「『拙藁千百』 譯註」(7) : 권1「金文正公墓誌」의 분석을 중심으로

이진한(Lee, Jin-Han),김보광(Kim, Bo-Kwang),김규록(Kim, Kyu-Rok) 고려사학회 2014 한국사학보 Vol.- No.55

『졸고천백』은 2권으로 된 최해의 문집이다. 최해는 주로 고려에서 활동하다가 정치적으로 소외되어 크게 현달하지 못하고 40세 정도에 은퇴하였다. 그는 대신 이제현, 이곡, 최문도 등 당대 최고의 문인과 교유하였다. 이 논문에서는 『졸고천백』중 권1의 15번째 글인「김문정공의 묘지」라는 글의 특징을 살피고, 번역 및 주석의 작업을 하였다. 이 글은 고려후기의 인물인 김태현을 위한 묘지명이다. 1261년에 태어난 김태현은 1276년(충렬왕 2)에 과거 급제한 이래 1330년에 사망할때까지 거의 대부분의 시기를 관원으로 활동하였다. 이 시기에 고려는 충렬왕과 충선왕의 重祚, 충선왕의 활동 및 토번 유배, 입성책동 등 굵직굵직한 정치적 사건을 겪었다. 이러한 정치상황에 따라 그는 관직 경력 상의 부침을 겪었는데, 「김태현묘지명」에서 주목되는 몇 가지를 정리하면 아래와 같다. 1) 아버지인 김수에 대한 기록이 주목된다. 삼별초가 제주도로 들어가려 할 때 제주로 파견되어 이를 막으려다 전사하였다는 내용이 실려 있다. 2) 김태현이 1280년에 충렬왕이 직접 선발한 시험에 합격하여, ‘전시문생’이라 불리면서 충렬왕의 측근으로 활동했다. 3) 그래서 충선왕이 1298년에 즉위하였을 때 그가 면직되었다는 사실 등 여타 기록에서 찾을 수 없는 경력을 이 묘지명을 통해서 확인할 수 있었다. Cholgo Ch"onbaek is a two-volume anthology of Choi Hae. He mostly worked in Goryeo, then later became politically isolated and made an early retirement at around 40 without significant achievements. This study examined the characteristics of ‘the epitaph for Kim Tae-hyun,’ the 15th entry in the book, and translated and annotated the original text. Mr. Kim was born in 1261, passed the state examination in 1276, and served as a government official most of his life until his death in 1330. This was a politically turmoil period that saw the enthronement, dethronement, as well as reinstatement of King Chungryeol and King Chungseon, the exile of King Chungseon to the present-day Tibet (Tobun at the time), the Mongol intervention in the Goryeo territory. Amid these political unrest, Mr. Kim’s career fluctuated as well. Some of the events are recorded in the work, which cannot be found elsewhere: 1) His father Su Kim is mentioned, who was dispatched to Jeju Island and killed there while trying to keep Sambyeolcho(a special capital defense unit) from entering the island. 2) Mr. Kim passed a state test directly overseen by King Chungryeol in 1280, and worked as a close aide to the king with a title Jeonsi-munsaeng(king"s students). 3) He lost his post when King Chungseon was enthroned in 1298. 4) The record shows that in the early 1300s, the Yuan dynasty operated 11 stations between Gaepyung and Gamsukseong.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

배양된 쥐 인슐린종 세포에서 성장인자들에 대한 인슐린 유전자의 발현

김성운,양인명,김진우,김영설,김광원,최영길 경희대학교 유전공학연구소 1989 遺傳工學論文集 Vol.1 No.-

인슐린 유전자 발현의 실험실적 모델로서 쥐 인슐린종 세포(RINm5F cell;rat insulinorraceil)를 이용하여 몇 개의 성장인자에 대한 반응을 조사하고 인슐린 유전자의 활성에 관여하는 상황을 이해하고자 인슐린 유전자의 mRNA를 조사하였다. RINm5F 세포는 glucose 와 EGF 등의 성장인자에 대해 세포분화 및 성장에 자극을 받으며 인슐린, IGF-Ⅰ IGF-Ⅱ등에는 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 RINm5F TPVHSMS 생체내 췌도 베타세포의 기능을 대변하기는 어려웠으나 각종 성장인자의 세포내 활성양상을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. Insulin secretion of RINm5F cells can be stimulated by some of the growth factors, however, not in the same manner compared to pancreatic islet beta cells. We observed that insulin superfamily (insulin IGF-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅱ) were not affected to insulin mRNA of RINm5F cells, but EGF (50ng/㎖) increased insulin mRNA levels, and dexamethasone (300ng/㎖) decreased insulin mRNA levels in RIAm5F cells. So some of growth factors regulated insulin gene at transcription level in RINm5F cells line.

유도 '되치기 본'의 개선 방안에 관한 연구

김의환,김도준,김규수,김관현,김종달,최종삼,조용철,박순진,윤익선,안병근,정 훈,김미정,한성철 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 1999 武道硏究所誌 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to reform practically a Korean Judo's Doechigi-Bon(Forms of Counterattack, judo's Gaeshi no Kata, Judo's Uradori no Kata, Judo's Gonosen no Kata) that was established in 1955 Korea, according to changing of techniques by Judo's modernization, in order to have Judo's carefulness and systematic diffusion. Reform procedure of Judo's Doechigi-Bon was 1st stage, Questionnaire survey 303 judokas, 2nd stage, Technical seminar by judo experts(12 judo professor) 4 times, 3rd stage, wording report for reform, 4rd stage, Discussion and judgement of Teaching and Judgement commission of Korean judo Association(KJA), 5th stage, Public hearing for reform in KJA, 6th stage, Report and decision of board of directors in KJA, 7th stage, public publication of Judo News(No.53) in KJA. Basic principle of reform of Judo's Doechigi-Bon were as table 1. Table 1. Basic principle of reform of Judo's Doechigi-Bon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Items Reformed Key Points of Judo's Doechigi-Bon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Structure 1) Grand classification : Classified by 3 parts(1,2,3Gyo) 2)Medium classification : Te waza, Goshi waza, Ashi waza devided per each part(Gyo) 3)Sub-classification : Classified five techniques per each part(Gyo) 2. Contents 1) Selected established techniques as possible 2) Considered rationalty and overlapping of counterattack techniques 3. Decision of Conterattack techniques 1) Refered to results of Basic Questionnaire survey 2) Priority to decisions of Judo expert technical seminar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reformed Korean Judo's Doechigi-Bon(Forms of Counterattack techniques-KJA, 1999) are as follows: 1. Gyo; ① Uki otoshi -> Uchi mata ② Harai goshi -> Harai goshi gaeshi ③ O soto gari -> O soto gake ④ Ko uchi gari -> Sasae tsurikomi ashi ⑤ O uchi gari -> Ko soto gari 2. Gyo; ① Ippon seoi nage -> Okuri eri jime ② Tsuri domi goshi -> Uki waza ③ Okuri ashi harai -> Okuri ashi harai ④ Ko soto gari -> Tai otoshi ⑤ Hiza guruma -> Hiza guruma 3. Gyo; ① Kata guruma -> Sumi gaeshi ② Tai otoshi -> Ko soto gari ③ Hane goshi -> Harai tsurikomi ashi ④ Uchi mata -> Tai otoshi ⑤ Tomoe nage -> O uchi gari

Conceptual Study for Tissue-Regenerative Biodegradable Magnesium Implant Integrated with Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanofi bers

Jin‑Kyung Jeon,Hyunseon Seo,Jimin Park,Soo Ji Son,Yeong Rim Kim,Eun Shil Kim,Jong Woong Park,Woong‑Gyo Jung,Hojeong Jeon,Yu‑Chan Kim,Hyun‑Kwang Seok,Jae Ho Shin,Myoung‑Ryul Ok 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.4

The excessive initial corrosion rate of Mg is a critical limitation in the clinical application of biodegradable Mg implantsbecause the device loses its fi xation strength before the fractured bone heals. This study suggests a new approach to overcomethis hurdle by accelerating tissue regeneration instead of delaying the implant biodegradation. As angiogenesis is anessential process in early bone regeneration, a Mg implant coated with electrospun nanofi bers containing nitric oxide (NO),which physiologically promotes angiogenesis, is designed. The integrated device enables adjustable amounts of NO to bestored on the NO donor-conjugated nanofi ber coating, stably delivered, and released to the fractured bone tissue near theimplanted sites. An in vitro corrosion test reveals no adverse eff ect of the released NO on the corrosion behavior of the Mgimplant. Simultaneously, the optimal concentration level of NO released from the implant signifi cantly enhances tube networkformation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells without any cytotoxicity problem. This indicates that angiogenesis canbe accelerated by combining NO-releasing nanofi bers with a Mg implant. With its proven feasibility, the proposed approachcould be a novel solution for the initial stability problem of biodegradable Mg implants, leading to successful bone fi xation.

정상과 갑상선 종양조직에서 사람 IGF-I 유전자의 발현

김성운,장현하,박상미,김덕윤,우정택,양인명,김진우,김영설,김광원,고석환,홍성화,최영길 경희대학교 유전공학연구소 1993 遺傳工學論文集 Vol.5 No.-

Many of the growth-promoting properties of growth hormone(GH) are mediated by insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I), a highly conserved circulating 70-amino acid peptide. Recent studies have shown that multiple mechanisms influence IGF-I gene expression, including transcription from two promoters, alternative RNA splicing, and variable polyadenylation. In thyroid tissue, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) and IGF-I are the most possible candidates for follicular cell proliferation and hypertrophy. Actually IGF-I had autocrine and paracrine effect for tissue growing. We prepared thyroid tumor tissue mRNAs using single step method for detecting IGF-I levels according to different tissues, i.e., thyroid adenoma or papillary thyroid carcinoma. We used Northern blot analysis for IGF-I mRNA and RNase protection assay (RPA) for IGF-I transcription start sites. For Northern blot, we used whole human IGF-I cDNA as a DNA probe and for RPA, we used IGF-I exon 1 containing noncoding promoter 1 as a riboprobe. We got good RNA bands from Northern blot analysis around 1 kb (IGF-IA) and 7.5 kb (IGF-IB) region. To clarify the amount of both IGF-IA and IB mRNAs, we measured autoradiographied signal of IGF-I mRNAs bands using densitometer. In IGF-IA signals, there's no change among liver and thyroid tissues, but in case of IGF-IB mRNA bands, the signal was markedly increased in thyroid carcinoma tissues than that of normal thyroid tissue (85% vs 14%). In the study of RPA, all thyroid tissues used the same transcription start sites as those of liver's. We concluded that that this different regulation of IGF-I mRNA was originated from tissue specificity. That meant some tissue specific transcription factor/s were related to tissue IGF-I expression.

한국인 갑상선 수질암 환자에서 RET 원종양유전자 점돌연변이 양상

김형훈,김현진,정윤재,민용기,이명식,이문규,김광원,기창석,김종원,정재훈 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.4

연구배경: 갑상선 수질암의 25∼30%는 유전성으로 발현되는데, MEN 2A, MEN 2B 또는 가족성 수질암의 형태로 나타난다. RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이가 유전성 갑상선 수질암의 발생에 중요한 역할을 하므로, 진단 당시의 연령이나 가족력 유무에 관계없이 모든 갑상선 수질암 환자나 또는 RET 변이가 발견된 수질암 환자의 가족 구성원들에서 RET 변이 검색을 하여야 한다. 또한 일부 문헌에서 RET 변이의 양상에따라 임상상이 다르게 표현됨이 보고된 바 있다. 이에 저자들은 한국인 갑상선 수질암 환자에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이의 양성률을 알아보고, 변이 양상에 따른 임상상의 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 치근 7년간 본원에서 갑상선절제술을 통해 갑상선 수질암으로 진단받은 29예에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이 검사를 시행하였다. 29예의 평균연령은 39세(20∼60세)이었고, 남자 7예, 여자 22예 이었다. 이들의 말초혈액에서 genomic DNA를 분리하고, 특이 시발차를 이용하여 RET 원종양유전자의 exon10, 11, 13, 14, 16부위를 증폭하였다. 증폭된 부위를 자동염기서열분석기를 이용하여 직접 분석하였다. 양성으로 나온 경우는 모든 가족 구성원을 대상으로 RET 변이 유무를 검색하였다. 결과: 대상 환자 29예 중 9예 (31%)에서 RET 원종양유전자 점돌연변이가 발견되었다 RET 변이가 발견된 9예 (남자 3예, 여자 6예)의 평균 연령은 33세 (20∼51세)로 RET 변이가 발견되지 않은 20예의 평균연령 42세(24∼60세)보다 의미 있게 적었다. RET 변이가 발견된 9예 중 MEN 2A가 5예, 가족성 수질암이 1예, 그리고 산발성 수질암이 3예이었고, MEN 2B는단 1예도 진단되지 않았다. MEN 2A 5예 중 4예는 exon 11의 codon 634번(C634R 2예, C634Y 2예)에서, 그리고 나머지 1예는exon 10의 codon 618번 (C618R)에서 변이가 각각 발견되었다. 가족성 수질암 1아는 codon 634번(C634W)에서, 산발성 수질암 3예도 모두 codon 634번 (C634y 2예, C634s 1예)에서 각각 변이가 발견되었다. RET변이 양상 또는 위치에 따른 임상상의 차이는 발견할 수 없었다. 결론: 갑상선 수질암 환자 31%에서 RET 원종양유전자의 점돌연변이를 발견할 수 있었다. 유전성 수질암 중 가족성 수질암 1예를 제외하고 나머지 5예는MEN 2A이었다. 저자들의 5예와 지금까지 국내에서 보고 된 7예를 합친 국내 MEN 2A 12예 중 75% (9/12)는 exon 11의codon 634번(C634R 4예, C634y 4예, C634w 1예)에서, 그리고 나머지 25% (3/12)는 exon 10의 codon618번(C618R 2예, C618s 1예)에서 변이가 발견되었다. 국내에서는 codon 634과 codon 618 두 곳에만 국한된 양상이었고, codon 634에서의 C634R 변이는 1/3에서만 나타났다. 비록 본 연구에서는 제한된 환자 수 때문에 변이 양상과 임상상의 관계를 규명할 수 없었지만, 향후 많은 수의 환자를 대상으로 전향적인 연구를 시행하여 genotype-phenotype 관계 규명을 하는 것이 필요하다. Background: Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) have been reported as hereditary in about 25 -30% of cases. The identification of germline mutation in RET proto-oncogene is important in the diagnosis of hereditary MTC, and occurs in three forms: MEN 2A, MEN 2B and familial MTC (FMTC). To evaluate the prevalence of the relationship of RET proto-oncogene mutation and genotype-phenotype was studied in Korean patients with MTC. Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from 29 patients, with MTC, who underwent a total thyroidectomy, between 1997 and 2003, at the Samsung Medical Center. There were 7 male and 22 female patients, with an average age of 39, ranging from 20 to 60 years. Exon 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16 of the RET proto-oncogene were amplified, with specific primers, using PCR. A sequencing analysis was performed on the PCR product using an automatic sequencing analyzer. Results: Nine of the 29 patients (31%) were identified as having RET mutations. The average age of these 9 patients was 33 years, ranging from 20 to 51, with a female to male ratio of 2. Five patients had MEN 2A and one had FMTC, with the other 3 thought to have non-hereditary (sporadic) MTC. The 4 patients with MEN 2A had RET mutations on codon 634 of exon 11 (2 patients, C634R; 2 patients, C634Y) and the other patient on codon 618 of exon 10 (C618R). One patient with FMTC had a mutation on codon 634 (C634W). Three patients with sporadic MTC had RET mutations on codon 634 (2 patients, C634Y; 1 patient, C634S). However, no genotype- phenotype relationship could be found, due to the limited number of patients. Conclusion: Thirty-one percent (9/29) of the patients with MTC had RET proto-oncogene mutations. Three-quarters (9/12) of the Korean patients with MEN 2A, including another 7 patients reported in 3 papers in Korea, had RET mutations on codon 634 of exon 11 (4 patients, C634R; 4 patients, C634Y; 1 patient, C634W), but a quarter (3/12) had mutations on codon 618 of exon 10 (2 patients, C618R; 1 patient, C618S). Although no relations could be found between the genotypes and phenotypes, extensive prospective studies will be required to verify this (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:360-370, 2003).

첨가제를 첨가한 TMA-포접화합물의 상변화에 관한 실험적 연구

김진흥,정낙규,김창오,박호진,강승현,김광일 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2002 機械技術硏究 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the propriety of TMA clathrate as a cold storage medium. Particularly, this is to examine the extent of subcooling improvement when the surfactants are added to the TMA clathrate, because water used cold storage material has low phase change temperature and subcooling. this study has been analysed and compared with TMA 30wt% clathrate how phase change temperature, subcooling and specific heat in the various concentrations are changed. This results view to be improved phase change temperature and subcooling of TMA30wt% as a cold storage medium, when it had some surfactant. Additionally, it is that surfactant must be controlled under available solution limit and study for new additive must be lasted to know its effect.

북한경제의 달러화의 김정일 '궁정경제'

김광진 연세대학교 통일연구원 2007 통일연구 Vol.11 No.2

Dollarization and dependence on hard currency for Kim Jong Il, north korean economy and the people is more than serious now. The world already experienced Kim Jong Il's 'pertinacity' to getting back frozen 25mi11ion dollars at BDA, Macau., even not hesitating to show up with failed atomic bomb test. With a new government in South Korea, the south-north relationship is passing through temporary adjustment period and hundreds of thousands of food aid is stopped for a few months, but the rumor is at rampant that a massive starvation is about to break out in North Korea. This is only a case showing North Korea's dependence on outside, It makes quite anxious to know how the present economic situation and rehabilitation ability is for them and why they can not survive even several months without outside help. For correct diagnosis of this, it's needed to look into economic structure, foreign dependence and serious dollarization. The main focus of discussion here is on dollarization. There are 2 kinds in dollarization of economy; one is by government's active involvement through foreign exchange, monetary and foreign economic policy and the other is natural process by market itself as a result of economic downfall, steep devaluation of national currency, increased outside dependence and expanding black market economy. The situation in Peru in mid 90's is for former case. As for North Korea, it was propelled by 'Royal Court Economy' which was set up and expanded by Kim Jong Il and this case is not exactly by government policy. The devastated people's economy run by cabinet, its increased outside dependence, deepening reliance of formal economy and citizens on market by its expansion, rapidly growing 2nd economy and steep fall of 'WON' is another reason. Kim Jong Il himself and market affected both in a mixed way. Independence of munitions industry in 1972 from cabinet by setting up 'Committee of Economy No. 2' and growing up economic sector at party with a start of 'Bureau 39' in 1974 formed up 'Royal Court Economy' which is military-industrial complex. It became the direct source of Kim Jong Il's ruling finance and began to serve solely for munitions industry and system's safeguard. Structured mainly for foreign trade and hard currency earning, it has eaten out people's economy, becoming a group or conglomerate and now occupy 40~60% of the total national economy. Its expansion and running by Dollar kicked up more serious dollarization of economy. Now almost all the nation's hard currency income is made and overtaken by this economic sector. Its current asset is 248 times more than people's economy. This is the main obstacle to rehabilitation of people's economy. The economic sector run by cabinet extracted to 45% scale in late 90's, the peak of hardship, as compared with the level of late 80's when steep fall began. This brought increased outside dependence, growing market and exploding 2nd economy. For survival, citizens were forced into the market rather than relying on state distribution. At the same time, value of 'WON' fell 20 times for 5-6 years since it was devalued to market level in 2002 which was called 7.1 measure.' All these accelerated objection of national currency, increased possession of dollar and black market transactions which makes dollarization extreme. Now it is not too much to say that north korean economy is 'dollar economy,' or 'hard currency economy'. Inflow of outside assistance and dollar at present economic structure means direct inflow into 'Royal Court Economy,' the military-industrial complex. The rehabilitation of north korean economy is only possible when people's economy, the key industries revive. At the moment, the monopoly of hard currency by 'Royal Court Economy' and its priority in resource distribution blocks this way. This is the main reason why North Korea can not stand on itself even though a vast amount of aid was input into the state for past 10 years. Of course, food, fertilizer and heavy oil aid for consuming purpose might be another reason but this is only an excuse. Some say that on a condition one can not change the present system from outside, it can be a pretty smart way to make use of 'Royal Court Economy' sector as motivating force in changing North Korea by letting them taste market economy, which has freer access to outside world. It is sure that the employees in this sector has better ability and skill, and in future they will play the major role in leading change, for they have more frequent contact with outside, better information and understanding of market mechanism. This imposes us another difficult task of choosing how to look at 'Royal Court Economy' and how to handle them.

주폐자충 폐렴으로 발현된 Felty 증후군 1예

김성호,남대근,문재현,김지홍,김보석,안진광,문태건,안병재,김성일 全南大醫大 2001 전남의대학술지 Vol.37 No.3