서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

Hamlet의 Opening Scene

鄭在文 圓光大學校大學院 1988 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

In the Exposition, the dramatist must give the audience all the information that is necessary for his purpose : introdicing the characters, showing their position in life, their circumstances, their relations to one another etc. But he must tell the necessary information by means which is interesting, because the direct telling is unpleasant and undramatic. The opening scene of Hamlet, as the first part of teh Exposition, does its business very efficiently and interestingly. The first line of the play ("Who's there?") not only makes the noisy audience pay attention to the stage, but also implies the general inversion of the customary order of things. For the challenge was not asked by the sentinel on duty but by the relieving sentinel. Francisco's "Tis bitter cold, And I am sick at heart" comes naturally form the lips of a sentinel after a lonely watch, but it also supplies the tragic pitch. For Hamlet and Denmark will appear sick at heart soon. Barnardo, unwilling to stand this particular watch alone any longer than necessary, hopes that the partners of his watch will make haste. So even before Horatio enters to ask if "this thing" has again appeared, the audience are aware that the soldiers, in the cold and darkness of the night, are watching the hidden danger-something fearful and portending evil-which may threaten the present Danish Regime. Meanwhile, the audience are smoothly informed of the place (the platform of the battlement castle), the time (midnight), the season (bitter cold season) of this scene from the dialogues of the two sentinels. Horatio, who will not believe in the Ghost, agrees to hear the tale of the Ghost which appeared last night. At this point, when ominousness is at its fullest expression, the Ghost enters. The Ghost looks like the King Hamlet 'with that fair and warlike form.' Thus begins the process of inquiry which, in one form or another, runs throughout the play, and which may generally be described as an attempt to distinguish appearance from reality : Evil is immediately associated with this spirit, but there is countering suggestion (For it wears fair and warlike form). The imagery used by Horatio in his questioning is significant, since it introduces the theme of usurpation. The belief that the visitation of the ghost bodes some strange eruption to their state leads to accounts by Marcellus of the present situation of the state, and by Horatio of the threatened invasion by Fortinbras, As Horatio is speaking of harbingers of disaster, the Ghost enters again. Three motives commonly associated with haunting sperits are mentioned by Horatio, and one of these is that the dead may return because of earthly business left incomplete. The Ghost is majestical. But as soon as the cock crows it starts like a guilty thing upon a fearful summons. 'This bird of dawning' associated with Christian salvation makes as powerful as possible the contrast of day and night, normality and abnormality, good and evil. And the scene ends with an agreement to tell Hamlet, to whom the Ghost may speak. In conclusion, the opening scene of Hamlet smoothly introduces the main theme and the necessary information to the audience, and that makes it one of masterpieces of Shakespeare's opening scenes.

土壤抗酸菌의 生體內 藥濟耐性 獲得에 對하여

鄭在奎,李相準,文榮石 慶北大學校 1964 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

In order to observe the appearance of drug resistant strains in vivo, soil acid fast bacilli (s-12) which exhibited and appearance in high frequency of drug resistant strains in vitro experiments, were inoculated into the mice, and three days after inoculation these mice were followed by treatment with streptomycin and isonicotinic amide hydrazid for 2 to 3 weeks according to the groups. After the cessation of treatment, mice of the each group were sacrificed and the drugs treated, on both two and three weeks treated groups, with a single exception of high druges treated, on both and three weeks treated groups, with a single exception of high resistant variant from on the liver lesion of the 3 weeks treated isonicotnic amid hydrazid group.

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

急峻펄스 電壓을 利用한 强力오존發生裝置開發에 관한 硏究

文在德,吳哲洙,鄭華淑 경북대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.40 No.-

The power efficiency of ozone generation can be substantially improved by modifying a direct discharge wire of a wire-to-cylinder type ozone generator to a helical strip line. and using a fast rising pulse voltage on it. It is raised 1.3 times up of ozone yield compared with that of 60 gO_3/KWh of the industrial silent discharge type ozone generator. Parametric studies also made to get the optimum design of ozone generator tested. The generated ozone concentration had a peak value with proper increasing the crest pulse voltage, the quantity of a pulse forming condenser capacity of the pulse generator, and the interelectrode spacing of self triggered stainless steel spark balls. It is found that the optimum strip line length of the ozone generator tested was about 2m in view point of energy consumption. And, input and terminal impedance also effected greatly to ozone generation, the generated ozone concentration were increased when the input impedance had been 25Ω while the terminal had been opened.

회계감사시장의 변화 : 감사인 집중을 중심으로

정문종,이재맹 가톨릭대학교 산업경영연구소 1999 産業經營硏究 Vol.- No.7

회계감사의 유용성은 신뢰할 수 있는 감사품질에 달려 있다. 그러나 감사품질의 특성상 일반적으로 그 품질을 관찰하기가 어렵기 때문에 정보비대칭 문제를 완화시키기 위한 방편으로 감사품질 대용치가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 우리감사시장의 구조상 가능한 품질 대용치로서의 감사인 규모는 감사서비스 공급자인 감사인 조직에 소속한 공인회계사수가 관측 가능한 대용치라는 주장을 보였다. 그리고 서비스 공급자측의 장기적인 시장구조상의 특성을 감사인 조직과 그 조직의 규모 및 새로운 조직의 진입에서 찾아 장기적인 추세를 분석하여 관찰 가능한 설명을 제시하였다. 추세변화의 자료를 이용하여 공급-수요의 시장기능에 의한 감사인 집중현상을 파악하기 위하여 소속공인회계사에 의한 감사인 규모로 측정한 감사인 집중도를 17개년에 대하여 살펴봄으로써 그 논지에 대한 부분적인 증거를 제시했다. 감사인 집중도에 의한 전·후기 차이분석결과 회계법인내에서는 감사인의 집중현상이 발생하여 감사인 업무수임준칙에 의한 규제 없이도 우리감사시장에 시장원리에 의한 규모의 경제가 존재한다는 의견과 일치하는 양상을 보였다. 순서쌍에 의한 검증의 결과 부익부 빈익빈 현상이 총 감사시장에서 발견되고 있는 것은 소규모 감사인의 시장진입의 영향인 것으로 보았다.

Hamlet의 이미저리

鄭在文 군산대학교 1993 群山水産專門大學 硏究報告 Vol.28 No.1

Among the many imagery patterns in Hamlet, the imagery of the contrast between appearance and reality, the disease and corruption imagery, the war imagery and the death imagery are most pervasive through the play. Hamlet is troubled by the contrast between appearance and reality, especially between his mother's apparent grief and her subsequent behaviour. Closely linked with it are the cosmetic imagery and the stage imagery. They also bring out the contrast between appearance and reality. A number of disease images are related to the poisoning of Hamlet's father, the corresponding incident in the play within the play, Gertrude's incestuous marriage and the sickness of the state. Hamlet uses them in reference to Claudius's crime and Gertrude's adultery. The disease images used by Claudius exhibit his own guilty fear of Hamlet. The war imagery reminds us of the struggle between Hamlet and Claudius all through the play Hamlet tries to obtain objective evidence of Claudius's crime. Claudius also tries to pierce the secret of Hamlet's madness. Hamlet succeeds in his purpose, but at the very moment of success he enables Claudius to pierce the secret of his madness. Thus both are engaged in a duel to the death. The death imagery is mainly related with the psychology of Hamlet. He wants to die because of the state of things in Denmark and his mother's hasty and incestuous marriage. Then comes another shock, the revelation of the ghost, who urges Hamlet to revenge Claudius's foul murder. But he now sees everywhere, but especially in his own nature, the general taint, which takes from life its meaning, from the will its strength. But when he returns to Denmark from sailing to England, we see him much changed. Now he accepts his world as it is. He finds the common destiny of men in the skulls. He believes in "special providence in the fall of a sparrow." He Is now ready for what may happen. For him "the readiness is all." Ironically he sees life in death. And he a-chieves a regeneration, as is symbolized by Fortinbras's prayer, "flights of angels sing thee to thy rest."

3전극형 정전하 중화장치 기초연구

鄭石煥,韓昌陰,李大熙,文在德 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1998 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.9 No.1

Methods and systems to remove static electricity are requested necessarily because the static electricity causes a flammable gas explosion, a fire, reduction of production rate in manufacturing semiconductor device and so on. This paper deals with the new structure of electrode to protect dusts attached to the needle electrode previously for controlling the quantities of generated ions and solving the problem of dust attaching to needle electrode. And the discharge system with third electrode was proposed to control the hight and electric field in end of needle electrode. It was possible to control the quantities of generated ion by controlling electric field in needle electrode. This showed the possibilities to solve the nonequilibrium of generated ions when using the ac power source.

1차 의료기관에서 코감기에 처방한 향균제

정형준,이훈재,김은실,이진수,정문현 대한감염학회 2007 감염과 화학요법 Vol.39 No.3

Background : Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are common benign illnesses that are associated with significant economic burden, adverse effects of medications, and antimicrobial resistance. These effects have been evaluated chiefly at the tertiary health care centers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prescribing habits, including antibiotic use, for the management of URIs among the primary care physicians. Methods : Between July and August 2006, 23 medical students visited 122 clinics of primary care physicians for the management of simulated common cold. They were instructed to present symptoms that simulated common cold; clear rhinorrhea and nasal stuffiness that lasted for 3 days, and neither was accompanied with fever nor myalgia. Results : The physicians' specialties were as follows: 43 were general internists; 40, otolaryngologists; 23, general practitioners; 15, family practitioners; and 1, pediatrician. The mean number of prescribed oral medications was 4.71 (S.D.±0.951). Glucocorticoids were prescribed in 10 (8.2%) clinics. Antibiotics were prescribed in 50 (41.0%) clinics - cephalosporins in 17, amoxicillin-clavulanate in 16, amoxicillin in 8, fluoroquinolones in 5, macrolides in 3, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 1 clinic. There was no difference in the rates of antibiotic prescription among the specialties. Injections were recommended in 32 (26.4%) clinics. With the exception of chest X-ray recommended in 1 clinic, no laboratory or radiologic evaluation was performed. Conclusion : The antibiotic prescription rate observed in this study is lower than those of the previous studies. Since diagnostic tests are seldom performed, diagnostic ambiguity might be a key cause for the overuse of antibiotics in the management of URI. The reasons for the high rates of prescription of parenteral medications need to be evaluated. 목적 : 상기도 감염은 매우 흔한 질환으로 개개인으로 보면 중요하지 않은 병이나 국가 전체로 보면 비용, 부작용, 항균제 내성에 미치는 영향이 더 문제가 되는 병이다. 이런 영향에 대한 연구가 주로 3차 병원에서만 되므로, 3차 병원에 도착하기 전까지 받은 치료 내역이 연구 결과에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있지만, 국내에서는 의약분업 후로는 의원에서 감기 처방에 대한 조사가 없어 현재 진료 상황을 알 수가 없다. 이에 의약분업 이후, 1차 의료에 종사하는 의원들을 대상으로 코감기에 관련된 진단의 다양성, 주사제의 사용, 항균제 사용에 대해 조사를 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2006년 7월과 8월에 걸쳐 서울, 경기, 인천에 개업하고 있는 일반의, 내과의, 이비인후과의, 가정의를 대상으로 122개 의원을 조사 하였다. 23명의 의과대학생들이 코감기 환자로 모의를 하여 개원의들의 진찰을 받은 후, 진단과 처방을 분석하였다. 코감기 증상은, 3일간 지속한 콧물과 코막힘을 주소로 했고, 발열과 오한은 없었으며, 목아픔과 기침은 약간 있는 정도로 하였다. 결과 : 조사한 의원에서 코감기에 사용한 경구 약제 수는 평균 4.71 (SD±0.951), 과별 차이는 없었다(P=0.99 by chi-square test). 부신피질호르몬은 10개(8.2%) 의원에서 처방하였다. 항균제는 50개(41.0%) 의원에서 처방하였으며, 세팔로스포린 17건, Augmentin 16건, amoxicillin (7) 또는 bacampicillin (1) 8건, 퀴놀론 5건, macrolide 3건, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 1건이 었다. 과별로는 내과 34.9%, 이비인후과 52.5%, 가정의학과 33.3%, 일반외과 39.1%, 소아과 0%였고 통계적 의미는 없었다(P=0.41 by chi-square test). 주사를 권한 경우는 32 (26.4%)예였다. X-선 검사를 권유받은 1건 외에는 검사를 권유받지 않았다. 결론 : 이전 보고보다는 감기에서 항균제 사용률은 낮았으며, 진단을 하기 위한 검사가 적어 진단의 불분명을 극복하기 위한 것도 항균제 남용의 한 원인으로 생각된다. 주사제 처방률도 높은 듯하며 이는 빨리 증상이 호전되지 않을 때 병원을 바꾸는 환자들의 행위에 대한 반응일 가능성이 있으며, 항균제 사용 역시 빠른 증상 호전을 위한 것이어서, 환자의 행동 양상에 대한 조사가 필요하다.

카드뮴을 투여한 랏드의 혈액 및 간조직 내의 카드뮴 농도의 문포형에 관한 연구

문재혁,박정덕,정규철 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1987 中央醫大誌 Vol.12 No.4

A group of 74 male rats of Sprague-Daweley strain was divided into serveral subgroups to which 0.1∼0.3% cadmium chloride soultions were adminsistered intraperitoneally by single injection of equivalent amount of 1∼32 ㎎/㎏ of body weight. the rats were sacrificed by decapitation at various intervals beinning from 3 hours to 14 days after a single injection. The cadmium concentrations in blood(㎍/l) and liver(㎍/g of tissue wet weight) were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer(Baird, Model A5100) by double beam flameless method. Cadmium concentrations in blood and those in liver were both log-normally distributed with logarithmic function on Y=-4.9204×1n Cd+27.7179 for the former and Y=-9.1557 1n Cd+40.7212 fot the latter. the frequency distribution of blood cadmium concentrations was also fitted to expoential and power function curves. Arithmatic means and standard deviations of cadmium concentrations in blood and those in liver were 78.6± 65.25㎍/l and 22.0 ±20.46㎍/g of tissue wet weight with coefficient of variations of 83.0% and 93.0%, repectively. On the other hand, geometric means and standard deviations were 57.0±2.90㎍/l and 15.1 ±2.42㎍/g of tissue wet weight for blood and liver, respectively. Skewness and kurtosis of distribution curves calculated on the basis of asithmatic frequency were 3.27 and 15.24 for the blood cadmium and 1,98 and 7,06 for the liver cadmium, whereas these valurs turned out to be 0.28 and 2.25 for the blood and 0.21 and 2.19 for the livrt when the log-transformed values of frequency were empolyed for calculation. Cummulative relative frequency of log-transformed cadmoum concentrations in blood and liver plotted on the normal probability paper showed a good linearity. The above findings indicate that the cadmium concentrations in blood and hepatic tissue are well fitted to the normal distribution curves when logarithmic transformations were made on these values.