하천수중 용존산소의 경시적 변화에 관한 연구

박병윤,양소영,이동훈 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1998 연구논문집 Vol.57 No.2

In order to provide the basic information for the water quality of urban streams and the quality variation of these streams, the water pollution indicators of Sin stream and Keumho river flowing through Taegu city were measured, and the DO variations of stream waters and artifical samples were studied under the condition of stagnation. For this experiment, two sampling sites(Sungpook bridge, Mutae bridge) were selected. Sungpook bridge is located most down the Sin stream, Mutae bridge is located on the lower Keumho river. Artificial samples were prepared with mixing starch and CaCl₂, and the pHs of these samples were adjusted by adding NaOH and HCl. The results were as follows. 1. At Mutae bridge, the values of water pollution indicators measured in June and July were pH 7.5∼8.1, DO 2.7∼9.8 mg/ℓ, COD 12.7∼19.2 mg/ℓ, TS 360∼700 mg/ℓ, TSS 46∼50 mg/ℓ, TDS 314∼650 mg/ℓ, Cl- 116.4∼119.2 mg/ℓ, turbidity 17∼36 FTU, and those measured in March and April were pH 9.0∼9.2, DO 12.2∼12.9 mg/ℓ, COD 12.8∼17.2 mg/ℓ, TS 1093∼1932 mg/ℓ, TSS 36∼41 mg/ℓ, TDS 1052∼1896 mg/ℓ, Cl? 121.9∼130.5 mg/ℓ, turbidity 39∼41 FTU. 2. The values of water pollution indicators measured in June and July at Sungpook bridge were pH 6.5∼7.0, DO 6.5∼6.9 mg/ℓ, COD 16.1∼20.7 mg/ℓ, TS 231∼499 mg/ℓ, TSS 17∼25 mg/ℓ, TDS 214∼474 mg/ℓ, Cl- 54.7∼56.1 mg/ℓ, turbidity 26∼38 FTU, and those measured in March and April were pH 7.8∼8.8, DO 9.5∼12.0 mg/ℓ, COD 19.4∼23.3 mg/ℓ, TS 615∼1934 mg/ℓ, TSS 18∼20 mg/ℓ, TDS 595∼2916 mg/ℓ, Cl? 48.2∼60.9 mg/ℓ, turbidity 15∼20 FTU. 3. DOs of stream waters sampled in June and July rapidly decreased for the initial stage of stagnation, and increased from the time which dissolution of oxygen by reaeration was more than consumption of oxygen by biodegradation of organic matter. 4. DOs of stream water sampled in March and April slowly decreased from the initial stage of stagnation to the last day. 5. DO variations of stream waters stagnated in incubator(20℃) were similar to those of stream waters sampled in June and July, and stagnated under laboratory temperature.

채소류에 의한 카드뮴과 납의 흡수에 관한 연구

박병윤,이부용,양소영,강상재,이동훈 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1997 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구에서는 전통적으로 우리 식탁의 주요 부식으로 이용되어온 콩나물과 미나리를 Cd와 Pb가 함유된 배양액으로 재배하는 동안 이들 채소에 Cd와 Pb 가 어느 정도 흡수되는가를 조사하였다. 또한 수경재배에서 Cd와 Pb에 의한 콩나물의 생육장해 정도를 조사하였다. 배양액속에 함유된 Pb이온은 재배기간 동안 미나리와 콩나물 체내로 쉽게 흡 수되었다. 그리고 미나리는 콩나물보다 더 많은 양의 Pb를 흡수하였는데, 이 는 미나리의 줄기에 다량의 뿌리가 붙어있기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 또한 배양액속의 Pb의 농도와 미나리와 콩나물 체내에 축적된 Pb의 함량과는 높은 상관성을 나타내었는데, 각각의 상관계수(r^2)는 0.9411, 0.9828이었다. Cd역시 Pb와 마찬가지로 재배기간 동안 미나리와 콩나물 체내로 쉽게 흡수되 었다. 또한 배양액속의 Cd의 농도와 미나리와 콩나물 체내에 축적된 Cd의 함 량과는 높은 상관성을 나타내었는데, 각각의 상관계수(r^2)은 0.9900, 0.9054이었다. 그러나 두 식물체에서 Pb의 흡수 경우와는 달리 배양액속에 함유되어 있는 Cd의 농도가 높을 경우 콩나물이 미나리보다 더 많은 Cd을 흡수하였다. 콩나물의 경우에는 Cd과 Pb이 재배기간 동안 거의 비슷한 양으로 흡수되었으며, 그리고 배양액 속에 함유된 이들 중금속들과 콩나물 체내에 축적된 중금속들 사이의 직선회귀선의 기울기도 거의 유사하였다. 그러나 미나리의 경우에는 Pb이 Cd보다 상당히 많은 양이 흡수되었으며, 또한 직선회귀선의 기울기도 Cd보다 Pb의 경우 상당히 크게 나타났다. Cd와 Pb의 농도가 1mg/l일 경우에는 콩나물 길이의 성장 또는 외관상의 생육에 거의 영향이 없었다. 그러나 10mg/l 농도에서부터는 길이의 성장장해뿐만 아니라 외관상으로도 분명한 장해현상이 나타났다. 50mg/l와 100mg/l의 농도에서는 콩나물의 생육장해가 더욱 심해졌다. Pb의 경우에는 100mg/l의 농도에서, Cd의 경우에는 50mg/l의 농도에서부터 재배기간 동안 콩나물의 상당 부분이 썩는 현상이 나타났다. This study was conducted to investigate the uptake of Cd and Pb by vegetables. Bean sprout and dropwort, which are very important for traditional korean dishes, were cultivated in culture fluid added with Cd and Pb cations, and the content of Cd and Pb absorbed by these vegetables were measured. Pb cations in culture fluid were easily absorbed into bean sprout and dropwort. And dropwort absorbed Pb more than bean sprout did. Pb contents of bean sprout and dropwart dramatically increased with increasing Pb concentration in culture fluid. The correlation coefficients(r^2) between Pb contents in dropwort and bean sprout and Pb concentrations in culture fluid were 0.9411 and 0.9828, respectively. Cd cations were also easily absorbed into bean sprout and dropwort. The correlation coefficients(r^2) between Cd contents in dropwort and bean sprout and Cd concentrations in culture fluid were 0.9900 and 0.9054, respectively. The growth of bean sprout was not hindered at the concentration of 1mg/ℓ Cd and Pb in culture fluid. But high Cd and Pb concentrations hindeded remarkably the growth of this vegetable. A large part of bean sprout was rotten at the concentrations of 50 mg/ℓ Cd, and 100 mg/ℓ Pb.

2차원 벡터 공정능력지수 Cр와 Cрк의 근사 신뢰영역

박병선,이충훈,조중재 한국품질경영학회 2002 품질경영학회지 Vol.30 No.4

In this paper we study two vector-valued process capability indices C_p = (C_px, C_py) and C_pR = (C_pRx, C_pRy) considering process capability indices C_p and C_pR' First, we derive two asymptotic distributions of plug-in estimators C_p∧ = (C_px∧, C_py∧) and C_pR∧=(C_pRx∧, C_pRy∧) under some proper conditions. Second, we examine the performance of asymptotic confidence regions of our process capability indices C_p = (C_px, C_py) and C_pR = (C_pRx, C_pRy) under BN(μ_x, μ_y, σ^2_x, σ^2_y, ρ)

문자 단위 매칭과 유닛 단위 매칭을 이용한 온라인 필기 한자 인식

윤병훈,김형태,박미나,하진영 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2006 정보통신논문지 Vol.10 No.-

This paper presents on-line Chinese character recognition methods based on DP-Matching. The recognition system consists of character matching and unit matching methods. The character matching method adopts DP-matching between the input data and models as a major matching method, while unit matching method uses relation matching between consecutive units (part of character) in addition to DP-matching between units. A couple of methods combining character matching and unit matching methods were examined also. We found that we got best recognition result applying unit matching methods to the recognition candidates from character matching method.

알코올중독과 감각추구 성향

이병회,박상학,김상훈 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.1

저자들은 알코올중독환자의 감각추구경향을 알아보고자 알코올중독환자 45명과, 정상대조군 45명에게 인구통계학적 질문과 감각추구척도, 그리고 음주관련 설문지를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 알코올중독 환자집단이 대조군보다 평균음주량과 최대음주량, 월평균 음주빈도, 법적 제재 경험 유무, 가족력의 여부에서의 유의한 차이를 보였고 음주문제를 더 많이 경험하였다. 2) 감각추구 성향에 있어 통계적으로 유의미할 정도로 스릴과 모험을 추구하는 것으로 나타났으며 경험추구척도(ES 척도)에서 알코올중독군이 소량음주자보다 유의하게 더 높은 점수를 보였는데 이는 알코올중독군이 비관습적이고 비동조적인 생활방식과 마음과 감각을 통해 새로운 경험을 추구하는 것으로 나타났다. 권태감과 무료감에 대한 취약성 척도(BS scale)에서는 통계적으로 유의미할 정도로 권태감 및 무료감에 더 많이 취약한 것으로 나타났으며 전체 감각추구 척도에서 통계적으로 유의미할 정도로 더 높은 것으로 나타났으나 탈억제 추구척도(DIS scale)에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3) 두 집단 모두가 평소 음주량과 최대 음주량이 DIS scale과 유의한 상관관계를 보였고 권태감과 무료감에 대한 취약성 척도(BS scale)는 평균 음주량과 긍정적인 상관관계가 있었으며 경험 추구 척도는 평균 음주량 및 음주빈도와 긍정적인 상관관계가 있었다. 4) 탈억제 추구 성향을 포함한 감각추구 성향이 개인의 음주행동과 관련된 중요한 변인이라는 점을 밝힘으로써 앞으로 알코올중독 및 일반 성인의 음주행동을 이해하고 예방하며 치료하는데 많은 시사점을 주고 있다고 하겠다. Objects : To investigate the sensation seeking tendency of alcohol dependency, the authors have examined 45 alcoholics, and 45 nonalcoholic persons as a normal control group with demographic questions, sensation seeking and questionnaire on alcohol related problems. Method : In sampling, they confined the subjects to same age, sex and education in the alcoholics and normal control group. That was to remove the possibility that the above three variations could affect the results. Result : 1) The alcoholics showed a higher frequency of drinking, average and maximum volume of alcohol than normal control group. And there was a significant difference of legal punishment as well as the high incidence of family members with alcoholic problem. 2) In sensation seeking tendency, the alcoholics showed significant scores for thrill and adventures. BS, ES & Total scales were in significant tendency in the alcoholics compared with normal drinking groups. There was no significant correlation with DIS scale among groups. 3) Both of the two groups showed significant correlation with DIS scale in average and maximum volume of drinking. The tendency of boredom and weariness was positively correlated with average volume of drinking and so was the tendency of experience seeking with average volume and frequency of drinking. Conclusion : It is suggested that is desirable for the deal with the tendency of boredom and weariness and to develop tendency to seek new sensational experiences through unusual and unconventional life style and mental attitudes using other methods than alcohol. and all of the three groups seem to drink in order to avoid the social restraints.

녹차 및 결명자 추출물의 교정용 브라켓과 치면 사이의 경계부에서 분리된 mutans streptococci에 대한 항균작용

임성훈,서정순,윤영주,김광원,유소영,김화숙,국중기,이병래,차종희,박재윤 대한치과교정학회 2003 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.33 No.5

본 연구는 치아우식증에 관련된 Mutans streptococci 표준균주 및 임상분리 균주의 성장억제를 유도할 수 있는 천연 생약추출물을 검색하기 위하여 실시되었다. 녹차추출물은 CHMC-2032를 사용하였으며, 결명자 추출물은 50% 에탄올을 이용하여 얻었다. 이들 추출물의 Mutans streptococci 표준균주 및 교정환자들에서 브라켓과 치면 사이의 경계부에서 분리된 각각 10 균주씩의 S. mutans 및 S. sobrinus에 대한 최소성장억제농도를 액체배지 희석법으로 구하였다. 그 결과 CHMC-2032의 S. mutans 및 S. sobrinus의 표준 균주, S. sobrinus의 대부분 임상분리 균주에 대한 최소성장억제농도는 5 mg/ml이었다. 그러나 결명자 추출물에 의한 S. mutans 및 S. sobrinus에 대한 세균 성장억제 효과는 미미하였다. 본 연구 결과 치아우식증의 예방적 측면에서 결명자차보다는 녹차를 마시는 것이 유리하며, CHMC-2032를 이용하여 구강양치용액을 제조하여 사용할 경우 교정환자를 포함하여 대부분의 사람에게서 치아우식증 예방 효과가 있으리고 추정된다. Mutans streptococci is the major causative factor in dental caries. Especially, orthodontic patients with fixed appliance are a risk group for dental caries. Because fixed appliances attached on teeth may change the environment of dental plaque, the enamel decalcification or dental caries around the bracket and band is a major side effect of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to search plant extracts that have antimicrobial effect on mutans streptococci. Seed-extract of Casio tora were prepared with ethanol and CHMC-2032, the leaf-extracts from Camellia sinensis extract, was obtained extract, 2 type strains and 20 clinical isolates of mutans streptococci isolated from the interface between orthodontic brackets and tooth surfaces in the orthodontic patients were used in this study. The minimal inhibitory concentration of CHMC-2032 was 5 mg/ml on the S. mutans KCTC 3065, S. sobrinus KCTC 3088, and 8 clinical isolates of S. sobrinus. However, there was no antibacterial effect of seed-extract of C. tora on mutans streptococci. These data suggest that green tea may be more effective than the tea prepared from C. tora in the prevention of enamel decalcification or dental caries around brackets.

흰쥐에서 paraquat독성에 미치는 tumor necrosis factor-α의 영향

차종희,박정수,양성훈,박재윤,이병래 조선대학교 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.2

Background : The toxicity of paraquat is due to the oxygen-derived radicals formed by the reaction of oxygen with bipyridylium radical cations. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces the synthesis of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and other protective proteins in a variety of tumor cells and these protein contribute to a protect tumor cells from free radical injury. In this study, the effects of TNF-α on paraquat-induced toxicity were investigated in rats. Methods : Experimental animal used was Sprague-Dawley male rat, body weight 150-200g. The paraquat toxicity was determined by survival rate. The SOD, catalse, and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) activity were spectrophtomerically determined by Crapo method, Aebi method and Flohe method, respectively. Results : The survival rate of paraquat-intoxicated rats was decreased by subctaneous injection of TNF-α. However, the survival rate of paraquat injected rats were increased by pretreatment of TNF-α, comparing to saline pretreatment. The liver SOD activity was increased significantly by TNF-α treatment, but kidney and lung enzyme was unaltered in TNF-α treated-rats, comparing to normal control rats. The increment of liver SOD activity by TNF-α treatment was dose- and time-dependant SOD activity of kidney and lung of rats were not changed by TNF-α injection. The activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase and contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) in liver were not changed by TNF-α treatment. Conclusion : From these result, TNF-α potentiate paraquat toxicity in rats but TNF-α pretreatment reduce paraquat induced toxicity. Protective effect may be resulted from the increased liver SOD activities by TNF-α.

대구시의 지역별 생활쓰레기 성상 및 특성

노숙현,이동훈,최충렬,박만,박병윤,최정 한국환경과학회 2003 한국환경과학회지 Vol.12 No.4

This study was conducted to provide the basic information to know reasonable method for the removal and treatment of municipal solid wastes(MSWs). MSWs four different sources(apartment, residence, commerce, office/industry) in Daegu city were collected, and bulk density, physical composition, moisture, combustible, ash, elements and heating values were investigated. The values of bulk density were at range of 0.30~0.41ton/㎥. The percentages of foods, papers, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of wet muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 27.3~46.4&, 21.2~38.4%, 10.3~11.9%, 3.8~5.2%, 0.5~1.7%, 6.9~8.7% and 1.9~2.6% respectively. The percentages of papers, foods, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of dry muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 21.2~40.4%, 14.2~30.1% 15.2~17.8%, 4.0~6.0%, 0.9~2.8%, 12.2~14.1% and 3.1~3.7% respectively. The moisture contents of foods, woods, textiles and papers in wastes were at range of 65.7~76.2%, 34.6~50.0%, 22.2~44.8 and 30.6~44.4% respectively. The carbon contents of vinyls/plastics, rubbers/leathers, textiles, woods, papers and foods in wastes were at range of 75.88~79.87%, 58.24~70.74%, 45.23~51.63%, 42.29~45.58%, 40.19~48.4% and 25.86~36.25% respectively. The low heating values of foods, papers, woods, textiles, rubbers/leathers and vinyls/plastics by Dulong's law were at range of 178~1,353㎉/㎏, 770~1,660㎉/㎏, 995~1,629㎉/㎏, 2,133~2,432㎉/㎏, 4,200~7,275㎉/㎏ and 6,384~8,722㎉/㎏ respectively, and the high heating values of them were at range of 782~2,056㎉/㎏, 2,459~3,314㎉/㎏, 3,056~3,592㎉/㎏, 4,381~5,087㎉/㎏, 5,005~8,066㎉/㎏ and 10,032~10,739㎉/㎏ respectively.

신생검증례에 의한 사구체신질환의 분석

최두환,구시선,배승훈,박병현,안선호,송주흥 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1996 圓光醫科學 Vol.12 No.2

To elucidate the incidences and the clinical characteristics of glomerular diseases in our hospital, we reviewed the clinical records and histological findings of the 117 cases, which were diagnosed as one of the glomerular disease in renal biospy for about 6 years since 1991. In these 117 cases, 74 cases (63.2 %) fell into primary glomerulonephritis(GN), 18 cases (15.4%) into secondary GN, 2 cases (1.7 %) into end stage kidney, 4 cases (3.4%) into tubulointerstitial disease and the biopsy samples were inadequate for diagnosis in 19 cases. In primary glomerular diseases, most common pathologic diagnosis was IgA nephropathy (36.5 %}, followed by minimal change nephrotic syndrome (29.7%). The incidence of IgA nephropathy would be increased if we had biopsied every asymptomatic urinary abnormality (AUA) patients. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . hepatitis B accounted for most of secondary GN in our cases. One case of progressive scleroderma was included in this secondary GN. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (22 cases) was the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome, followed by membranous GN (9 cases) and IgA nephropathy (8 cases). 2 cases of primary amyloidosis were presented with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome as presenting symptom in our IgA nephropathy patients was higher than in other studies, which may be due to indication bias for renal biopsy. We suggest that renal biopsy should be done in adult nephrotic syndrome and in SLE, because various kind of glomerular diseases can develop nephrotic syndrome in adult, renal biopsy can affect the treatment and prognosis in each patients and renal biopsy also determines the extent of renal involvement in SLE on which the treatment depends. In AUA urinary patients, renal biopsy could be reserved for the patients who show declining of GFR or rising of proteinuria. Because IgA nephropathy account for most of AUA. and there is no specific treatment for IgA nephropathy, and renal biopsy in those cases is helpful in ruling out the patients who need no treatment.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.