 12,000 Chinese characters are collected in the Dictionary, however, only 27% of the characters has both colloquial and literary readings. The colloquial and literary readings of the dictionary are somewhat various because they have reflected the different chronological strata. While the literary reading substantially has kept the Middle Chinese strata, some of the colloquial readings have preserved the Old Chinese strata, which can be found in Fei serial(非系), Zhi serial(知系), Ming initial(明母), Ri initial(日母) and Yi initial(疑母) in terms of the changes of initials from Old Chinese to the contemporary Zhangzhou dialect. Old Chinese *[-iai] has experienced the radical sound change of *[-iai] → [-ie](Middle Chinese) → [-i](Early Mandarin and contemporary Mandarin), the colloquial reading still has kept the low vowel [a] while the literary reading pronounce as the Early Mandarin [i] in the dictionary. The Dong Rhyming Group(東部)*[uŋ] is totally different from the Yang Rhyming Group(陽部) *[-aŋ] in the Northern Dialect of Old Chinese, however they are mixed in the Chu(楚) dialect of the southern Old Chinese. The colloquial reading of the dictionary belonging to the Dong Rhyming Group(東部) in Old Chinese is [-aŋ], therefor we can reconstruct its Proto-Sourthern Min as *[-uaŋ] which is the same as the Chu(楚) dialect.
예열온도 변화에 따른 레일용접부의 충격인성 및 균열특성
이해우,신용택 ( Hae Woo Lee,Yong Teak Shin ) 한국열처리공학회 1998 熱處理工學會誌 Vol.11 No.1
High carbon steel is used for rails due to the excellent wear resistance, however the welding of high carbon steel is more difficult than that of mild steel owing to the high hardenability and sensitivity to cracking at the weldment. In this study, the impact toughness and cracking behavior of a rail weldment were evaluated as function of preheating temperatures. Impact toughness were more excellent in the specimen welded with preheating temperature above 250℃ than that below 100℃, and cracks were not detected in the specimen welded with preheating temperature above 250℃.