기악가들의 근골격계 문제에 관한 조사 연구 : 관현악단 단원을 대상으로

이은남,이은옥,이인숙 서울대학교 간호대학 간호과학연구소 1997 간호학 논문집 Vol.11 No.1

This study was undertaken to identify the musuloskeletal problems and their contributing factors in instrumental musicians in Korea. The data were collected from March 31, 1996 from 304 symphony orchestra members in various areas. The data were analyzed for percentile, t-test, chi-squre using SPSS PC?? program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Two hundred and fifteen musicians(70.7%) reported experience of various symptoms among 304instrumental musicians. One hundred eighty seven cases reported the present symptoms. 2. The prevalence rate of each woodwind players, string players, and percussionist and keyboard players is 47%, 34.2%, and 17% respectively. 3. Pain, tenderness and stiffness were the most common symptoms, while paresthesia and motor dysfunction were rare. This indicates that most players had muscle tendinous overuse, while small number of players had nerve entrapment and motor dysfunction. 4. In past and present symptoms, they experienced more symptoms mainly in right shoulder, wrist, and fingers than left side in string players, while woodwind players experienced symptoms in both siders of shoulders, wrists, fingers, and knee joints. In the percussionist and keyboard players, right elbow, shoulders, wrists, fingers, and knee joints. In the percussionist and keyboard players, right elbow, wrist, and fingers were more involved than left side. 5. The major contributing factors of the symptoms were playing posture, playing technique, total duration of playing, and period of each practice. 6. The most frequent modalities for treatment of the sympotms were acupuncture or moxibustion, other alternative therapy such as heat compress, massage. 7. There was significant difference in periods of career as teaching, private lesson and membership of orchestra between group of having symptoms and group of no symptoms. Through this study it was found that the musculoskeletal problems are common in the instrument players in Korea and the major contributing factors were playing posture, playing technique, total duration of playing and the period of each practice. Therefore, preventive measures and treatment for early symptoms are necessary for the instrument players, while modalities for prevention and health promotion should be emphasized to the school health nurses who works at high schools.

어머니가 지각한 국민학교 고학년 아동의 문제행동에 관한 연구 : 대전시내 일부 국민학교를 대상으로 Using a Selected Group of Several Elementary School in Taejon City

이기영,박인숙,이강이 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1990 충남의대잡지 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of this thesis was to study children's problem behaviors and to represent the references and the useful data for successful child rearing, by observing children's problem behaviors and their emotional inadaptation focused on a number of environmental factors, and by examining many factors which have an effect on children's problem behaviors. Data for research were sampled from 264 mothers of fifth and sixth grade children attending two elementary schools on Taejon city Data were collected by posing a questions method duping the period July 2-July 7 in 1990. The instrument used in the study was the Hong Kyeong Ja's child behavior profile and, through the SPSS progrom, the collected data were analysed into Frequency, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation coefficient. The Conclusions were as follows : 1. Factors affecting children's problem behaviors 1) Father's occupation : Physical laborer's children recorded a high problem behavior index point in psychotic, hyperactivity, paranoid(P<.05), whereas office workers children got a high problem behavior index point in delinquency (P<.015), immature aggression (P<.05) : The result is statistically significant 2) Father's educational level : The children whose fathers had a level of education lower than middle school level were marked by high problem behavior index point in psychotic, immature aggression, delinquency, hystery. sexual problem, hyperactivity(P<.001), paranoid(P<.01), superiority(P<.05) 3) Monthly income : The children whose families earned a lower income than 550,000 won a month recorded a high problem behavior index point in immature aggression (P<.001.), psychotic, paranoid(P<.05) : the results are statistically significant. 4) Mother's occupation : It turns out that whether the children's mother had a job or not didn't make any meaningful difference to children's problem behavior through 14 items. 5) Mother's educational level The children whose mother had a level of education lower than middle school level marked a high problem behavior index point in psychotic, immature aggression, hystery, sexual problems, hyperactivity, paranoid(P<.001), deliquency(P<.01), superiority, obsession(P<.05): the results is statistically significant 6) Differences between the male children and female children : Male children had more meaningful differences in hystery. sexual problems(P>.05), whereas female children had more significant differences in social withdrawal(P<.01). 7) Problem behavior on the basis of father's educational level The male children, whose father had a level of education lower than primary school level, recorded a high problem behavior index point in psycotic, overanxiety, immature aggression(P<.001), superiority, social withdrawal, delinquency, hvperactivity(P<.01), psychosomatic, obsession, emotional instability, hystery·sexual problem, paranoid(P<.05), whereas the female children whose father had a level of education lower than middle school level marked a high problem behavior index point in hystery·sexual problem(P<.01), hyperactivity(P<.05). 8) Problem behavior on the basis of family monthly income : The male children, whose family got a lower income than 550,000won a month, recorded a high problem behavior index point in psychotic, overanxiety, immature aggression(P<.05), whereas female children marked a high problem behavior index point in immature aggression, hystery·sexual problem, hyperactivity(P<.05) : the result is statistically 9) Problem behavior on the basis of mother's educational significamt. The male children whose mother had a level of education lower than middle school level, marked a high problem behavior index point in psychotic(P<.001), immature aggression, hystery·sexual problem(P<.01), superiority, obsession, overanxiety, delinguency, hyperactivity, paranoid (P<.05), whereas the female children recorded a high problem behavior index point in hystery·sexual problem(P<.001), hyperactivity, paranold(P<.01), delinquency(P<.05) 2. Relationships between mother's rearing attitude and children's problem behavior 1) According to the standard based on the mother's affection and love for the first 5 years, the child who had had lack of affection and love marked a high problem behavior index point in psychosomatic, social withdrawal, psychotic, paranoid(P<.001), superiority, overanxiety, immature aggression(P<.01), emotional instability, hystery. sexual problem, hyperactivity(P<.05): the result is statistically significant. 2) According to innate nature, unmeek children recorded a high problem behavior index point in superiority, overanxiety, immature aggression, hyperactivity, paranoid(P<.001), regression (P<.01), Psychosomatic(P<.05). 3) According to the rearing attitude, through interference marked a high problem behavior index point in paranoid(P<.001), psychotic, immature aggression(P<.01), superiority(P<.05), and considerable interference recorded high problem behavior index point in social withdrawal, overanxietv(P<.01). 3. The correlation between problem behavior variables of each item turned out to be a positive correlationship.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

정보사회 지체로 인한 학교붕괴 해소책 연구 : I(정보) 주도적 학습체제와 N(네트워크) 문화 학교풍토개발을 중심으로 Focusing on I-directed Learning System and School Environments for Students in Net Culture

이미나,이건만,박부권,권숙인,김대일 한국사회과교육학회 2002 시민교육연구 Vol.34 No.1

IT혁명에 힘입어, 우리 사회가 정보네트워크사회·지식기반사회로 재구조화됨에 따라 교육분야에서도 이에 대한 적절한 대응이 요구되고 있다. 이 연구는 사회의 정보화와 학교체제의 대응간에 나타나고 있는 격차에 주목한다. 즉 학교가 정보네트워크사회로부터 어느 정도 지체되어 있는가를 살펴보고, 청소년들의 인터넷활용 실태와 문화를 조사한다. 이를 기초로 앞으로 I 주도적 학습체제가 나아가야 할 방향으로 I 주도적 정보지식 학습체제, IT사회의 노동시장에 적합한 학교교육, 교육적 상호작용방식의 디지털화, 교육과정·생활지도·인성교육의 디지털화를 제안한다. Currently, we are experiencing a rapid societal change due to information technology (IT). The perceived rapidity of this change presents major challenges to societal adaptation. Schools, like any other aspect of society, need to adapt to this societal change, originating from the IT revolution. We need to figure out what kinds of educational change need to take place. Therefore, this study explores what are I-directed Learning System and School Environments for Students in Net Culture. This issue is examined through the following three questions: 1. How can an information-oriented learning system play a role in helping students use and produce knowledge on their own? 2. How should education be changed to prepare students to survive in this knowledge-based labor market? 3. How should teachers interact with students in digital code? This study surveys people's perceptions about the gap between the present state of education and IT society. Separate questionnaires on the suject were given to teachers (n = 206), students (n=474), and parents (n=429) in Seoul. The data were analyzed with x2 tests. Besides, we also adopted qualitative methods such as participant observation in PC room, in-depth interviews with teachers and students about N-generations' culture, and so on. The findings and conclusions are summarized as following. This study found that presently education does not play a good role in offering information-knowlege appropriate to an IT society. Students are also not ready to use internet for gathering information. Most of them tend to use internet for entertainment tools (except for home assignments). School graduates are not able to meet the needs of companies or labor markets in this IT society. In other words, schools neither educate students with high-tech knowledges nor sufficiently nurture their creativity. Students and parents do not perceive the necessity of new concept of knowledge in the knowledge-based society, either. Students in digital code seem to have difficulty in interacting with schools who have stayed in analogue code. However, even students do not interact with others in the original way of digital code. They make virtual human relations not with outsiders of the third group but with intimate school friends. Based upon these findings, this study suggests how an information-oriented learning system should be built. This study analyzes three aspects of schooling regrarding these issues: teachers, curriculum and educational interaction. Regarding the issue of teachers, this study examines what the teachers' role as facilitators should be to help students produce their own knowledge with raw information. In addition, it redefines the concept of the teachers' authority and explores a labor cooperation system of teachers to increase the performance of their own teaching using internet. This study will also suggest various types of curricula which will complement the labour markets in an IT society. For example, the study suggests curricula which allow students diversified tracks; individualized curriculum ordered by each student, who is an educated prosumer and knows what they need; curriculum in fusion style where no borders exists between academic disciplines; and curriculum to enhance the students' practical intelligence as well as critical intelligence. Thirdly, the study investigates how digitalized interaction could be used in an educational setting at school. Proposed in the study are two-way-e-conversations between students within and beyond classrooms, between students and teachers, or between students and e-textbooks. In addition, several ideas to achieve educational goals more successfully are demonstrated using digital technology. This study promotes these kinds of educational reforms as result of the IT revolution. School is not an exception; it should also be flexible in a changing and evolving society.

세계화시대와 가정학 연구 : Human Ecology-Based Researches in Korea Facing Global Promotion

박영숙,최혜선,윤인경,이승신,이주리 대한가정학회 2004 Family and Environment Research Vol.42 No.2

Human Ecology researches studying human life patterns in Korea are on the same tracts of recent global promotion in Korea as that of other academic studies. In this changing academic atmosphere, Human Ecology-based researches are in demands of suitable research topics and methods. This study was done to investigate the present research situations of Human Ecology-based subdivisional fields, including food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, child studies, family studies, home management, housing studies, consumer sciences and home economics education, by an increasing need in the society of KHEA (Korean Home Economics Association). The study focused on understanding the trends of research topics and methods shown in the papers published in major academic periodicals in Korea as well as world-class (XI, SSCI) journals in order to predict the future for Ecology-based studies in Korea. The data were collected from all periodicals from January, 2000 to August, 2003, listed in the Korean Research Foundation and from world-class journals comparable to the former. Twenty-six periodicals were chosen for analysis, including papers with authors of ecology-based, field faculty at colleges or universities. There were some differences between the Korean and world-class research topics and methods. In order to narrow the gap between the two, we suggested that serious consideration be given to the research's application-ability toward human beings, which would be the homeecology study's identity. The same criteria in these fields as used in other natural science fields are not suitable for supporting and evaluating research proposals and outputs, and recent global academic promotions may not be desirable in some respects. However, they do present an opportunity to expose Korean researcher's to world-class scientific societies and upgrade their studies. These efforts should stimulate the field of Human-Ecology studies and enhance the recognitions of these fields among future students

사이버대학 디자인 수업 강의평가 개선방향 제안 - S대학교 사례를 중심으로 -

이인숙 ( Lee In-sook ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2018 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.64 No.-

온라인 디자인 교육의 질을 좌우하는 것은 교육콘텐츠의 품질이고 그 품질을 높일 수 있는 여러 요인중 하나는 온라인의 특성을 반영한 디자인 교육콘텐츠를 기반으로 하는 강의평가 방식을 개발하는 데 있다고 본다. 그러나 기존 오프라인 대학 디자인 수업 강의평가 관련 연구 및 강의평가 체계에 비해 사이버대학 디자인 수업 강의평가 개선을 위한 연구는 상대적으로 많이 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 강의평가 관련 문헌고찰 후 사이버대학 중 하나인 S대학교 디자인학부 시각디자인전공 사례를 중심으로 강의평가 현황 및 결과 분석을 통해 강의평가에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고 온라인 디자인 학습자와 교수자대상 온라인 심층인터뷰 결과 분석을 통해 현 디자인수업 강의평가의 문제점과 개선점을 추출해봄으로써 사이버대학 디자인 수업 강의평가 개선방향을 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 1) 강의평가 도구 유형을 수업 유형에 따라 구분하여 평가를 실시하도록 한다. 2) 온라인의 특성을 활용한 강의평가 방식이 이루어져야 한다. 3) 온라인 수업 교안 사전 배포율을 높이도록 한다. 4)다양한 배경의 온라인 학습자의 특성과 수준을 고려한 강의평가 시스템을 마련한다. 5) 온라인 디자인 전공수업의 특성을 반영한 평가문항의 개발이 이루어져야 한다. 6) 학생 스스로에 대한 평가 문항 추가와 강의평가에 대한 온라인 사전교육을 실시하도록 한다. 마지막으로, 강의평가의 신뢰성을 높여 강의평가 결과를 적극적으로 활용하도록 한다. The quality of online design education depends on the quality of educational contents, and one of the factors that could increase the quality would be the development of lecture evaluation method based on the design educational contents reflecting the characteristics of online. However, compared to the lecture evaluation system & researches related to design course evaluation in the existing offline universities, it is relatively rare to find researches on the direction to improve design course evaluation in cyber universities. After reviewing literature related to lecture evaluation, this study analyzed the current status and result of evaluation of a course in the Department of Visual Design in S University, a cyber university in South Korea, in order to identify factors that influence lecture evaluation. And, based on online in-depth interview of professor and students, it identified problems and improvements of current design course evaluation and proposed a direction to improve design course evaluation in cyber universities. The direction to improve design course evaluation in cyber universities in this study is as follows: 1) for the evaluation, tools of lecture evaluation need to be classified according to the type of lecture; 2) the lecture evaluation method need to utilize characteristics of online education; 3) online lecture plan must be distributed in advance to more students; 4) the course sign-up system needs to take into account diverse characteristics and levels of online learners; and, 5) the evaluation questions need to reflect characteristics of online design courses. 6) with the adding of evaluation questions for students themselves, online advance education for lecture evaluation must be done. Finally, the results of lecture evaluation must be used aggressively through increasing the credibility of lecture evaluation.

2009년 인플루엔자 대유행 중 인플루엔자 진료소 방문자의 연령 분포 변화

김백남,곽이경,문치숙,김연숙,김의석,배인규,염준섭,이창섭,허지안 대한감염학회 2010 감염과 화학요법 Vol.42 No.2

The pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) virus, after being introduced in Korea in April, 2009, spread rapidly nationwide in mid-2009. This study was conducted to characterize trend in age distribution of visitors to Flu-clinics during the pandemic. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of visitors to flu clinic from Week 36 to 52 (August 30 to December 26) of 2009 were retrieved and collected from electronic databases at 9 hospitals. Visitors 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-29, 30-64, and 65 years or more of age were classified into group I to VI, respectively. A total of 107,467 visitors were seen at Flu-clinics for a 17-week study period. Of those, 32,485 were laboratory-confirmed. Antivirals were prescribed for 62,533 visitors. Numbers of visits, prescriptions of antivirals, and laboratory-confirmed cases of the pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) peaked at Week 44. A large number of visits by group II and III were followed by those of group I and V, especially around the peak. Numbers of visits by group VI were lowest in all hospitals. In some hospitals, higher number of visits lasted longer in children than in adults while vice versa in other hospitals depending on the location. In summary, the pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) was presumed to peak in late October and involved majorly children and students in Korea. Unique age distribution of visitors to flu clinic was observed in some hospitals.

사회복지 실천현장의 신자유주의적 성과주의 역설

이인숙(Lee, In Sook) 한국사회정책학회 2017 한국사회정책 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구는 사회복지 실천현장에 나타난 신자유주의적 성과주의 요구에 대해 사회복지사들이 ‘무엇’을 ’어떻게‘ 경험하는가를 탐구함으로써 이들 경험의 본질적 주제를 드러내고자 하였다. 자료수집을 위해 사회복지사 18명에 대한 심층면접을 실시하고, 수집된 자료를 Colaizzi(1978)가 제안한 현상학적 방법으로 분석했다. 분석결과 총 4개의 본질적 주제로 통합되었다. 연구참여자들은 효과성과 효율성에 기반 한 의미 있는 성과 아닌 ‘실속 없는 형식적 성과’ 만들기에 매몰되어 있었다. 이러한 상황에서 클라이언트는 실적의 도구가 되고, 현장과의 접촉점이 상실되며, 서비스의 질적 저하와 기관 간 연계가 약화되는 ‘본연의 실천 가치에 역행하는 실천의 재조직화’로 나타난다. 또한, 성과주의가 의도했던 책임성의 구현은 외부에서 의해 부여된 성과기준에 매몰되어 성과가 불명확한 도전은 포기하게 되는 ‘재량권 없는 경직된 책임성’만 남게 되었다. 실속 없는 형식적 성과 만들기에 몰두하는 동안 사회복지 실천현장의 가치와 특수성을 담아내지 못하고 실천가의 자부심을 상실하는 ‘사회복지 정체성 침식’을 경험하였다. 이러한 결과는 성과주의의 본래 목적이 전치된 성과주의의 역설과 실패로 귀결된다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 논의와 정책 방향을 제시 하였다. The purpose of this study is to explore what social workers experience and how they experience the needs of Meritocracy in the social welfare organization in the neoliberalism.. Therefore, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 social workers, and I analyzed Colaizzi(1978) in a phenomenological method through collected research materials. As a result, the analysis is integrated in a total of four essential themes. According to the research results, the meritocracy - oriented phenomenon in the social welfare organization was ‘paradox of Meritocracy’. Participants were buried in creating “nominal performance without any effectiveness” based on effectiveness and efficiency. Clients were instrumentalized in performance; moreover, they lost contact points with the field. Above all, there was “a reorganization of practices” that contradicted the original values of practice, in which the quality deterioration of service and the connection between organizations were weakened. In addition, the implementation of accountability of social welfare organization, which was intended by Meritocracy, has become a criterion for external evaluation, and the challenge of uncertain result has left a “rigid accountability without discretion.” While participants were devoted to making a nominal performance, they failed to be guaranteed by the distinct characteristics of social welfare group. They experienced lost pride of the practitioner in the reality which contained the value of social welfare. However, in spite of this paradox of Meritocracy, participants demonstrated flexibility in order to preserve the original value and reached “a compromise with reality in the identity conflict.” Based on the results of the research, I presented the discussion and policy directions.

Probing the Issue of Informed Consent in Health Care in Korea―Concept Analysis and Guideline Development

Won-Hee Lee,In-Sook Kim,Byung-Hye Kong,Sue Kim,Sunhee Lee 한국간호과학회 2008 Asian Nursing Research Vol.2 No.2

Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify how informed consent is conceptualized by patients, family members, physicians, and nurses in Korea, and to develop guidelines for clinical practice in Korea. Methods This study employed the hybrid model to define the concept of informed consent through theoretical and fieldwork phases. For the theoretical phase, attributes of informed consent were identified through a review of the literature, and in-depth interviews were conducted for the fieldwork phase to develop attributes from the data and to verify the attributes identified from the literature review. Purposive sampling was done for 48 participants (12 patients, 12 family members, 12 physicians, 12 nurses), who were interviewed from selected units (orthopedics, cardiothoracic surgery, obstetrics/gynecology) from two university hospitals in Seoul and Kwangju, Korea. Attributes and processing issues of informed consent were extracted from both phases. Results Core attributes of informed consent include the patient’s self-directed decision-making, fulfillment of legal responsibility, focusing on forging a trusting relationship, assuming active responsibility for explanations (physicians) and granting consent (patient), factors related to sufficient explanation, and the role of family. Findings were integrated into a set of guidelines for patients and family and health care professionals. Conclusion The guidelines developed in the present study offer empirical parameters for an effective process of obtaining informed consent in Korea by seeking to decrease the gap in perceptions of informed consent among patients, family members, physicians, and nurses. The importance of advocating patients and developing a trusting relationship between health care providers and patients is especially noteworthy. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(2):102–112] Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify how informed consent is conceptualized by patients, family members, physicians, and nurses in Korea, and to develop guidelines for clinical practice in Korea. Methods This study employed the hybrid model to define the concept of informed consent through theoretical and fieldwork phases. For the theoretical phase, attributes of informed consent were identified through a review of the literature, and in-depth interviews were conducted for the fieldwork phase to develop attributes from the data and to verify the attributes identified from the literature review. Purposive sampling was done for 48 participants (12 patients, 12 family members, 12 physicians, 12 nurses), who were interviewed from selected units (orthopedics, cardiothoracic surgery, obstetrics/gynecology) from two university hospitals in Seoul and Kwangju, Korea. Attributes and processing issues of informed consent were extracted from both phases. Results Core attributes of informed consent include the patient’s self-directed decision-making, fulfillment of legal responsibility, focusing on forging a trusting relationship, assuming active responsibility for explanations (physicians) and granting consent (patient), factors related to sufficient explanation, and the role of family. Findings were integrated into a set of guidelines for patients and family and health care professionals. Conclusion The guidelines developed in the present study offer empirical parameters for an effective process of obtaining informed consent in Korea by seeking to decrease the gap in perceptions of informed consent among patients, family members, physicians, and nurses. The importance of advocating patients and developing a trusting relationship between health care providers and patients is especially noteworthy. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(2):102–112]

한국인 알코올 의존 환자에서 알코올 대사 효소 유전자형 빈도의 남녀 차이

김성곤,김철민,이덕기,황인복,이현숙,김성연,전은숙,송영상,박제민,최병무,김명정 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : There are a number of preceding epidemiological studies reporting gender differences in the genetic etiology of alcohol dependence. The author investigated gender difference in the frequencies of ADH2 and ALDH2 genoypes between the patients with alcohol dependence and normal control. Methods : The subjects were 141 alcohol dependent patients (104 males, 37 females) and 138 normal control (79 males, 59 females). The frequencies of 1/1 and 1/2+2/2 (2+ afterward) genotypes for ADH2 and ALDH2 were investigated in male and female between alcohol dependence and normal control group. DNA was extracted from WBC in peripheral venous blood and PCR-RFLP method was used out for genotyping. Results : First, the frequency of ADH2 1/1 genotype was significantly higher in alcohol dependent patients than normal control in both genders. Second, while there was no gender difference in the frequency of ADH2 1/1 genotype in normal controls, in the patient group however, the frequency was significantly higher in females than males. Third, in male subjects with alcohol dependence, the frequency of ALDH2 1/1 genotype was significantly higher than in male normal control subjects. On the other hand, in female subjects with alcohol dependence, the frequency of ALDH2 2+ genotype was significantly higher than in female normal control subjects. Conclusion : These results suggest that while the risk of alcohol dependence is predominantly affected by ALDH2 1/1 geno-type in male, the female ADH2 1/1 genotype is mainly associated with the risk of alcohol dependence. This means that there are gender differences in the genetic etiology of alcohol dependence.