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Development of Material Concept in the Theravāda Tradition
김경래 동국대학교 불교학술원 2013 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.21 No.-
According to the teachings of Theravāda Buddhism, a human being is explained conceptually as ‘material and mind,’ of which the characteristics are anicca (impermanence), dukkha (suffering) and anattā (non-self). These two concepts can be investigated through a systematic analysis of pañcakkhandhā (the five aggregates): citta, cetasikā, rūpa, nibbāna. In this basic doctrinal structure, Theravāda Buddhism, especially the Abhidhamma tradition has established a detailed conception of mind. Although material (rūpa), one of the pañcakkhandhā, is also critically examined in great depth in the Pali literature, it has not been considered as thoroughly as mind (citta, cetasikā). This paper concerns the concept of rūpa, as presented in some of the Nikāyas, as well as the Visuddhimagga and Abhidhammattha Sangaha, and endeavors to show that the analysis of rūpa is another way to penetrate the three characteristics of paramattha dhamma.
김경래 조선시대사학회 2022 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.103
In the 9th lunar month of the 9th year of King Jungjong’s reign, the Three Offices (Samsa) of the state argued for the reinstatement of the State Councilors’ Deliberative System (Uijeongbu seosaje), a state management system previously abolished during King Sejo’s reign that placed decisions in the hands of the State Councilors. After lengthy debate, the system was restored in the 6th month of the 11th year of King Jungjong’s reign quite suddenly. This controversy surrounding the restoration of Uijeongbu seosaje is significant in that it occasioned the most ardent discussion on the issue of Uijeongbu seosaje throughout Joseon’s history as well as marking the only time the system was reimplemented since the reign of King Sejo. Nevertheless, the controversy has failed to receive due attention thus far. Not only do facts of the debate have yet to be adequately confirmed, interpretations vary regarding the agent promoting the system’s restoration and possible reasons behind such developments. Hence, this paper aims to solve the following two problems in relation to the aforementioned issues. First, I lay out in detail how the controversies surrounding the reimplementation of Uijeongbu seosaje unfolded in the early years of King Jungjong’s reign and explicate its background. In so doing, this paper takes note of the compilation project of the Later Supplement to the Great Code (Daejeon husokrok) and King Jungjong’s adoption of policies pushed by Gimyo sarim, the Confucian scholars’faction who later lost their political footing in the Gimyo literati purge of 1519. Those in favor of restoring Uijeongbu seosaje argued that the frequency of natural disasters was consequent to the Later Supplement to the Great Code’s extensive application of the punitive measure that mandated relocating the entire family of criminals to the periphery, i.e. Hamgyeong and Pyeongan provinces. They insisted that the king should refrain from intervening in the details of government administration and instead entrust them to state councilors. King Jungjong, who had previously resisted this argument, suddenly acquiesced in the 5th and 6th months of the 11th year of his reign as he adopted a slew of major policies proposed by Confucian scholars affiliated with Gimyo sarim, ordering the restoration of Uijeongbu seosaje as well. Initially, restoration of the system was collectively promoted by the entirety of vassals with the Three Offices central to the effort, but by the 10th year of Jungjong’s reign, the Confucian scholars who would be ousted in the Gimyo literati purge took the lead. Second, I revisit the importance of the concept of “Ancestral Law” and attempt to offer a novel reinterpretation. Joseon in the period of King Jungjong emerged from the preceding period of institutional organization completed during King Seongjong’s reign and its subsequent dissolution in the period of Yeonsangun. During King Jungjong’s reign, Ancestral Law thus functioned as a crucial indicator for policy decisions more so than at any other point in the history of Joseon. Uijeongbu seosaje was one of such representative cases. Both sides, whether they advocated for or objected to the restoration, marshaled the cases of King Sejong’s reign, when the Uijeongbu seosaje was implemented, and King Sejo’s reign, when it was abolished, as well as the Great Code of Administration (Gyeongguk daejeon) as the basis for their argument, that is, the Ancestral Law. As such, for the Confucian scholars in King Jungjong’s time, Ancestral Law was not a “closed concept” that signified only a specific period or code, but more of an “open concept” that could be selectively summoned according to their needs and intended purposes.
흰쥐의 비강내 Capsaicin 전처치 후 척수 삼차 신경핵에서의 Substance P 분비에 관한 연구
김경래,박철원,이승환 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.2
The presence of substance P in small unmyelinated primary sensory neuron appears to be implicated in certain mechanisms of norciceptive impulses at the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus level. Capsaicin is the pungent ingredient found in red peppers, and the local applications of it to the nasal mucosa selectively blocks the mediating function of substance P and other neuropeptides through its effects on the afferent unmyelinated C fibers. In this study, for the group without pretreatment, the mechanical or chemical stimulion the nasal mucosa made significantly different changes of the SPLI release at the spinal trigeminal nucleus level, which processed in radioimmunoassay. The pretreatment with capsaicin may contribute to the prevention of the nasal disorder associated with substance P that was known to be one of the important mediators of norciceptive stimuli. It is necessary to study further the effect of capsaicin pretreatment in human.
김경래,이형석 한양대학교 의과대학 2000 한양의대 학술지 Vol.20 No.1
The trend toward minimally invasive office-based procedures continues in all clinical parts. It is propelled by numerous forces, including technical advancement, cost containment strategies, and patients preferences. The endoscopes are used widely in sinus and rhinologic inflammatory and benign tumor for diagnosis, treatment and postoperative follow-up. In otology, they are used in external ear and tympanic membrane disease and furthermore in diagnosis of perilymphatic fistula and intratympanic injection of gentamicin. In Head & neck, they are used in diagnosis and treatment of benign laryngeal disease and staging and biopsy of malignant disease of larynx and pharynx. According to the further development of endoscope and operative apparatus, various otolaryngologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can now be performed with safe and effective techniques.