Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English

Hee-Cheol Yoon 한국영어학학회 2002 영어학연구 Vol.- No.13

Yoon, Hee-Cheol. 2002.Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English, the History of English, 13.This paper suggests that the definiteness or referentiality of Old English noun phrases depend on the presence of the uninterpretable [+R(cferential)]fcature in the functional head D. In Old English, the [+R(cferential)] fcature is associated with the EPP fearures, which forces the syntactic operation to delete both types of uninterpretable features in D for the proper interpretation at the interface. In consideration of the tact that Old English has no definite article possible candidates for deletion of those features in D include adnominal demonstratives, possessives and genitives of proper narnes all of which are characterized as inherently definite or referential. As far as thematic relations and empirical evidence are concemed, adnominal demonstratives are introduced into the speeifier of 예 through merge while possessives and genitives of proper names undergo movement to reach the same structural position. Although movement is a costly option, the operation is forced to delete not only uninterpretable features in D but also uninterpretable Case features in possessives and genitives of proper names. In case both demonstratives and possessive/genitives of proper names are available from the numeration, economy considerations determine the order of application between syntactic operations. A economic option of merge always precedes move, which results in the linear precedence of possessives/genitives of proper names over demonstratives in Old English noun phrases. Key words: DP hypothesis, adnominal demonstratives and possessives in Old English, definiteness, economy considerations

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

광주지역 일부 남성의 연령과 배뇨량에 따른 최고요속 정상치

윤희철,박희수,노준,장대수 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.1

Background and Objective : The Peak or maximum uroflow rate has been useful in screening test for the diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction, and is used as a parameter in the diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction, such as prostatism, urethral stricture, or neurogenic bladder, and the postoperative assessment of adequate surgery in urologic patients. We need a peak uroflow rate nomogram for the adjusted peak uroflow, because uroflow in normal healthy men depends on the voided volume and decreases with age. Materials and Methods : Peak flow rates and volumes voided were measured in 315 males who were free of voiding dysfunction, ranging in age from 10 to 80. To search for the equation of age, voided volume and peak uroflow, we used the least squares method for the equation providing least residual standard deviation by SPSS program. Results : The equation of age, volume voided and peak flow rate is Q=24.383+0.413A-0.006934A2-1164.644/V (Q: peak flow rate, A: Age, V: voided volume). Means of measured age, volumes voided, and peak flow rate was 45.7, 227.6ml, and 20.7ml/sec respectively. At this point, reference peak uroflow is 23.6m1/sec. Adjusted peak uroflow was obtained by subtracting the difference between the measured and expected peak uroflow from the reference peak uroflow. According to the equation Q, We designed nomogram with adjusted peak uroflow rate used. Conclusions : In our nomogram an adjusted peak flow rate <.8ml /sec(1.2 standard deviation) should be considered suspicious for lower urinary tract obstruction. This peak uroflow rate nomogram can be used clinically to evaluate lower urinary tract obstruction and its postoperative assessment.

서비스 공정성이 고객만족과 관계품질에 미치는 영향

윤경산,주철수,윤만희 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 2001 社會科學硏究 Vol.9 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 관계 마케팅에 있어 지각된 서비스 공정성의 결정적인 역할에 대해 이해하고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 서비스 공정성과 관계 마케팅 변수들(관계품질과 고객만족)의 관계, 그리고 고객만족과 관계품질의 연결에 대해 검증하였다. 자료는 대구에 소재한 멤버십 할인매장을 방문한 고객들 중 250명을 분석의 대상으로 하였고, 다중 회귀분석은 만족스러운 모델 적합도를 보여주었다. 제안된 가설들 중 6개의 가설이 통계적으로 지지되었다. 검증 결과 서비스 공정성은 고객만족과 관계품질에 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 분배공정성은 관계품질에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

상징행위로서의 시각예술과 음악과의 상관성에 관한 연구

윤희철 대진대학교 건설연구소 1998 건설공학논문집 Vol.1 No.-

Both Optical Arts and Music need Symbolization to express the Realities and they also need 2-dimensinoal presentation by drawing in Optical Arts and writing notations in Music. There are some optical relationship in Music, because it expresses same optical meaning in the image of musical notations. In historycaly, too many artists had borrowed the other art's methods in their works, because they believed that anyone can feel another art's feeling with an art if they mean same reality. And they believed that it will be more impressive to appeal over than one sensory organ than only one. Therefore, it will be a good design method to borrow another art's method, then the impression of the realty will be increased.

ON ANTECEDENT CONTAINED DELETION CONSTRUCTION

尹熙喆 水原大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

영어의 선행사내포 삭제(antecedent-contained deletion) 구문은 그 간극(gap)이 동사구 자체에 지배되어 동사구를 계속적으로 복사(copy)하더라도 해석이 불가능 해지는 무한회귀(infinite regress)의 문제를 제기한다. 이에 대해 May(1985)는 간극을 포함하는 명사구 전체의 핵이 양화사임에 근거하여 논리형태(LF)에서의 양화사 인상(Quantifier Raising)과 복사를 통해 적절한 해석이 가능함을 제시한다. 따라서 May에 있어서 선행사내포 삭제 구문은 논리 형태 및 양화사 인상의 중요한 근거로 제시되고 있다. 이에 반해 Baltin(1987)은 양화사 인상이 아니라 S구조(S-structure)에서의 외치 (extraposition)을 통하여 이 문제를 해결하고 있다. 그러나 두 주장 모두 선행사내포 삭제 구문 및 이와 연관된 양화 현상들을 설명하는데 불충분할 뿐 아니라 형태론적 필요에 의한 이동으로 모든 통사적 이동을 최소화하는 최소주의(Minimalism)의 정신에서 볼 때 설득력을 상실하게 된다. 결국 형태론적 격자질(Case feature)의 점검을 위한 이동과 의미해석을 위한 복사이론만으로 별도의 장치없이 선행사내포 구문의 설명이 가능하며 이는 최소주의 문법의 또다른 경험적 근거를 제시한다.

르네상스 건축과 음악의 상관성에 관한 연구

윤희철 대진대학교 1996 大眞論叢 Vol.4 No.-

There are deep relationships between Renaissance Architecture and Renaissance Music in the sight of theory of symmetry. Because from Ancient period until Renaissance period music had been considered as a mathmatical science. Especially in the proportion of musical scale it contains the proportion of cosmic harmony. In the Renaissance period, Florence cathedral which designed by Brunelleschi and Dufay's motet have many similarities in the proportions and methods of composition.

심부전 백서의 대동맥과 폐동맥에서 보이는 C형 이뇨단백에 대한 이완반응의 이상

김철호,김광일,조영석,조주희,오병희,이명묵,박영배,최윤식,이영우 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.8

오렌지 껍질로부터 분리된 프라보노이드의 화학요법 감작효과

최철익,변익건,차윤정,김선필,민영돈,유진철,송재경 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or multidrug resistanceassociated protein (MRP) confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer cells. MDR cells could be sensitized to anticancer drugs when treated concomitantly with a chemosensitizer. In this study, orange peel have been screened for the development of chemosensitizers reversing MDR. Materials and methods : Expression of Pgp in AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 were determined using western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Candidates for chemosensitizers were isolated, purified from orange peel using sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and silica-gel column chromatography, whose structure was determined using ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, ^1H-^1H-COSY, 13C-NMR, EI-Mass, IR. Chemosensitizing effect of NP-28 on AML-2/DX100 over expressing Pgp and MRP was determined by the MTT assay. Membrane toxicity was evaluated by the RBC hemolysis test. Antioxidant effects were examined by using a fluorescence probe (2’-7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). Results : A potent candidate, NP-28, has a flavonoid nucleus with some methoxy moiety. NP-28 is believed to have high therapeutic index, being non-transportable inhibitor and possibly, of inhibiting other efflux pumps such as MRP and antioxidant effects. NP-28 is also unlikely to be a substrate of Pgp. NP-28 did not increase Pgp levels. Conclusion : NP-28 has a Chemosensitizing effect to reverse Pgp-mediated MDR by increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. Furthermore, they do not increase expression of Pgp, which can allow a long term use without the concern about Pgp activation. NP-28 is anticipated as an ideal second-generation flavonoid chemosensitizer and/or possibly other therapeutic agents by further investigation.

家兎副腎으로 부터 Adenosine에 의한 Acetylcholine의 Catecholamines 分泌의 相乘作用

林東潤,崔哲熙 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1986 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.11 No.1

This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of adenosine, which is known as a presynaptic modulator of neurotransmitter release from autonomic nerve ending's, on the potentiation of acetylcholine(Ach)-induced secretion of calecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused rabbit adrenal gland. Adenosine(0.18mM), when perfused into the adrenal gIand for 30min, potentiated significantly Ach(50㎍)-induced CA secretion as compared to its corresponding value(655.6±102.5 and 353.2±59.3 ng/4min. respectively) and this potentiation lasted over 2hr. Adenosine-induced potentiation of CA secrction by Ach was antagonized by treatment with neophylline(dihyclroxypropyltheophyllinc, 0.2mM) which is an adenosine receptor blocking' agent. Adenosine also potentiated CA secretion by KCl(200㎍), a direct dePolarizinq agent, and nicotine(10㎍), but less than that evoked by Ach. Physostigmine(eaerine, 10nM), which is an anticholinesterase, weakened the effect of adenosine on Ach-induced CA seretion. and vice versa. From the above mentioned results, it is thought that adenosine-evoked potentiation of Ach-induced CA secretion is exerted via adenosine receptors on chromaffin cells and that it exhibits no specific relationship to nicotine receptors, but may produce an intracelluar effect opposite to that caused by physostigmine. And it also seems that there is a species difference in the modulation of adenosine to CA secretion from the adrenal gland.