중국의 타자화와 김효경의 도교 연구

김지현 ( Kim Ji Hyun ) 종교문화비평학회 2024 종교문화비평 Vol.45 No.45

김효경(金孝敬, 1904~?)은 1926년 일본 불교단체를 통해 도쿄로 유학하여 다이쇼대학(大正大學)에서 불교학과 종교학을 전공했고, 조선의 무속 연구를 대표적 업적으로 하는 식민지 시기의 종교·민속 연구자이다. 최근 그는 ‘조선에서 배출한 최초의 종교인류학자’로 평가받고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 평가를 비판적으로 재검토하는 작업으로서, 1940년 도쿄에서 출판된 《지나정신과 그 민족성(支那精神とその民族性)》의 신선사상과 도교 연구에 주목한다. 이 글은 다음의 두가지 과제를 가진다. 첫째, 김효경의 도교 관련 저술이 기대고 있는 1920년대 일본의 도교 연구 성과들을 비교 검토하여 김효경 연구의 성격과 한계를 평가하는것, 둘째, 김효경의 지나 민족성 및 도교 연구를 통해 중국과 조선에 대한 이중의 타자화가 진행되었다는 점을 밝히는 것이다. 김효경은 1920년대 일본의 중국민속학 연구가들의 신선사상 및 도교 연구를 원용하여 자신의 주장을 도식화하는 데 주력한다. 그는 시공간을 초월하여 변함없는 ‘지나 민족’의 존재를 상정하고, 지나 민족의 공통된 정신성으로 신선에 대한 동경과 현실도피로부터 발달한 도교가 있다고 단언한다. 그의 논지에 따르면, 중국의 천명관은 끊임없는 혁명을 일으켜 지나민중을 전란에 시달리게 했고, 신선사상과 도교는 복·록·수를 누리고자 하는 욕망과 반비례하여 향락주의와 현실도피로 발달한 것이다. 중국에 만연한 비약, 아편, 방중, 식도락 추구의 문화는 모두 향락적 신선경을 지향하는 것으로서, 김효경의 지나 민족의 신선동경론은 결국 아편 중독의 필연성을 설명하는 논거가 된다. 그의 이러한 저술은 중일 전쟁 발발 이후 전시 상황에서 중국과 그 민족성의 핵을 도교로 정의하고, 도교와 지나라는 타자로부터 배타적 독립성을 유지한 일본 민족의 위대함을 확증하는 작업이었으며, 이러한 작업 속에서 김효경은 한결같이 ‘위대한 일본 민족’을 ‘우리(吾人)’로 동일시하는 제국일본의 신민(臣民)의 입장에 있었다. 사회 현상의 이면에 민족 고유의 종교적 심성이 자리한다는 김효경의 종교민족학적 관점은 종교 및 민속 연구에 있어 중요한 출발점이 될 수 있다. 그러나 김효경의 연구를 근대 한국 학문이나 한국의 근대국가-국민론과 결부시키는 것은 적절하지 않다. 그의 글은 제국일본이 완성한 ‘동양학’의 입장에서 중국과 조선을 객체화하고 타자화하는 것이었고, 특히 일본의 대외 종교문화정책의 흐름에 영합한 것이었다. 김효경의 글들은 제국일본의 대내외 종교정책 및 활동을 주요 기사로 다룬 《중외일보》의 기고문과 해외신사사관양성소의 강연록에 해당하는 것으로서, 독자는 일본제국의 내지인으로 상정되었으며 동시에 일본의 종교정책과 관련하여 개교활동이 전개되던 지역의 외지인들을 포함했다. 결론적으로 김효경의 지나민족과 정신성에 대한 논구는 민족과 민족성을 단일하고 항상된 것으로 파악하는 본질론의 한계를 노정하며, 중국을 타자화하고 일본의 위대한 민족성을 부각시키는 전시 프로파간다적 성격을 가진 것으로 학술적 탐구의 문을 닫아버리는 한계를 가진 것이었다고 평가할 수 있다. Kim Hyo-kyung 金孝敬(1904~?) was a scholar of religion and folklore in the Empire of Japan, whose most notable work was the study of Korean shamanism. He studied in Japan since 1926 when he came to Tokyo via the Japanese Buddhist organization and majored in Buddhist studies and religious studies at Taisho University. Recently, he has an assessment of ‘the first religious anthropologist from Joseon.’ This paper is a critical reexamination of such evaluation, focusing on his study of Daoism and the Chinese pursuit of immortality in the Chinese Spirit and Its Nationhood (shina-seishin to sono minzoku-sei 支那精神とその民族性), published in Tokyo in 1940. This article has two goals: first, to investigate early 1920s Japanese studies of Daoism and Chinese folklore, which his writings rely on, to assess the characteristics and limit of his work; second, to reveal that Kim's studies on Daoism and Chinese nationhood aimed at double-otherization of China and Joseon. Kim relies heavily on research and reports on Daoism of Japanese folklorists and journalists in the 1920s. Assuming the existence of a ‘Chinese nation’ remains unchanged across time and space, he postulated Daoism as a consistent spirit to Chinese nation-people, which developed as a hedonism and an escape from reality. According to his argument, Chinese thought of the Heavenly Mandate caused endless revolutions and subjected the Chinese people to warfare; Daoism developed as an escape from the painful reality and indulgence in pleasure, inversely proportion to the desire to enjoy happiness, high social status and longevity. The pursuit of elixir, opium, revelry, and gastronomy prevalent in China are all oriented toward hedonistic immortality, and Kim's theory on Chinese nationhood and Daoism provides a solid tie for the inevitability of opium addiction. Kim’s articles eventually affirmed the greatness of the Japanese nation, particularly in wartime during the Second Sino-Japanese War, by defining the core of the Chinese nation as Daoism and maintaining Japan’s exclusive independence from the otherness of Daoism and China. In so doing, Kim Hyo-kyung was in the position of a faithful servant to the Empire of Japan who consistently identified the “great Japanese people” as “us.” Kim’s perspective that behind phenomena lies the religious mind of nation-people might be a significant starting point for the study of religions and folklore. However, linking Kim’s work to the first step of modern ‘Korean’ study or modern Korean nation-building is inappropriate. He objectified and otherized China and Joseon from the perspective of ‘Oriental Studies’ invented by the Empire of Japan, and in particular, his articles were in line with Japan’s policies on religions and culture. His writings correspond to the articles in a religious newspaper, the Internal and External Daily News (Chugai nippo), which featured 中外日報 news on the domestic and overseas policies on religious activities of Japan, and lecture notes at the priest t raining centre for the overseas Shinto- shrines, where his reader was supposed to be insiders of the Empire of Japan, and at the same time included outsiders in the regions where the Japanese religious and cultural policies were implemented. In conclusion, Kim’s thesis on the Chinese nation and its spirituality exposes its limit of essentialism, which homogenized a constant and unitary nation and nationhood. It has the character of wartime propaganda, which otherized China and emphasized the greatness of the Japanese nation, shutting the door to further scholarly inquiry.

Slide Session : OS-IFD-07 ; Infectious Disease : In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

( Myung Jin Lee ),( Kye Hyung Kim ),( Jong Youn Yi ),( Su Jin Choi ),( Chung Jong Kim ),( Nak Hyun Kim ),( Kyoung Ho Song ),( Pyoeng Gyun Choi ),( Ji Hwan Bang ),( Wan Beom Park ),( Eu Suk Kim ),( San 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Myung Jin LEE1, Kye-Hyung KIM1, Jongyoun YI2, SuJin CHOI1, Chung-Jong KIM1, Nak- Hyun KIM1, Kyoung-Ho SONG1, Pyoeng Gyun CHOI1, Ji-Hwan BANG1, Wan Beom PARK1, Eu Suk KIM1, Sang-Won PARK1, Hong Bin KIM1, Nam Joong KIM1, Myoung- Don OH1 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea1, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Korea2 Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel Bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). No effective antiviral therapy is proven yet, but clinical use of ribavirin (RBV) has been tried. We investigated the antiviral effect of RBV against SFTSV in vitro. Methods: To test for cytotoxicity of RBV, Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of RBV (3.90 to 500 μg/mL, two-fold dilution) and analyzed by cell viability MTS assay 48h post-infection. To determine antiviral activity of RBV against SFTSV, Vero cells were infected with SFTSV strain Gangwon/Korea/2012 at 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per well in a 96-well plate, and RBV was added at the concentrations showing no or minimal cytotoxicity. Viral RNAs were extracted from the culture supernatants and quantifi ed using one-step real-time reverse transcription- PCR to amplify the partial large segment of SFTSV. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with Tukey`s post hoc test. Results: Cytotoxicity due to RBV was not observed at RBV concentration =31.3 μg/ mL. Viral RNAs at 24h post-RBV treatment were reduced with increasing RBV concentrations (1-32 μg/mL), compared with those of mock-treated cells (P <0.01, Figure). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RBV was 3.69 μg/mL at 24h post-RBV treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that RBV has antiviral effect against SFTSV in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required to evaluate the effi cacy of RBV in SFTS.

DISCRETE COMPACTNESS PROPERTY FOR KIM-KWAK FINITE ELEMENTS

KIM, JI HYUN The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2018 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.36 No.5

In this paper, we prove the discrete compactness property for Kim-Kwak finite element spaces of any order under a weak quasi-uniformity assumption.

결절성 황색종과 동반된 제 Ⅲ 형 과지질단백혈증 1예

김지현,김연진,김현주,조소연,황규광,함정희 梨花女子大學校 醫科大學 醫科學硏究所 2000 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.23 No.1

We report a case of type Ⅲ hyperlipoproteinemia associated with tuberous xanthoma, which is improved by treatment with lovastatin and bezafibrate. A 34-year-old female patient visited our clinic for evaluation of multiple yellowish-brown papulonodules on the kness, elbows and palms. Serum lipid examination showed an abnormal elevation of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Lipoprotein electrophoresis showed a single peak at pre-β and β portion without separation. The biopsh specimen from a nodule on the knee and a papule on the palm revealed characteristic findings of xanthoma. We diagnosed the case as type Ⅲ hyperlipoprotei-nemia. After 3 months of treatment with diet restriction, lovastatin and bezafibrate, the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were reduced to normal level. The skin lesion of the palm showed complete regression and ones on both knees and elbows were moderate improvement.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

상악 제2유구치와 상악 제1대구치의 치관 형태: 치아계측학적 연구

김지인,현홍근,김영재,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,한세현,김종철 大韓小兒齒科學會 2011 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

The basic structure of the primary crowns usually resemble their succeeding permanent teeth. However, maxillary second primary molars resemble ipsilateral first permanent molars. Accordingly in this study, odontometric data of the two teeth was obtained, then analyzed to verify the morphological relationship and sex difference between the two teeth. Dental study casts were examined for their mesiodistal and buccolingual width of the crowns, diameter of each cusps, and intercuspal distances. Photographs of the crowns were taken to measure the angles between each cusp tip. The results are as follows : 1. In boys, PrI, PaI, DBC angle, and MBC angle did not show any statistically significant difference between the two teeth(p>0.05), and moderate level of correlations were observed. 2. In girls, crown index, DBC angle, and MBC angle of the two teeth did not show any statistically significant difference(p>0.05), and moderate level of correlations were recognized. 3. Measurements that did not show statistically significant difference between the two teeth in both boys and girls were DBC angle and MBC angle(p>0.05). In DLC angle, however, statistically significant difference was observed(p<0.01). 4. Most of the measurements showed sex differences, except DBC angle, which did not show any sex difference in both teeth(p>0.05). 유치 치관의 기본적인 구조는 대개 계승 영구치를 닮는다. 그러나 제2유구치는 계승 영구치인 제2소구치보다 오히려 제1대 구치와 더 유사한 경향이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 한국인에서 상악 제2유구치와 제1대구치의 치아계측학적 자료(odontometric data)를 얻어 두 치아의 형태와 크기 사이의 연관성을 살펴보고, 나아가 남녀간의 차이점 유무를 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 남아 150명, 여아 150명 총 300명의 모형을 이용하여 상악 제2유구치와 상악 제1대구치의 근원심 치관 폭경, 협설측 치관 폭경, 각 교두의 직경, 교두정간 거리를 계측하였고, 치관의 교합면 사진을 촬영하여 각 교두정 사이의 각도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 남아에서 Protocone index, Paraconeindex, Distobuccal cusp(DBC)각, Mesiobuccal cusp(MBC)각은 상악 제1대 구치와 제2유구치 사이에 통계적 유의차가 관찰되지 않았고(p>0.05), 중등도의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 2. 여아에서 crown index, Distobuccal cusp(DBC)각, Mesiobuccal cusp(MBC)각은 상악 제1대구치와 제2유구치 사 이에 통계적 유의차가 관찰되지 않았고(p>0.05), 중등도의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 3. 남, 여 모두에서 Distobuccal cusp(DBC)각, Mesiobuccal cusp(MBC)각은 두 치아 사이에 유의할만한 차이를 보이 지 않았고(p>0.05), Distolingual cusp(DLC)각에서는 통계적 유의차가 관찰되었다(p<0.01). 4. 대부분의 계측치에서 남녀 차이를 나타냈지만, Distobuccal cusp (DBC)각은 상악 제1대구치와 제2유구치 모두에서 남녀 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05).

Handover Ranging Power Adjustment Using Uplink Channel Information in IEEE 802.16e/m Ji-Su Kim, and Jae-Hyun Kim, ETRI Journal, vol.32, no.5, Oct. 2010, pp.823-826.

Ji-Su Kim,Jae-Hyun Kim 한국전자통신연구원 2010 ETRI Journal Vol.32 No.5

This letter proposes a handover ranging power adjustment scheme to improve handover performance. Incorrect ranging power can degrade handover performance due to the increased handover latency; therefore, the proposed scheme exploits the uplink channel information to adjust the uplink handover ranging power. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces call outage probability by 33% compared to that of the conventional scheme. It also improves the number of users who satisfy the system requirements for handover interruption time.

급성신부전증 이환견에 대한 복막투석 치료 1례

김건우,이병희,김유수,심재현,김지용,이영원,김덕환,송근호 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 2004 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.12 No.-

A fourteen-month-old intact female Poodle was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University. The patient was presented with history of vomiting, inappetence, ataxia, insomnia, tachypnea and convulsion for 5 days. Biochemical examination revealed BUN (254.2 mg/dl), creatinine (9.22 mg/dl) and phosphate (14 mg/dl). Epithelial cells of urinary tract, neutrophils, macrophages, a large number of gram negative and smaller number of gram positive bacteria were presented on urine test. Ultrasonographic findings show hyperechogenic kidney and indistinguishableness of renal cortex and medulla. Based on the results of examination described above, this case was diagnosed as acute renal failure with interstitial nephritis by urinary tract infection (UTI). Treatments with fluids therapy, diuretics, and peritoneal dialysis during hospitalization showed good results with no clinical signs.

Do We Still Use The Camitta"s Criteria For Severe Aplastic Anemia?

( Hyun Hwa Yoon1 ),( Sung Hyun Kim1 ),( Ji Hyun Lee ),( Seok Jae Huh ),( Suee Lee ),( Sung Yong Oh ),( Hyuk Chan Kwon ),( Hyo Jin Kim ) 대한내과학회 2011 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2011 No.-

Curcumin ameliorates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats

Kim, Kyeong Seok,Lim, Hyun-Jung,Lim, Jong Seung,Son, Ji Yeon,Lee, Jaewon,Lee, Byung Mu,Chang, Seung-Cheol,Kim, Hyung Sik Elsevier 2018 Food and chemical toxicology Vol.114 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes remarkable damage to the kidneys, a target organ of accumulated Cd after oral administration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity. Sprague–Dawley male rats were divided into the following four treatment groups: control, curcumin (50 mg/kg, oral), CdCl<SUB>2</SUB>, (25 mg/kg, oral), and pre-treatment with curcumin (50 mg/kg) 1 h prior to the administration of CdCl<SUB>2</SUB> (25 mg/kg, oral) for 7 days. At 24 h after the final treatment, the animals were killed, and the biomarkers associated with nephrotoxicity were measured. Our data indicated that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels were significantly reduced by curcumin pre-treatment in CdCl<SUB>2</SUB>-treated animals. Histopathological studies showed hydropic swelling and hypertrophy of the proximal tubular cells in the renal cortex after Cd treatment. Pretreatment with curcumin ameliorated the histological alterations induced by Cd. The urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), osteopontin (OPN), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and netrin-1 significantly reduced by curcumin treatment compared to that in the CdCl<SUB>2</SUB>-treated group. The administration of curcumin provided a significant protective effect against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Curcumin protects against cadmium-induced renal injury. </LI> <LI> Curcumin reduces urinary excretion of AKI biomarkers. </LI> <LI> Curcumin protects against cadmium-induced apoptosis in the kidney. </LI> </UL> </P>