중국 청대 劉熙載『書槪』의 서예미학사상 체계 연구

金熙政(Kim Hee-jeong) 역사실학회 2010 역사와실학 Vol.41 No.-

The paper has been conducted to understand Hee-jae Yu's ideas for the beauty of calligraphy in 『Seo-gae』. Hee-jae Yu(1813~1881) was a government officer, an educator and a calligrapher in the end of Ching dynasty when Western culture was introduced in earnest. 『Seo-gae』 is consisted of 246 short compositions with the history of calligraphy, reviews on works and authors, and discussions on the ideas of creativity. It also explains the system on the beauty of calligraphy very accurately. The system on the beauty of calligraphy in 『Seo-gae』 is divided by four categories which are 'Yib-sang-jin-eui' for the principle of esthetics, 'Gwan-mul · Gwan-ah' and 'Yeo-cheon-wee-do · Yeo-go-wee-do' for the principles and methods of learning, and 'Jo-ho-ja-yeon' for the principle of creativity. The ideas for the beauty of calligraphy by Hee-jae Yu that the study has understood are summarized as follows. First, what Hee-jae Yu tried to explain the beauty of calligraphy through 'Yib-sang-jin-eui' was that the essence of calligraphy is creating the art of subjectivity which expresses the mind of an author. Second, Hee-jae Yu's ideas in 'Gwan-mul · Gwan-ah' have been developed from the thoughts of Ong, Chae · Gwa-jeong, Son · Hoi-gwan, Chang and Yang-bing, Lee on the relations between calligraphy and the nature. Here, the derive of "I" was emphasized even more by Hee-jae Yu. Third, it is considered that 'Jo-eoh nature' and 'Jo-ho nature' both signify the nature with artificiality which a main interest of 'I' is additionally involved. The nature with artificiality in this idea is distinguished from the original nature. Fourth, the terms, 'Yeo-cheon-wee-do' and 'Yeo-go-wee-do' emphasize each of 'Sa-beob nature' and 'newly revising the old laws'. Any works of calligraphy are created by mixing both of the ideas into a personality of an author and the spirit of the times. Hee-jae Yu underlined not only the justice which is an independent sense of creativity, but also the neutralized view of beauty that pursues 'Ui-beob-sang-seong'. Such idea of his is shown in the composition on thoughts in one's mind where the ideas for the beauty of calligraphy is generally dealt with. Since Hee-jae Yu, a government officer and an educator who placed high value on Confucianism, lived in the era which mourned for corruption of the dynasty and experienced spirits of the people at the same time, he was able to fully comprehend that calligraphy was 'the art of subjectivity' that expresses individuals' feelings, and the existence of deep-rooted neutralized thoughts in Chinese culture.

Kidney Toxicity Induced by 13 Weeks Exposure to the Fruiting Body of Paecilomyces sinclairii in Rats

Jeong, Mi-Hye,Kim, Young-Won,Min, Jeong-Ran,Kwon, Min,Han, Beom-Suk,Kim, Jeong-Gyu,Jeong, Sang-Hee Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2012 Toxicological Research Vol.28 No.3

Paecilomyces sinclairiis (PS) is known as a functional food or human health supplement. However concerns have been raised about its kidney toxicity. This study was performed to investigate the kidney toxicity of PS by 13 week-oral administration to rats. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and kidney damage biomarkers including beta-2-microglobulin (${\beta}2m$), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-${\alpha}$), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and osteopontin were measured during or after the treatment of PS. BUN, creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not changed by PS. However, kidney cell karyomegaly and tubular hypertrophy were observed dose-dependently with higher severity in males. KIM-1, TIMP-1 and osteopontin in kidney and urine were increased dose dependently in male or at the highest dose in female rats. Increased urinary osteopontin by PS was not recovered at 2 weeks of post-exposure in both genders. Cystatin C in kidney was decreased at all treatment groups but inversely increased in urine. The changes in kidney damage biomarkers were more remarkable in male than female rats. These data indicate that the PS may provoke renal cell damage and glomerular filtration dysfunction in rats with histopathological lesions and change of kidney damage biomarkers in kidney or urine. Kidney and urinary KIM-1 and cystatin C were the most marked indicators, while kidney weight, BUN and creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not influenced.

대학생 흡연자의 금연경험에 따른 건강신념차이

구정일,김민정,김동희,백정희,안현실,은가희,우혜령,이명희,이수현,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

It has been generally known that smoking is one of the worst factor increasing disease and mortality in human health since in 1950's and nowadays. But regardless of various proofs about social or economical problems due to smoking, current smoking rate has not been decreased in our country. Until now, most of tobacco use and its addiction researches have been focused on the adolescent or adult women smokers not on the university students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate smoking cessation of university smokers and analyze the health belief-perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits and barriers- difference, then to provide basic data for effective smoking cessation strategy for university smokers. The subjects were comprised of 181 university smokers from 15 universities in Seoul. The data were collected by structured questionaires. The questionaires were designed to measure general characteristics, smoking cessation and health belief, based on Ahn(2003)'s result on the Study of Smoking attitude, Behavior and Smoking Cessation of Adult Male and Lee(1987)'s result on Relationships Between the Health Belief Model and Smoking Habits. The data were collected from May 5 to 16. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The actual number, percentiles, means, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were done. The result of this study were as follows; 1. The general characteristics of the subjects of this study The range of age was from 18 to 34 and the averaging age was 23. The subjects of this study were 141 males and 40 females. The religions were Christianity 25.4%(46), Buddhism 12.7%(23), Catholic 23.2%(42), no religion 37.0%(67). The residential forms were living with family 59.1%(107), cooking food for oneself 28.7%(52), dormitory 5.0%(9), boarding house 1.7%(3). Smoking starting age were university 43.1 %(78), high school 29.8%(54), middle school 14.9%(27), in the army 6.1 %(11), elementary school 1.1 %(2). 2. The smoking cessation of the subjects 80% of current smokers showed quitting smoking decision and 20% have not tried. The frequency of quitting smoking decision were from 1 to above 8 and mean was 3.06. As for smoking cessation plan, 54.7%(99) current smokers answered yes, 3.9%(7) said no, 35.4%(64) had no idea and 6.1 %(11) didn't answer. As for the reason of never quitting smoking decision, 71.42%(25 among total 35) have no need to quit smoking and the others said difficulty of smoking cessation. As for the main reason of smoking cessation decision, 54.7%(99) answered for the health, 7.2%(13) family advice, 15.5%(28) girl/boy friend's advice, 1.7%(3) to save money. As for the reason to fail smoking cessation, 56.7%(68) were will-lack, 17.5%(21) stress, 15%(18) smoking mood, 10%(12) withdrawl symptom. As for the smoking cessation method, 85.0%(125) were oneself-will, 2.7%(4) way acquired by mass-media, 2%(3) doctor's prescription, 2%(3) religion's help, 0.7%(1) smoking cessation school. As for the difficulty in smoking cessation, 42.2%(62) were drinking meeting, 23.1 %(34) no alternative of stress release, 12.2%(18) withdrawl symptom, 11.6%(17) having nothing to do, 7.5%(11) friend's encouragement. As for the most difficult cigarette to quit, 67.8%(99) were all-day smoking except the first smoking in the morning, 32.2%(47) the first smoking in the morning. 3. Health belief as for general characteristics Gender - The total point in benefits showed higher in male(28.5177) than female(26.6750). There was significant difference(t=.778, p<.05). The total point in health belief showed higher in male (105.8298) than female(l00.5000). So there was significant difference(t=.345, p<.05). Age - There was significant difference in benefits between age(10's-25.83, 20's-28.39, 30's-32.00)(F=3.73, p<.05). Smoking starting age - There was significant difference in total point of sensitivity and health belief(sensitivity F=4.00, p<.Ol, health belief F=2.843, p<.05). As for sensitivity, subjects who started smoking in the army showed the highest(33.36) and ones in high school showed the lowest(26.96). The total point in health belief showed the highest in elementary school(l19.00) and the lowest in high school(100.98). 4. Health belief as for smoking cessation There was significant difference in health belief as for smoking cessation(t=0.189, p=0.OO2). Sensitivity point showed higher in smoking quitting trial smokers(29.2) than non-trial smoker (26.9). Severity point showed higher in trial smokers (30.7) than non-trial smokers(28.9). Benefit point showed higher in trial smokers(28.6) than non-trial smokers(26.2). There was no significant difference in barriers point.

Kidney Toxicity Induced by 13 Weeks Exposure to the Fruiting Body of Paecilomyces sinclairii in Rats

Mihye Jeong,Young-Won Kim,Jeong-Ran Min,Min Kwon,Beom-Suk Han,Jeong-Gyu Kim,Sang-Hee Jeong 한국독성학회 2012 Toxicological Research Vol.28 No.3

Paecilomyces sinclairiis (PS) is known as a functional food or human health supplement. However concerns have been raised about its kidney toxicity. This study was performed to investigate the kidney toxicity of PS by 13 week-oral administration to rats. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and kidney damage biomarkers including beta-2-microglobulin (β2m), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-α), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and osteopontin were measured during or after the treatment of PS. BUN, creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not changed by PS. However, kidney cell karyomegaly and tubular hypertrophy were observed dose-dependently with higher severity in males. KIM-1, TIMP-1 and osteopontin in kidney and urine were increased dose dependently in male or at the highest dose in female rats. Increased urinary osteopontin by PS was not recovered at 2 weeks of post-exposure in both genders. Cystatin C in kidney was decreased at all treatment groups but inversely increased in urine. The changes in kidney damage biomarkers were more remarkable in male than female rats. These data indicate that the PS may provoke renal cell damage and glomerular filtration dysfunction in rats with histopathological lesions and change of kidney damage biomarkers in kidney or urine. Kidney and urinary KIM-1 and cystatin C were the most marked indicators, while kidney weight, BUN and creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not influenced.

Type D 성격 유형에 따른 간호사의 공감 피로, 소진, 공감 만족 및 직무 스트레스

김성렬(Sung Reul Kim),김혜영(Hye Young Kim),강정희(Jeong Hee Kang) 한국간호행정학회 2014 간호행정학회지 Vol.20 No.3

본 연구는 Type D 성격 유형에 따른 간호사의 공감 피로,소진, 공감 만족 및 직무 스트레스를 파악하고자 실시되었다.간호사의 직무 스트레스는 직무 만족도 및 이직의도와 관계가 깊으므로 직무 스트레스의 관련 요인을 밝히기 위한 연구들이 이루어져 왔다[25]. 본 연구결과 간호사의 직무 스트레스는Type D 성격 유형과 관련이 있으므로, 직무 스트레스를 낮추기 위한 전략을 사용함에 있어 직무 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인 중 개인적 특성인 스트레스에 민감한 성격 유형을 파악하고 이를 중재하는 것은 중요한 전략이 될 수 있을것으로 생각된다.본 연구결과 상급 종합병원에서 근무하는 간호사 중 TypeD 유형의 간호사는 전체의 79.7%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 동일한 도구를 이용하여 간호사의 Type D 성격 유형을 조사한 연구가 거의 없으므로 직접적인 비교가 불가능하나 한국어판 DS14의 타당도 연구[23]에서 Type D 유형은 건강한 성인에서 27.8%, 고혈압 환자에서 24.7%, 심부전 환자에서26.1%로 나타난 결과 및 20~30대의 건강한 성인에서 TypeD 성격 유형의 빈도가 51.0%로 나타난 결과와 비교하여 보았을 때 본 연구대상자들의 type D 성격 유형의 빈도는 상당히 높은 수치이다. 또한 40~60대 중년 직장인을 대상으로 typeD 성격 유형에 따른 건강증진행위에 관한 연구에서 대상자의24.3%가 type D 성격 유형으로 나타난 결과와 비교하여 보아도 본 연구결과는 높은 수치이다[26]. 그러나 본 연구대상자가간호사라는 특성 상 여자 대상자가 많은 점 등으로 절대적인 비교는 불가능하므로 간호사의 type D 성격 유형 빈도에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 type D 성격 유형은 불안이나 우울, 스트레스 등의 부정적인 정서뿐만 아니라 혈압 상승, 맥박 수 증가, 염증 반응의 전구물질인 사이토카인 분비 증가를 통한 면역력 저하를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있으므로[5,6,27,28], type D 성격 유형은 간호사의 정신적 건강 뿐 아니라 신체적 건강에도 악 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각되며 이에 대한 추후 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.본 연구결과 연구대상자의 공감 피로 및 소진의 수준이 42점 이상의 높은 대상자는 없었고 모두 보통 및 낮은 수준의 공감 피로 및 소진을 보였으며, 공감 만족은 4명만이 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 이것은 동일한 도구를 이용한 국내 다른 연구와 비교하여 보았을 때 공감 피로 및 소진의 수준이 비슷한 점수이며 공감 만족만 약간 낮은 점으로 보아 42점 이상인 경우 높은 수준으로 판단하는 절단점(cutoff)과 22점 이하의 경우낮은 수준으로 판단하는 절단점(cutoff)이 국내 간호사에게 적용하는 경우 적절하지 않을 수 있으므로 이에 대한 타당성과 관련된 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.또한 본 연구에서 나타난 간호사의 공감 피로, 소진, 공감만족의 수준은 각각 30.7±5.2, 29.0±4.5, 26.5±4.9로 이것은 동일한 도구로 국내 종양간호사의 공감 피로, 소진, 공감 만족을 측정한 Kim 등의 연구에서 공감 피로 30.0±6.1, 소진31.4±4.8, 공감 만족 30.1±6.5로 나타난 결과와 비교하여볼 때 공감 피로와 소진은 비슷한 수준인 것과 달리 공감 만족은 약간 낮은 것으로 나타났다[19]. 그러나 국외에서 호스피스 간호를 담당하는 간호사를 대상으로 동일한 도구로 측정했을때 공감 피로 20.1±2.0, 소진 22.3±2.2, 공감 만족 43.4±4.3로 나타난 연구결과에 비해 본 연구에서의 공감 피로와 소진 수준은 높고 공감 만족은 낮은 것으로 나타났다[29]. 또한국외 연구에서의 간 및 신장 이식 코디네이터 간호사의 공감피로, 소진, 공감 만족에 관한 연구결과와 비교하여도 본 연구 대상자들의 공감 피로와 소진의 수준은 높고 공감 만족 수준은 낮았다[30]. 이것은 우리나라 간호사들이 외국 간호사에 비하여 공감 피로 및 소진의 수준이 높고 공감 만족이 낮은 것을 보여주는 사례 일 수 있으며, 따라서 이에 대한 대규모 반복 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.본 연구대상자들의 공감 만족은 연령, 임상 경력, 결혼 상태와 직위에 따라 차이를 보였다. 연령 및 임상 경력에 따른 공감 만족의 차이는 Kim 등[19]의 연구결과와 일치하며, 수간호사와 책임간호사의 공감 만족이 일반간호사보다 높은 점 또한Kim 등[19]의 연구결과와 일치한다. 그러나 본 연구 및 Kim등의 연구에서 책임간호사 및 수간호사의 수가 적었으므로 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.기존 연구에서 공감 피로와 소진은 암 환자를 돌보는 종양 간호사나 호스피스 간호를 제공하는 간호사들이 경험하는 사회 심리적 결과로 알려져 왔으나[8,10,19], 본 연구결과 공감 피로와 소진은 근무 부서별 차이를 보이지 않았으며 오히려Type D 성격 유형에 따라 차이를 보였다. 따라서 암 환자를 돌보는 종양간호사나 호스피스 간호를 제공하는 간호사 이외에도 간호사 개개인의 특성에 따라 모든 부서의 간호사가 공감 피로나 소진의 수준이 높을 수 있으므로 이에 대한 세심한 주의가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 본 연구에 포함된 간호사 중 종양 환자를 돌보는 간호사의 수가 적었으므로 이에 대한 추후 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.본 연구결과 Type D 성격유형에 따른 간호사의 일반적 특성은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 Type D 성격유형의 간호사에서 연령이 다소 낮았고 임상경력이 낮았으므로 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 간호사의 Type D 성격 유형에 따른 공감 피로, 소진, 공감 만족,직무 스트레스는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. Type D성격 유형의 간호사는 type D 성격 유형이 아닌 간호사들에 비해 더 높은 공감 피로, 소진, 직무 스트레스를 보고하였고 더낮은 공감 만족을 보고하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 간호사의 공감 피로와 소진의 수준을 낮추고 공감 만족을 높이기 위해서는 먼저 간호사의 성격 유형을 파악하는 것이 선행되어야할 것으로 생각되며, 공감 피로와 소진의 수준을 낮추고 공감 만족을 높이는 전략은 간호사의 직무 스트레스를 낮추는 중요한 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.본 연구에서 공감 피로와 소진이 높을수록 직무 스트레스가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 공감 만족은 직무 스트레스나 공감 피로와 관련이 없었다. 이러한 결과는 국내 간호사를 대상으로 이루어진 Lee[20]의 연구결과와 일치한다. 그러나 본 연구 결과는 호스피스를 담당하는 의료인과 자원봉사자를 대상으로 한 연구[29]에서 공감 만족이 공감 피로와 역 상관관계를 보인 결과와는 일치하지 않으며, 공감 만족이 직무 스트레스와 관련이 있다고 보고한 다른 연구결과[19]와도 일치하지 않는 결과이므로, 추후 공감 만족과 다른 변수들과의 관계에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.국외의 경우 간호사의 공감 피로 및 소진에 관한 관심은 이에 대한 중재연구로 이어지고 있다. Aycock와 Boyle은 종양간호사를 대상으로 실시한 공감 피로 중재 연구를 실시하였다. 이들은 공감 피로와 소진은 간호사가 임상 현장을 떠나게하는 결과를 초래할 수 있으므로 간호사로 하여금 공감 피로및 소진의 증상 및 위험 인자를 스스로가 알게 하고 간호사의 감정적 표현을 허용할 수 있도록 하며 공감 피로를 경험하는 간호사를 대상으로 하는 프로그램 전략을 실시하는 것과 동료들의 지지가 중요하다고 하였다[10]. 우리나라에서도 공감 피로 및 소진의 수준을 사정하여 공감 피로와 소진의 수준이 높은 간호사를 대상으로 임상 현장에 맞는 중재 프로그램의 개발과 효과 평가 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 Type D성격 유형의 간호사는 공감 피로, 소진, 직무 스트레스 수준이 높으므로 Type D 성격 유형의 간호사를 선별해내고 이들의 공감 피로와 소진을 관리하는 것이 간호사의 직무 스트레스를 낮추는 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다며 공감 만족은 소진과 관련되어 있었다.따라서, 간호사의 직무 스트레스를 줄이기 위해서는 공감피로, 소진의 수준을 적절히 사정하고 이를 중재하기 위한 프로그램이 필요할 것으로 생각된 This study was done to identify the effects of Type D personality on compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction, and job stress in clinical nurses. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 172 clinical nurses working in two tertiary hospitals. The structured questionnaires included Type D personality scale, compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction, and job stress scales. Results: About 79.7% of participants were classified as Type D personality group. The Type D personality was not related to general characteristics of clinical nurses. The Type D personality group showed statistically significant higher compassion fatigue, burnout, and job stress and lower compassion satisfaction compared to the non-Type D personality group. In addition, compassion fatigue and burnout were positively correlated with job stress and compassion fatigue was positively correlated with burnout. However, compassion satisfaction was negatively correlated with burnout. Conclusion: As the prevalence of Type D personality is high in clinical nurses, it is necessary to assess stress-related personality. In addition, management for the nurse with Type D personality is required to alleviate compassion fatigue, burnout, and job stress and to improve compassion satisfaction.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

혈액 투석 환자에서 중심정맥 협착에 대한 스텐트 삽입술 : Wallstent Placement

임대승,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이정우,강정아,김정희,이민수,정준용,최시완,정진옥,성인환,이강욱,신영태 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2002 충남의대잡지 Vol.29 No.1

Stenosis of central vein is a common complication arising after percutaneous subclavian vein catheter insertion performed for temporary vascular access in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. There are several treatment methods for the condition like percutaneous angioplasty(PTA), stent insertion, and surgery, but recent trend is toward PTA and stents. Among the patients diagnosed with chronic renal failure from March 1993 to May 2002 and undergoing hemodialysis through AV fistula, the 14 Patients in whom central vein stenosis arose were selected for the study. A total of 28 percutaneous interventions(5 PTA and 23 stent placement) were performed, and restenosis rate and the time taken till the restenosis in de novo lesions and instant lesions were compared. All 28 cases were operated successfully. The 14 cases that received both anigioplasty and stent placement initially. (de novo lesion : 14 cases), Among the 10 cases with de novo lesion that followed up more than 1 year, 3 cases are currently undergoing hemodialysis without restenosis, and the remaining 7 cases have recurred stenosis with the mean time to restenosis of 10.9 months. In the 7 cases in whom stenosis recurred, 11 interventions were done(instent lesion: 11 cases). 4 of these were using only ballon angioplasty with 100% restenosis rate and the mean time of 3 months until restenosis. The remaining 7 cases were using both balloon angioplasty and stent placement, also with 100% restenosis rate but with the mean time of 12 months until restenosis, which was later than the group receiving only balloon angioplasty. In treating the patients with central vein stenosis, stent placement seems to be more advantageous over PTA in terms of restenosis rate and the mean duration of patency. In the case of instent lesion, inserting the stent for the second time after stenosis recurred lengthened the duration of patency compared to performing balloon angioplasty alone.

중증 재생불량성 빈혈 환자에서 신우신염에 대한 광범위항생제치료 중에 속발한 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 진균감염 1예

김철희,이정호,이정찬,강정현,곽상혁,배광봉,김현수,김종숙,조덕연,김삼용 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1999 충남의대잡지 Vol.26 No.1

Most patients with aplastic anemia who do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment or are not candidates for bone marrow transplantation die of infection or bleeding. The neutropenia in acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, or occurring subsequently to chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation increases susceptibility to infection. In general, the number of infectious episodes correlate with the degree and duration of neutropenia. Global immunosuppression produced by conditioning for bone marrow transplantation or graft-versus-host disease, is associated with unusual bacterial and fungal pathogens, or serious viral and protozoan infections. In addition, repeated treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is associated with the emergence of resistant organisms and fungal diseases because of the altered microbial microenvironment of the host. The incidence of invasive fungal infection caused by Saccharomycetes eerevisiae in immunosuppressed patients is very rare, compared with that of infection by candida or aspcrgillus species. Cases of Saccharomycetes cerevisiae fungemia occurring in the course of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics are reported in patients with extensive burn or with prosthetic valve endocarditis. We experienced a case of urinary tract infection by Saccharomycetes cerevisiae in a 27-year old female patient with severe aplastic anemia. We report the case with a review of relevant literatures.

전자토모그래피의 정량적 분석에서 대물렌즈 조리개의 영향

김진규,이상희,권희석,정종만,정원구,이수정,주형태,김윤중 韓國電子顯微鏡學會 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.4

Electron tomography의 정량적 분석을 위해서 대물렌즈 조리개가 투과빔의 강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. Electron tomography에 도입되는 Beer’s law의 올바른 적용을 위해서는 투과빔은 시료의 기울기에 따른 mass thickness의 변화에 의한 효과만을 반영해야 한다. 그러므로 빔 경로상의 대물렌즈 조리개, 홀더 등에 의한 다른 효과는 제거되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 대물렌즈 조리개의 cut-off 효과를 120 kV TEM과 Quantifoil holey 카본 시료를 이용하여 상세히 평가하였다. 대물렌즈 조리개를 사용하지 않은 경우와 비교할 때, 30 μm 크기의 대물렌즈 조리개를 통과한 투과전자빔의 강도는 약 16.7%의 감소가 일어난다. 또한 55˚이상의 고경사각 기울기에서는 대물렌즈 조리개의 cut-off 효과에 의해 14.2%의 강도 감소가 추가적으로 발생함을 알 수 있었다. Electron tomography에서 정량적 분석을 위해서는 이러한 대물렌즈 조리개의 영향을 고려해야만 한다. 또한 Beer’s law의 올바른 적용을 위해서는 일련의 기울기에 따른 2차원적 영상은 가능하면 대물렌즈 조리개를 사용하지 않은 상태에서 획득하는 것이 바람직하다. We have evaluated the effects of experimental factors on transmitted electron beam intensities for quantitative analysis in electron tomography. For the correct application of Beer’s law in electron tomography, the transmitted beam intensity should reflect the net effect of mass properties on beam path. So, the any other effects of the objective aperture and the specimen holder on beam path should be removed. The cut-off effects of objective aperture were examined using Quantifoil holey carbon film and a transmission electron microscope operated at 120 kV. The transmitted beam intensities with 30 μm objective aperture dropped about 16.7% compared to electron beam intensities without the objective aperture. Also, the additional losses of about 14.2% at high tilt angles were occurred by cut-off effects of the objective apertures. For the precise quantitative analysis in electron tomography, the effect of the objective aperture on transmitted electron beam intensities should be considered. It is desirable that 2-D tilt series images are obtained without the objective aperture for correct application of Bee’s law.

오리엔탈나리의 球根 收穫時期와 低溫處理 期間이 生育에 미치는 影響

金熙峻,金正萬,金致善,柳汀,崔泳根,文炳永 한국화훼연구회 2001 화훼연구 Vol.9 No.1

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the duration of chilling treatment and the lifting time of bulbs on growth of Lilium Oriental hybrids for product of cut flower in the type of forcing or semiforcing culture in Korea. "Casablanca", "Acapulco" and "Le Reve" in lilium Oriental hybrids were used in these experiment and carried out from 1999 to 2000 in Iksan, Korea. The bulbs for experiment were lifted on August 27, September 27 and October 27 and the all of them were chilled at 5±1℃ for 0,8,10,12 weeks. Development of the bulbs lifted on October 27 was superior than that of lifted bulbs on August 27 in the three cultivars. The bulbs lilted lately and chilled for a long time were sprouted more earlier and grown faster. In order to increase bulb sprouting until 100%, the duration of chilling treatment of bulbs was need for 12 weeks on August 27, 10 weeks on September 27 and above 8 weeks on October 27. The flowering according to the duration of chilling treatment and the lifting time of bulbs was same above. Consequently, the bulbs should be chilled at 5±1℃ for chilled for 10 weeks at late September and 8 weeks in producted bulbs at late October in earlyㆍMidseason variety fur product of cut flower hut bulbs of late variety should be chilled for 12 weeks at late September and 10 weeks at late October.