정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

초임계 이산화탄소로 추출한 유자껍질의 향기성분

김영언,김인환,김흥만,이영철 한국식품영양학회 1996 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

초임계 이산화탄소를 이용하여 유자(Citrus junos)껍질의 향기성분을 추출하기 위해 동결건조한 유자과피분말을 4,000psi와 40 에서 운전하면서 이산화탄소의 소비량에 따라 4단계로 분획하여 분획별 향기성분의 특성을 조사하였다. 초임계 이산화탄소에 대한 유자의 향기 성분의 수율은 0.011g/CO_2(L)였으며, 최대추출수율은 8.812g/kg이었다. 초임계 이산화탄소로 추출한 유자과피의 주요향기성분은 dl-limonene, γ-terpinene, linaollo, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, β-farnesene, α-terpineol 과 terpinolene 등 9종이었다. 분획별 향기성분은 휘발성이 높은 α-pinene, β-myrcene과 dl-limonene은 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 함량이 감소하였으며, 이와 반대로 휘발성이 낮은 α-terpineol과 β-farnesene은 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 함량이 증가하였다. 따라서 초임계 이산화탄소로 유자의 향기성분을 추출할 경우 추출시간에 따라 얻어지는 분획의 향기 성분 조성이 서로 다른 것으로 나타났다. Volatile compounds were extracted from freeze-dried citron peel(Citrus junos) using supercritical CO_2 under 4,000psi at 40℃. Four fractions were obtained with consumption of CO_2. Volatile compounds of extracts were analyzed by GC-MSD. Yield of volatile compounds from citron peel was 0.11g/CO_2(l) and maximum yield was 8.812g/kg. Major volatile compounds of extracts were dl-limonene, γ-terpinene, linalool, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, β-farnesene, α-terpineol and terpinolene. α-Pinene, β-myrcene and dl-limonene in the fractions decereased gradually, while α-terpineol and β-farnesene increased as the consumption of CO_2 increased.

자동차 차체용 냉연 도금 강판의 특성에 관한 연구

김순경,김영호,전언찬 동아대학교 공과대학부설 생산기술연구소 1997 生産技術硏究所硏究論文集 Vol.2 No.2

Since the early 1980's the use of zinc and aluminum alloy coated steel (Galvalume) for vehicular corrosion protection has increased drastically. 1990 model year car and electonic products built in the our country will, for the most part, be entirely made of galvalume, including the roof in many cases. Car and electronic products makers, however, are not consistent in their choice of specific galvalume types or coating weights. This paper will detail the usage of coating types, by major manufacturer, and present the reasons for their choice. Finally, based on car maker projections, trends in usage of galvalume into the 1990's will be discussed.

MgCl₂溶液內에서 STS 304 HP Stainless Steel 熔接部의 破壞擧動에 對한 硏究

金永奭,丁太權,朴昌彦,洪錫柱,梁仁榮,金基玉,朴煥奎,李茂錫,曺圭宰,鄭在康 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1983 生産技術硏究 Vol.1983 No.-

This paper is based on an experiment analysing the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of welding specimens compared to that of non-welding specimens of STS 304 HP stainless steel in corrosion solution. As a corrosion condition, stainless steel has been known to be the most fragile in a solution of 42% MgCl₂heated to the boiling point, therefore the experiment was carried out in this condition. The experiment was carried out with argon gas TIG welding specimens and non-welding ones made of stainless steel plates, thickness 2mm, by tensile force. At this time, the tensile force was taken to be the value of the yield strength of the tensile test specimens divided by the safety factor of 3.0 to 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0. In this paper, the relations between Time of Initial Crack, Time of Failure, Time of Final Fracture and Crack Propagation Length were investigated and then plotted. Furthermore, the relations between Stress Intensity Factor K proposed by Irwin and the Time of Initial Crack, the Time of Failure, the Time of Final Fracture were calculated and plotted. At the last, all the relations plotted were expressed to normal equations by computer, and the equations were used to analyse the data obtained in the experiment. The conclusions obtained in this study are as follows: 1. Welding materials, compared with non-welding ones, as the Time of Initial Crack, the Time of Failure, and the Time of Final Fracture were generally very fast, appeared to be a phenomenon of unstable brittleness fracture. 2. Non-welding materials, compared with welding ones, as the safety factor was larger or the working stress was smaller, appeared to be a phenomenon that the longer had had greater durability. Therefor, welding materials must be considered enough to be used in heate affected and stress corrosion atmosphere. 3. The normal equations of the Time of Initial Crack and the variation rate to the same Stress Intensity Factor K are as follows: (A) Non-welding T =259702.4-5451.2 K+28.386 K² T = -5451.2+28.386 K (B) Welding T= -332.693+28.043 K-0.211 K² T' =28.043-0.211 K here, T; Time of Initial Crack, T'; Variation Rate of Time of Initial Crack to Stress Intensity Factor K, K ; Stress Intensity Factor.

Reduced Glutathione의 投與가 CCl_4 中毒家兎의 肝및 肺組織의 Sulfhydryl基 및 蛋白量에 미치는 影響

金容彦,朱永恩 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1974 慶北醫大誌 Vol.15 No.2

The present study was undertaken to clarify the hepatotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4) and to observe a possible toxic effect of CCl_4 on the lung tissue, as well as to elucidate the effectiveness of reduced glutathione (GSH) to the CCl_4 intoxicated animal. The rabbit was used throughout the entire experiment, and the mixture of CCl_4 and olive oil(1:1) in dose of 0.3㎖ or 0.5㎖ per ㎏ BW were administered intraperitoneally twice weekly for one or two weeks, and changes of protein, NP-SH (non-protein sulfhydryl) and NP-SS (non-protein disulfide) of the liver as well as body weight change were observed on hour after the respective CCl_4 administraion as a preliminary experiment to determine the appropriate dose of CCl_4 in the main experiment. All the experimental data obtained from the preliminary study showed decreased values from the control, but when the CCl_4 mixture of 0.3㎖ per ㎏ BW was administered twice weekly for one week the decrease was not as prominent as when higher doses of CCl_4 were used, in which cases the decrease was similar. From the above results, the CCl_4 mixture of 0.3㎖ per ㎏ BW was used twice weekly for two weeks in the main experiment, and the changes of protein, NP-SH and NP-SS of the liver and lung tissues were studied on 1,3 and 5 days after CCl_4 administration. The changes of body weight and liver weight were also measured, and the liver weight/body weight ratios were thus calculated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The body weight of the control group was 2.23±0.17 Kg and the contents of protein, NP-SH and NP-SS of the liver was 102.31±15.30 ㎎/gm wet wt, 8.01±0.81 μ ㏖/gm wet wt and 6.53±0.52 μ ㏖/gm wet wt, respectively. The contents of protein, NP-SH and NP-SS of the lung in the control group was 47.35±9.85 ㎎/gm wet wt, 3.01±0.4 μ ㏖/gm wet wt and 5.38±0.48 μ ㏖/gm wet wt, respectively. 2. When 0.3㎖ of the mixture of CCl_4 and olive oil per ㎏ BW was administered twice weekly for two weeks, the contents of protein and sulfhydryl groups of the liver decreased noticeably from the control values, while the administration of GSH caused no change from the control. When GSH and CCl_4 were combined, the values were lower than GSH group, but higher than CCl_4 group. 3. The contents of protein and sulfhydryl groups in the lung showed decreased values from the control when CCl_4 was administered, but no change was observed when GSH was administered, and when GSH and CCl_4 were combined the values showed intermedially between the CCl_4 and GSH groups. 4. The decrease of the body weight by CCl_4 injection was prominent but the liver weight increased noticeably. Thus, the liver weight/body weight ratios were elevated from the control value of 20.27 throughout the experiment. When GSH was used, the ratio did not change from the control but the combined administration of GSH and CCl_4 produced higher ratio than the CCl_4 group. 5. From the above, it may be concluded that CCl_4 produced a toxic effect to the lung as well as to the liver, but the degree of toxicity seems to be less in the lung than in the liver. Also, the effect of GSH seems to be not as obvious in the lung as in the liver.

공동배양한 암세포와 혈관내피세포의 미세구조에 미치는 Nocodazole의 영향

김주영,송인환,이종용,성언기,이융창 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.4

경부고속철도와 일본 도카이도신간선의 비교 연구

김성득,류영언 울산대학교 1997 공학연구논문집 Vol.28 No.1

우리나라 남·북축을 잇는 경부고속철도와 일본 도카이도신간선의 건설배경, 건설효과 및 노선의 확충에 대해 비교고찰하고 관련 전문가가 소속된 학회 회원들과 지역 여론을 설문조사하고 분석하였다. 우리나라 경부고속철도의 중간역수와 역간 평균거리는 일본 도카이도신간선의 중간역수, 역간 평균거리와 비교하여 많은 차이가 남을 알 수 있었다. 경주·울산권에 1개의 중간역을 설치하여 광역도시권으로 함께 발전하는 안과 2개의 중간역을 설치하여 2개의 도시권으로 발전하는 안에 대한 경주, 울산, 포항 세 도시의 발전 방향에 대한 면밀한 검토가 있어야 하겠다. 설문조사 결과 경주 중간역사 위치 여하에 따라 울산 중간역사 설치의 강도가 달라졌고, 경주 중간역사 설치 위치와 원활한 연계교통망 건설이 세 도시의 21세기 발전과 국가발전에 크게 영향을 미칠 것이라 판단되었다. This paper presents a comparative study on the Seoul-Pusan High-Speed Railroad and the Tokaido Shinkansen of Japan. The comparitive study of the two areas includes construction backgrounds, development, construction effect, and line expansion. Questionnaire surveys were carried out to collect opinions from experts and local residents. The projects sound much different in the number of intermediate stations and average intervals between two adjacent stations. Two different approaches were suggested in Kyungju area, one big city with one intermediate station. Based on these two approaches, three cities have much different impacts on future developments. The survey shows that the need of the Ulsan intermediate station depends on the location of Kyungju intermediate station. It is found that the Kyungju intermediate station and smooth traffic networks are very strongly related to the 21'C development of Kyungju, Ulsan, and Pohang, three cities and the nation.

마이크웨이브 추출조건에 따른 참취 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화작용의 변화

김현구,권영주,김영언,남궁배 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2004 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.11 No.1

마이크로웨이브 추출방법과 환류 냉각 추출방법을 비교한 결과, 물과 에탄올의 혼합용매로 추출한 경우 마이크로웨이브 추출 방법에 의하여 추출시간을 단축시키면서 환류 냉각 추출 방법에서와 같은 수준의 가용성 고형분 및 총 폴리페놀 함량을 갖는 참취 추출물을 얻을 수 있었다. 마이크로웨이브 추출시 최적 마이크로웨이브 에너지는 120∼150 W 였고 추출시간은 4∼8분이 적당하였다. 추출에 사용한 용매들 가운데 에탄올, 메탄올 보다 물 그리고 물과 에탄올 또는 메탄올 혼합용매를 사용한 추출물의 가용성 고형분, 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted in order to compare reflux extraction(RE) and microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) in extraction efficiency and establish optimum microwave extraction condition in obtaining Aster scaber Thunb extracts. Extraction time was reduced considerably in MAD. When 70% methanol, 50% methanol, 70% ethanol, or 50% ethanol was used, no difference was found in the amount of soluble solid and total phenol between MAE and RE. The optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions for Aster scaber Thunb were achieved by 120~150 watts of microwave energy and 4~8 minutes of extraction time. No signigicant changes were found in antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging method over the variation of microwave power or extraction time. The use of diluted methanol or ethanol improved soluble solid content(30.8%), total polyphenol content(2.9%) and antioxidant activity(69%).

모자동실 개념을 중심으로 한 산과 병동의 건축계획에 관한 연구

김언화,유영민 한국의료복지시설학회 2002 의료·복지 건축 Vol.8 No.2

The effects and necessity of the breast milk are well known, but the breast-feeding rate in our country is very low. One of the reason is due to the separation policy of mother and baby after delivery. The mother is in the inpatient-room and the baby is in the new-born baby room. This isolation operation of hospital get increased according to the decreasing ratio of breast feeding in Korea. Only a few hospital operates and provides the space for a new-born baby in the mother's room. The system of baby and mother in one room is adopted and operated due to the breast feeding campaign. It is very encouraging, but the space for the baby and the mother is not enough in multi-bed rooms. We should reconsider the relationship between the new-born baby unit and the obstetric ward, and design the patient's room for the baby and the mother.

SBA-15에 담지된 전이 금속 촉매상에서 p-Xylene의 불균일 액상 산화반응

김영호,손용배,류재춘,양현수,전기원,박상언 한국공업화학회 2004 공업화학 Vol.15 No.1

화학적으로 개조된 SBA-15 실리카 위에 활성 전이 금속 종들(Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, or Cu)이 담지된 불균일 촉매를 제조하였다. 제도된 촉매상에서 p-xylene의 불균일 액상 산화반응이 손쉬운 촉매 분리를 위한 불균일 공정의 개발 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 수행되었다. SBA-15 위에 결합된 Co 종(Co-SBA-15)은 다른 전이 금속 종들보다 대응하는 방향족 카르복실산으로의 산화 반응에 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타냈다. 더 나아가 Co-SBA-15 촉매상에서 반응시간(0.5~9 h), 반응온도(130~190 ℃), 전압(10~25 atm) 및 산소 분압(1~9 atm)과 같은 반응 변수의 영향을 연구하였다. 높은 전환율에서 고체 생성물인 terephthalic acid의 형성은 매우 낮고 그때 활성점 위에서 고체 생성물의 쌓임으로 인해 촉매가 쉽게 비활성화 되었을지라도, p-toluic acid로는 고려할만한 선택성이 관찰되었다. p-Toluic acid 및 terephthalic acid를 향한 중간 산화 생성물들의 선택성을 기초로 추정된 반응 경로는 균일 Co/Mn 촉매 반응계에서와 비교하여 거의 같다. 이것은 Co-SBA-15 촉매가 균일 촉매적 행동을 하는 불균일 촉매이고 고체 생성물을 생성하지 않는 탄화수소들의 액상 산화반응을 위하여 잘 적용될 수 있을 것임을 시사한다. Active transition metal species (Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, or Cu) supported on a chemically modified SBA015 silica were prepared as heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene on the prepared catalysts was carried out to investigate the possibility of the development of heterogeneous process for easier catalyst separation.The Co species bound on the SBA-15(Co-SBA-15) was found to be the most effective for the oxidation to corresponding aromatic carboxylic acids than the other transition metal species. In addition, the effects of reaction variables such as reaction time(0.5∼9h), reaction temperature (130∼190℃), total pressure (10∼25 atm) and the partial pressure of oxygen (1-9 atm) were studied on the Co-SBA-15 catalyst. At high levels of conversion, the considerable catalytic activities to p-toluic acid were observed, even though formation of terephthalic acid, an solid product, was very low and then the catalyst was easily deactivated due to build--up of solid products on active sites. The proposed reaction network based on the selectivities of intermediate oxidation products for p-toluic and terephthalic acid was similar to that on the homogeneous Co-Mn catalytic reaction system. This indicates that the Co-SBA-15 catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst which can behave like a homogeneous catalyst and may be well applied to the liquid phase oridation of hydrocarbons without formation of solid products.