야뇨증 환아들의 심리사회적 특성에 대한 다기관 연구 : 행동 및 정서 문제를 중심으로

조수철,김재원,신민섭,황준원,한상원,박관현,이상돈,김경도,김건석,서홍진,이유식,정재용,김영균,문두건,남궁미경,한창희,조원열,김영식,배기수,이종국,정우영,신의진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.6

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the behavioral and emotional problems associated with nocturnal enuresis in Korean children. Methods : Three hundred eighteen children with nocturnal enuresis, together with their parents, completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-IV (DBDS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSC). Ninety-three normal students were selected as the control group. Results : Compared to the normal control group, the mean scores with regard to the withdrawn, social problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing problems and total problems profiles were significantly higher in the nocturnal enuresis group according to the CBCL results. The nocturnal enuresis group also scored significantly higher in the ADHD and ODD profiles of the DBDS. The nocturnal enuresis group was more depressed and anxious than the control group according to the results of the CDI and STAI. The mean score of the PHCSC was significantly lower in the nocturnal enuresis group when compared to the normal control group. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that children with nocturnal enuresis in Korea have clinically relevant behavioral and emotional problems. The findings support the link between nocturnal enuresis and psychopathology in Korean children.

당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Thrombin-Antithrombin Ⅲ 및 Plasmin-α_2-Plasmin Inhibitor 복합체의 임상적 의의

김경욱,김은숙,정상수,윤수지,박우일,이준희,남수연,안철우,문병수,김경래,차봉수,송영득,임승길,이현철,허갑범 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.5

연구배경:당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 섬유소용해 체계의 이상경향이 있어 그 결과로 여러 혈관합병증의 발생위험이 높다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 그 기전은 아직 확실히 밝혀지지 않았으나, 고혈당으로 인한 혈장 단백질들의 비효소성 당화작용이나 산화성 스트레스로 인한 유리 라티칼 작용으로 응고항진이나 섬유소용해 활성의 저하를 유발하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 최근 응고 및 용해인자와 그 억제자의 복합체들의 증가가 이 상태를 비교적 예민하게 반영한다고 알려져 있다. 방법:본 연구에서는 당뇨병 환자 101명과 정상 대조군 20명에서 혈장내 thrombin­antithrombin complex(TAT)와 plasmin­α₂­plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)를 측정하여 비교하고, 당뇨병 환자에서 미세혈관 합병증과 대혈관합병증의 유무에 따른 차이와, 이미 혈관 질환의 위험인자로 알려져 있는 인자들간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결과:1. 환자의 분포를 살펴보면 혈관합병증이 있는 군은 85명, 혈관합병증이 없는 군은 16명이었고, 평균연령은 각각 57.9±14.1세, 49.9±16.6세로 혈관 합병증이 있는 군에서 더 나이가 많았고, 체질량지수는 23.2±3.4㎏/㎡, 24.1±3.4㎏/㎡로 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또 두 군간의 혈압 및 HbA1c, 공복혈당 및 인슐린과 C­peptide, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL­콜레스테롤, Lp⒜는 유의한 차이가 없었고, 미세혈관합병증이 있는 군에서 당뇨병의 유병기간이 길었다. 2. TAT 및 PIC의 농도는 정상 대조군에서는 2.8±1.2 ng/mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/mL이었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 9.5±22.6 ng/mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/mL이었다. TAT와 PIC 모두 당뇨병 환자군에서 정상 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었고(p<0.001), TAT/PIC ratio는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 3. 당뇨병 환자의 혈관합병증에 따른 TAT 및 PIC, fibrinogen 농도는 합병증이 없는 군은 각각 4.1±2.4ng/mL, 362.2±272.0ng/mL, 322.7±102.4mg/mL으로 PIC와 fibrinogen의 증가를 보였으나, 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 또 대혈관 합병증군에서는 각각 6.0±4.9 ng/mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/dL이었으며 미세·대혈관 합병증군에서는 10.4±6.4 ng/mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/dL으로 TAT의 증가를 보였으나 역시 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 4. 미세혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 PIC 농도가 유의하게 높았고(p=0.049), 대혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 총 콜레스테롤 농도가 유의하게 높았다(p=0.042). 5. 총 당뇨병 환자군에서 PIC는 fibrinogen과 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(r=0.47, 0.31,-0.25), 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.67). 결론:이상의 결과에서 혈장 TAT 및 PIC 농도는 당뇨병 환자에서 정상 대조군에 비해 의미있게 증가되어 있었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 연령의 증가와 유병기간이 혈액응고항진 및 용해의 장애에 큰 역할을 함을 알 수 있었으며, 총 당뇨병 환자군에 PIC와 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 용해의 장애가 동반되어 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 혈장 TAT 및 PIC는 혈관합병증으로의 진행을 예측하는 지표로서 유용하리라 생각된다. 또 혈당조절정도와 상관성이 있으므로 혈당조절후에 추적검사를 시행하여 합병증의 예방이 가능한지 추후 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolystic system is known as a predisposing factor of vascular complication in diabetes. Although the pathogenesis is not well known, non-enzymatic glycation reaction and the increase in production of free radicals due to an increased oxidative stress may be linked to the hypercoagulibility and hypofibrinolytic activity. As indices of abnormality in coagulation and firinolysis in peripheral blood, plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ complex (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were measured. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether hypercoagulability exists in diabetic patients with or without vascular complication. Methods : In our study, we measured plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ compelx (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibit or complex (PIC) in 101 diabetic subjects and 20 controls. Comparing TAT and PIC levels in diabetic microvascular complication group, diabetic macrovascular complication group and controls, we examined correlation between risk factors associated with diabetic vascular complication. Results : 1. The group with diabetic vascular complication was older than group without complication. There was no significant difference in BMI, blood pressure, HbA_ic, blood sugar level, insulin, C-peptide, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, Lp (a) between two groups. The group with diabetic microvascular complication had longer duration of diabetes. 2. Concentration of TAT and PIC were 2.8±1.2 ng/ mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/ mL in controls and 9.5±22.6 ng/ mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/ mL in diabetic patients, respectively. TAT and PIC were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control (p<0.001). But TAT/PIC ratio was no significant difference between two groups. 3. In diabetic patients, concentration of TAT and PIC and fibrinogen were respectively 4.1±2.4 ng/ mL, 362.2±272.0 ng/ mL, 322.7±102.4 mg/ dL in group without vascular complication and 5.3±4.1 ng/ mL, 529.5±258.7 ng/ mL, 374.9±106.2 mg/ dL in group with microvascular complication, which group had increase in PIC and Fibrinogen but no significance after correction of age. Concentration of TAT and PIC and Fibrinogen were 60.±4.9 ng/ mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/ mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/ dL in macrovascular complication, and 10.4±6.7 mg/ mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/ mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/ dL in combined vascular complication which group showed increase of TAT but also had no significant increase after correction of age. 4. In diabetic microvascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.049) had significant high PIC concentration. In diabetic macrovascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.042) had significant high total cholesterol concentration. 5. In all diabetic patients, PIC was positively correlated with fibrinogen and HbA_1c and negatively correlated BMI (r=0.47, 0.31, -0.25). Only in daibetic patients without angiopathy, TAT was positively correlated with HbA_1c (r=0.67). Conclusion : In this study, plasma TAT and PIC concentration significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with controls, and PIC was increased in group with microvascular complication, TAT were increased in group with combined micro macrovascular complication. However, there was no significance relationship existed when correctinf for age. PIC was correlated with HbA_1c. TAT was correlated with HbA_1c only in the group without angiopathy. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolysis were combined in diabetes, plasma TAT and PIC can be used as an index of vascular complication. Also we found the correlation with the degree of the blood glucose control. Therefore we need follow up study for the possibility of prevention of vascular complication after controlling the blood glucose to age-matched patients (J Kor Diaabetes Asso 25:354~363, 2001).

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

인터넷 비즈니스 기업의 전략적 제휴와 파트너 선정 기준에 관한 연구

정경수,장상도,박순창 한국정보전략학회 2001 한국정보전략학회지 Vol.4 No.2

New corporation form called internet business was appeared by the change of corporation environment and the Internet. Internet business companies have started to cut surprisingly down marketing cost and share contents one another by strategic alliance and it became a necessary survival strategy. Also, they have invested much time and cost in selection of appropriate partners. The purpose of this study is to understand what partner selection criteria to select appropriate partners are. To achieve this purpose, we extracted the partner selection criteria for internet business company from the preceding studies. 250 internet business companies were selected and we gathered data through web questionnaire using HTML. Statistic analysis methodologies are logistic regression analysis by SPSS package. According to study finding, experienced personnel, continuous profit making capability, customer loyalty are important selection criteria.

對中國 交易擴大를 위한 광주ㆍ전남지역 輸出産業의 育成方案에 관한 연구

鄭炅樹 여수대학교 1993 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the promotion device of export industry for extending the trade with China in the situation that the change of international trade environment and the trade conflict among advanced countries are deepened. For this, this study surveys the actual conditions of local economy and industrial structure and analyzes the situations of export and import and export industry in Kwangju-Chonnam regions. To extend the trade with China, the following are required; (1) Priority of technology over China should be secured, (2) High added value ade differentiation of export goods are needed.(3) Thorough understanding of character and structure of Chinese market and (4) the consolidation of maketing system for private demand are required. To the promotion of esport industry, the governmental support devices are as follows; (1) Improvement of export support system and extension of support for improving competitiveness,(2) Adjustment of export industry structure for increasing added value,(3) Consolidation of cooperation for overseas trade and promotion of technology introduction, (4) Selection and cultivation of import substitute items and (5) Stabilization of interests and price and easy fund raising. As the devices in the side of enterprise, (1) the extension of technical development, (2) settlement of quality management system, (3) development of goods with high added value and (4) the construction of prfessional marketing system are required.

소유구조와 기업가치의 관계에 관한 연구

鄭炅樹 여수대학교 2001 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

This paper empirically investigates the relation between ownership structure and corporate value. Prior theoretical works posit that ownership structure has both a positive and negative effect on the value of the firm because of its influence on management interest and also predict that the value of the firm is a nonlinear function of the ownership structure. The analysis is conducted with listed companies of securities exchange throughout the years 1993 to 2000. The investigation is focusing on the difference in the relation between Tobin's Q ratio as proxy for corporate value and equity ownership for firms with many and those with few profitable grow opportunities. Control variables include leverage, firm size, investment expenditure, intangible assets, return on assets, sales growth. Ordinary least squares regression results suggest that equity ownership is a significant curvilinear relation with Q ratio, so corporate value decrease as ownership rises up to the breakpoint, then increases for ownership level above the breakpoint. And also for high growth firms corporate value is negatively correlated with leverage, whereas for low growth firms corporate value is positively correlated with leverage. The overall interpretation of the results is that ownership structure and debt policy matter and that the way in which they matter differs between firms with many and firms with few positive net present value.

완두 F_1세대의 조합능력 검정

정원복,오주성,황필성,황영현,신두철,한원영,김수경 동아대학교 교육대학원 2002 동아교육논총 Vol.28 No.-

완두의 이면교잡에 의한 F_1세대에 대한 조합능력을 검정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 9개 형질에 대한 GCA, SCA, RCA효과를 검정한 바 조합능력은 전 형질에서 GCA, SCA, RCA가 모두 유의하였고, 분지수·경직경·엽장·주당협수·협당립수·주당립수·100립중·주당립중은 GCA가 SCA보다 크고, 품종간 GCA효과는 고성종1호가 경직경과 100립중에서, 고성종2호가 경장·분지수·엽장에서, 김해종이 주당협수·주당립수·100립중·주당입중에서, 진해종이 협다립수에서 각각 정(+)으로 높았다. SCA효과에서 경장은 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합과 1×3(고성종1호×김해종)조합이, 분지수는 4×5(고성종3호×진해종)조합이, 경직경과 엽장은 1×3(고성종1호×김해종)조합이, 주당협수는 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합과 4×5(고성종3호×진해종)조합이, 협당립수는 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합·1×4(고성종1호×고성종3호)조합·2×3(고성종2호×김해종)조합이, 주당립수는 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합과 4×5(고성종3호×진해종)조합이, 100립중은 3×4(김해종×고성종3호)조합이, 주당립중은 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합·3×4(김해종×고성종3호)조합·4×5(고성종3호×진해종)조합이 각각 정으로 높았다. RCA효과에서 경장·엽장·주당협수·주당립중은 1×2(고성종1호×고성종2호)조합이, 주당협수·주당립수·100립중·주당립중은 2×4(고성종2호×고성종3호)조합이 각각 정으로 높았다. Five pea varieties in F₁ generation of the possible crosses among them were used to estimate the combining ability for nine characters, i. e., stem length, number of branches per plant, stem diameter, leaf length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight and seed weight per plant. Data for F₁ hybrid and parents were subjected to the analysis method proposed by Griffing. The results obtained were summarized as follows. Mean squares of general combining ability(GCA), specific combining ability(SCA) and reciprocal combining ability(RCA) were significant for all characters observed. Mean squares of GCA were higher than those of SCA and RCA in number of branches per plant, stem diameter, leaf length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight and seed weight and seed weight per plant. Variety Gimbae showed the highest GCA effect for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant and positively high effects of GCA were observed from variety Gosung#1 in stem diameter, 100-seed weight, and from variety Gosung#2 stem length, number of branches per plant, leaf length, from Jinhae in number of seeds per pod In SCA effects, hybrids in Gosung#1×Gosung#2 were wxhibited positively high for stem length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant, and high SCA effects for number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant were found positively in Gosung#3×jinhae. In RCA effects, hybrids in Gosung#2×Gosung#3 were exhibited positively high for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight and seed weight per plant and high RCA effects for stem length, leaf length, number of pods per plant, and seed weight per plant were found positively in Gosung#1×Gosung#2.

Berberinephenolbetaine 誘導體合成 및 活性硏究[Ⅲ]

정경옥,김동현,정세영,노영수,김신규 慶熙大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

Nucleophilic additon of allyl magnesium bromide to berberine chloride resulted in the 8-allyl-9, 10-dimethoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxy-13, 13a-dehydroberbine[Ⅰ]. And oxidation of [Ⅰ] with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in a stream of Argon at-20∼-30℃ afforded the 8-allylberberinephenolbetaine [Ⅱ], and cycloaddition of [Ⅱ] with dialkylacetylenedicarboxylate(R; a=CH_3, b=C_2H_5) in THF gave 8-allyl-9, 10-dimethoxy-2, 3-ethylendioxy-13-oxo-8, 14-ethenodimethyldicarboxyberbine[Ⅲ a] and 8-allyl-9, 10-dimethoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxy-13-oxo-8, 14-ethenodiethyl-dicarboxy-berbine[Ⅲb]. Heating of 8, 14-ethenoberbines[Ⅲa and Ⅲb] in ethanol effected smooth isomerization leading to the 3, 4-[benzo(3",4"-dimethoxy)]-1, 8-[dihydre(2',3'-methylenedioxy) naphthalene]-5-allyl-6, 7-dimethylcarboxy-2-oxo-azocine[Ⅳa] and 3, 4-[benzo(3", 4"-dimethoxy)]-1, 8-dihydro(2', 3'-methylenedioxy)naphthalene]-5-allyl-6, 7-diethylcarboxy-2-oxo-azocine[Ⅳb]. Irradiation of berberine chloride in methanol containing rose bengal and sodium methoxide with O_2 stream afforded the 8, 9, 10, 14-tetramethoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxy-13-oxoberberine[Ⅳ], and recrystallization of [Ⅳ] from methanol gave 8-methoxyberberinephenolbetaine[Ⅶ]. And cycloadditon of [Ⅶ] with dimethyl-acetylenedicarboxylate gave 8, 9, 10-trimethoxy-2, 3-methylene-dioxy-13-oxo-8, 14-ethenodimethyldicarboxyberbine[Ⅷ], and heating of [Ⅷ] in ethanol effected smooth isomerization leading to 3, 4-[benzo(3" 4"-dimethoxy)]-1, 8-[dihydro(2',3'-methylene-dioxy) naphthalene]-5-methoxy-6, 7-dimethylcarboxy-2-oxo-azocine[Ⅸ]. The in vitro biological evaluation showed that compounds[Ⅷ] and [Ⅸ] had antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and compounds [Ⅰ], [Ⅱ], [Ⅲb] and [Ⅶ] completely had anticancer activity to P-388 mouse lymphocyle leukemia at concentration of 100㎍, and [Ⅰ] almost had anticancer activity at concentration of 20㎍.

여성자립을 위한 현장연구 Ⅰ : Centering around Urban Underprivileged Women in Seoul 도시 저소득층 여성을 중심으로

정세화,김경애,허향,이수자 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1987 여성학논집 Vol.4 No.-

This study aims at making underprivileged women raise their problems and mobilizing them to solve their problems for themselves through an action research method For this goal, researchers encouraged and stimulated the target women to develop their potentiality, so as to achieve their self-reliance for the past three and a half years (October, 1983~ March, 1987) given as a study period. The ultimate goal for this study is to find the way, especially for the self-help of urban poor women in Seoul. ChapterⅡ describes the content of activities implemented for the research. The activities can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, we, the researchers, selected Y-dong located nearby Ewha Womans University as our target community among slum areas in Seoul, and surveyed the present situation of the residents of the area. Next, we made efforts to form a rapport with the community women through health care service by a medical team consisted of medical doctors and students of Ewha. The second stage was that of bringing up forward their problems and raising their consciousness through discussing themselves in workshops conducted by Korean Women's Institute. In these workshops, they agreed to what they urgently needed were a day-care center, a study room, medical service, and the chance to participate in income-generating activities for their living costs. During the period of the third stage, small groups of women in Y-dong for day-care center and health care were organized. Group members for day-care center composed of mothers of children aged under 6 opened a day-care center in the area with a partial financial help from Korean Women's Institute. And those for health care organized medical service for residents in Y-dong, in which doctors of Ewha University Hospital and medical students of the University participated in this stage, the researchers investigated women's life history and their present conditions on income-generating activities to week a way to increase their income. During the survey, we found they had been sacrificed for their family through their whole life. In their childhood, all of them had to give up their schooling for yielding priority to their brothers. Moreover, they had to be engaged in any sort of work to earn money for their family subsistence and educational costs for their brothers. After getting married, they faced the same situation and they passed through various kinds of jobs, among them homeworking to increase family income was the most popular. (The situation of women's homeworking will be further investigated in detail sometime in the near future, to seek suitable measures to make efforts to change subcontract structure for improving their economic condition.) In the fourth stage, we devoted to the consciousness-raising education emphasizing them a collective entity to mobilize more women to join the small-group-activity. In the Chapter Ⅲ, we discussed the findings derived from evaluation sessions on our activities during the past years, and mapped out some proposals for women's self-help. First, activities for day-care center encouraged women in Y-dong to mobilize because it was urgently needed for them. In the process of running the center by themselves, they became to get confidence in themselves. By doing this, the women's group had become stronger day by day on the basis of a collective entity consciousness. Secondly, the small group members for health care had strengthened their solidarity through discussing their health problems and organizing health care service. Thirdly, educational programs for them were essential for their consciousness-raising, even though they could not have spare time for them because they were totally involved in their homeworking for increasing family income and their various housework. As a method of education, we concluded that for the half-illiterated women, education through such programs as games, role play, group dynamics and discussion were better than cramming lectures. Fourthly, we could find that their main interest as urban underprivileged women was on overcoming their poverty and bad educational environment for their children, not sexism facing them, on which they seemed to be regarded as natural. Whenever we tried to pose patriarchal issues in their daily life, they expressed the lack of interests in them. From this process, we became to realize that the existing alternative for the solution of women's issues such as family law amendment and socialization of reproduction was highly middle-class women oriented. In implementing our action-research project, researchers were careful to bear a polite and modest attitude and to dress very plainly. The financial support from the Institute was very restricted in order not to foster their dependency on the institute, except the support for purchasing a room/house for the day-care center or salary of the teachers. In addition, only when they raise fund voluntarily for some other facilities of the center or expenses for their activities, KWI financed the shortage of the proposed amount. It should be notified that the present study is merely a beginning of our long-term research, because the formation of rapport between researchers and the target women took relatively long time. Therefore the way improving economic condition of urban poor women was remained for the follow-up project (The continuing Programmes for Women's Training and Mobilization in Korea, April 1987 to March 1990). Women's self-reliance has many obstacles in the present situation because it is so closely interwined with the structure of the society that it is almost impossible for women to achieve self-help fundamentally without a structural change of society. This study was conducted by piecemeal approach, therefore it lacks in attacking fundamental issues inherent in the socety. And it is also a limitation of this action-research.

破産費用의 中要性과 測定方法에 관한 硏究

鄭炅樹 여수대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

This paper is to examine the relevance of banarptcy Costs (BC) to Capital Structure with three related purposes: whether or not BC are trival, a proxy methodology for estimating BC, the present value of expected BC vs tax benefit's trade off. For these purposes, the samples includes 19 industrial firms which went bankrupt over period 1970-78 and secondly seven large Companies which went bankrnpt recently in the U.S. The results are quite strong that BC are not trival. In many cases they exceed 20% of the value of the firm measured just prior to bankruptcy. Direct BC are explicit and administrative costs paid by debtor in reorganization/liqaidation process. Indirect BC are essentially defined as unexpected losses and estimated in two way : a regression method and security analyst's forcasts. The present value of expected BC for many of the bankrupt firm is found to exceed the present value of tax benefits from leverage. This implies that firms were overleveraged and that a potentially important ingredient in the discussion of optimum capital structure is indeed the BC factor. Therefore, BC are relevant to the cost of capital stracture decision and sohuld be considered seriously.