구조주의적 영어억양분석방법에 대한 고찰

김희경,이상도 釜山大學校 1996 人文論叢 Vol.49 No.1

Abstract A Survey of Structural Analyses on English Intonation Lee, Sang-Do·Kim, He-Kyung Intonation is narrowly defined as the melody of speech in the papeer. One of the approaches on English intonation is structural analysis, which can be applied to teaching English as a foreign language. The structural approach aims at postulating intonation unit and intonation inventory to describe the form and meaning of intonation. The teaching of English intonation is often considered as a difficult task. Thompson(1995) argues that the average teacher is uncomfortable with intonation, treating it as a difficult subject and difficult to fomulate rules. As such it tends to receive little explicit focus in the classroom. In order to be helpful to teaching, intonation model, which is teachable, learnable, and simple, should be devised unlike the existing ones proposed by various specialists. To devise the model, structural analyses should be examined since they focus on the linguistic functions and meaning of intonation in English to choose the most appropriate analysis that capture general behaviors of intontion. This paper, thus, examines structural analyses on English Intonation. Structural analyses are divided into level and configuration approach. Level approach by Pike(1945). Trager/Smith(1957) and Prator/Robinett(1985) fails to capture general linguistic behaviors of intonation compared to other linguistic elements by proposing that the pitch contour are sequences of pitch phonemes. Configuration approach includes tune analysis, tone analysis, and tone-tune analysis. Tune approach by Armstrong/Ward(1931) prescribes two basic tones showing that pitch movement only plays a contrastive role. The approach unlike the level one shows the important role of pitch movement but also fails to show that the pitch pattern of pre-tonic which adds or modifies the whole meaning of the contour. Tone approach by Kingdon(1958) recognizes the role of pitch height and postulates kinetic and static tones. But it also prescribes pitch pattern of English intonation rather than describing. Tone-tune approach by O'Connor/Arnold(1972) and Hallway(1985) shows that the pitch contour has the internal structure. O'Connor/Arnold argues that the pitch contour consists of three optional elements and one obligatory element. Halliday(1985) argues that the pitch contour consists of one optional elements and one obligatory elements. By showing that the pitch pattern or so called INTONATION UNIT has the internal structure, the tone-tune approach captures generality of English intonation . Thus it can be concluded that the tone-tune approach can be employed to the field of Teaching English as a Foreign Langauge.

춘천에서 2002년 봄철 황사 발생기간 동안에 채취된 미세분진 중 무기성분의 특성

김희갑,정경미,김동진,이종태 한국환경독성학회 2002 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Yellow sand(YS) storms were observed about ten times in the Korean peninsula during March and April in 2002. Twenty four hour fine particle(PM_2.5) samples were collected onto the 47 mm Teflun-coated quartz filters over 9 days during and after the events using the MiniVol Portable Air Sampler at a flow rate of 5 liters per minute. The highest PM_2.5 concentration measured during the YS period was 289 μg/m³, which is 13 times higher than the lowest of the values for the samples collected during the non-yellow said period. The filter samples were analyzed for inorganic ions using the IC, AAS and Autoanalyzer, and for metals using the ICPMS. The results showed that the concentrations of some inorganic ions (e.g., Ca^2+ and SO_(4)^2-) and metals (e.g., Fe, Mn) of soil origin were elevated during the yellow sand events.

消費者의 製品情報處理에 관한 理論的 考察

南警熙 순천대학 중소기업경영연구소 1991 기업경영연구 Vol.- No.2

Nowadays, the roll of product information has become more important to consumers, because of the diversity high of consumer needs. Therefore, consumers are to be considered information processors interacting with their choice task environment to seek information and to select particular alternatives. They may want to choose products in order to obtain satisfaction or to achieve particular goals. They acquire and process a lot of information from surroundings and the purposes are as follows. 1. To comprehend and asses product and service. 2. To justify the past choice of prodducts. 3. To solve the conflicts between purchase and purchase deferment. 4. To acquire information on the products and service in market. 5. To remember product purchase regularly pruchased. So, corporations should offer consumers effective information to satisfy consumer's needs fully and to achieve enterprize's goals. The representing methods of product information are observed with two sides. first : the quantity of information The group of consumerism movement requires detailed and abundant information but behavior scientists, on the contrary, insist that only proper information should be offered because men have limitation of capacity in understanding and processing information in a given time. there are an absolute information format that is shown with figure and a relative information format that is represented with language. In conclusion, marketing managers must pay attention to the suggestion of persuasive information stressing the characteristics of their company' products, because the product information offered to consumers is the last chance to lead then to purchase their company's goods.

Do Geminated Consonants in English Really Undergo Degemination?

김수정,김혜경 새한영어영문학회 2006 새한영어영문학 Vol.48 No.4

The general assumption of two identical consonants in a sequence is that the preceding consonant tends not to surface in normal speech. Accordingly, in the area of English teaching, ESL learners are directed to pronounce the geminated consonants as a singleton. We challenge this previous claim about partial deletion of the geminated consonants in English, namely degemination, with phonetic evidence. First, we investigate the phonetic implementation of geminated consonants in English by means of acoustic data produced by native speakers of English. Acoustic data shows that the length of geminated consonants [bb, dd, pp, tt, mm, nn, ss, ʃʃ] is as long as the combined length of single consonants in onset and coda positions, indicating the degemination process does not occur in the gemianted consonants. It contradicts the previous claims. Second, we examine prosodic effects on geminated consonants. Not only are segments influenced by neighboring segments, but the phonetic realization can also vary depending on their prosodic positions in which they appear. The result shows that the length of geminates at the phrase boundary is longer than at the word boundary, suggesting that geminates in higher prosodic levels are produced with greater articulatory magnitude.

공터키안(Empty sella)을 동반한 급성췌장염으로 발현된 부갑상선 선종 1예

전언주,오지혜,배경륜,장샛별,전승운,정의달,손호상,원규장 영남대학교 의과대학 2009 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.26 No.1

The incidence of coexisting hyperparathyroidism and empty sella syndrome is rare and the etiology and incidence of their coexistence is not known. The association of hyperparathyroidism and the empty sella syndrome may be related to multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome due to a genetic disorder. We experienced a rare case of hyperparathyroidism presenting as acute pancreatitis combined with empty sella. We report here a 37-year old female who manifested epigastric pain because of acute pancreatitis. She had hypercalcemia due to parathyroid adenoma. A pituitary gland was not visible in the sella turcica on MRI scans. On genetic analysis, she did not show a mutation of the MENIN gene. Empty sella is thought to be a coincidental finding with hyperparathyroidism.

독해력 향상을 위한 속독 훈련 방안과 효과

이준엽,김숙희,배경수 대구대학교 인문과학 예술문화연구소 2002 人文科學硏究 Vol.23 No.-

兒童行動目錄(CBCL)에 의한 國民學生의 行動問題 調査

홍강의,송혜양,김중술,홍경자,박성수 大韓神經精神醫學會 1988 신경정신의학 Vol.27 No.2

This is an epidemiological study of emotional/behavior problems in Korean elementary school children(total 2,399 : 1.236 boys, 1,163 girls) by empolying Children's Behavior Check List(CBCL) developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock(1983), to which 3 problem items were added for this study. A test-retest reliability of CBCL was was assessed by computing the Spearman-Browm correlation and the average correlation among items was. 72. The interparent agreeement was also assessed and the average correaltion between mother and father was. 62. The study subjects were drawm by stratified sampling from 5 schools in Korea ; 3 schools (A, B, C) from Seoul, one school(D) from a medium size city one school (E) from a rural town. School C is located in upper/middle-upper class residential area, School A and D in middle class, and School B and E in lower-middle/lower class. The present paper reports the prevalence of behavioral/emotional problems in relation to sex, grade, locality and socioeconomic variables. Some of the major findings were as follows ; 1) The mean total problem score excluding 3 additional items was 27.28 and did not differ significanthy according to sex and locality(Seoul vs non-Seoul), However, the mean total problem scores were significanthy different from school to school. The lowest score was observed in children of School C(22.15), higher scores for School B(30.89) and E(30.64) and in-between scores for the School A(27.58) and D(25.47). Father's education also had significant effect on the total problem scores : 31.46 for elementary of less 27.79 for middle and high school and 23.05 for college or more. As for to the grade, mean total score was lowest for the first graders(22.12), increasing up until 4th grade(29.83), then decreasing for 5th graders(26.81) and then relatively high score for the 6th graders(29.81). 2) Examination of each 122 problem items revealed that prevalence rate ranged from 2.1% to 61.7% : less than 5% for 13% items, 5-10% for 18 items, 10-20% for 31 items, 20-30% for 25 items, 30-40% for 15 items, 40-50% for 13 items, more than 50% for 7 items. Although sex did not make any difference in total problem scores, examination of the prevalence of each item revealed that 47 problem items were significanthy different between sexes : 26 items were more prevalent in boys and 21 items in girls. The items more prevalent for boys were externalizing problems such as hyperkinetic, aggressive and other behaviors and 21 items, more prevalent for girls were internalizing problems such as emotional and psychosomatic problems. School grade had significant effect in 47 items, only 3 of which showed lower prevalence in the younger children and the prevalence of 39 items were higher in older children. Significant differences were observed in 83 items, and 94 items, respectively according to school and father's education that could be considered to reflect socioeconomic status and it was reavealed that the lower the status, the higher the prevalence in most items. Items more common in upper class tend to be more anxiety-tension related(internalizing) and items more common in lower class tend to be more aggressive, hyperactive and other behavioval problems(externalizing). 3) Brief cross-cultural comparisons between the current study and other studies reported in the literature revealed major differences in several areas. The total problem score for Korean children was much higher than those of American and Dutch children, but lower than those of Canada and Chile. Although most of other studies reported higher total problem scores for boys, than for girls there was no sex difference in total problem score for Korean children. This was reflected in the finding of an almost equal numbers of items(26 for boys, 21 for girls) being more common than the other sex. Analyses by grade(age) also indicate major differences between Korean and American-Dutch children ; In contrast to the finding that total problem score was higher and larger number of items were more common for younger children in American and Dutch studies, they were higher for older children in Korean study. Socioeconomic variables seems to exert far more significant effect on the total score and the prevalence of each items in Korean study, when compared with American and Dutch studies. Further analyses of the data including a comparison with a clinic sample are deferred to another paper and so are the factor analysis results of 122 items into emotional/behavioral syndromes.

성인간호학 교과과정 내용개선을 위한 한국인의 질병분포에 관한 연구 : 일개 대학병원을 중심으로

김조자,이원희,유지수,허혜경,진혜영,최혜경 중앙의학사 1988 中央醫學 Vol.53 No.8

This study was a survey of the distribution of diseases in the Korean people, done to establish a criteria for time alottement for the patient need based theory in the curriculum in Nursing Care of Adult Patients. The methodology used was a descriptive survey of the statistical reports of disease. Data was gathered from the yearly reports from Yonsei University Medical Center, years 1982 to 1987 and the 1986 curriculum for Nursing Care of Adult Patients. Analysis was done by examining the frequency and percentages of diseases in each need category. The results of the study are as follows: 1. In the category of nutrition and elimination need. patents with diseases of the gastrointestinal system made up 1490 % and lectures in this area, 19.18 %. In the category of oxygen need, patients with respiratory diseases made up 13.70 % of the total and patients with cardiovascular diseases, 10.46 % lecture time was 15.07 % of the total. 2. The ratio of the frequency of diseases involving neoplasms, chronicity, emergency, rehabilitation, contagious, parasitic problems when compared to the lecture time allotted for them directly showed that in comparison. the lecture time was short. However, in the present curriculum material related to neoplastic, chronic, emergency and rehabilitation problems is given each need category and so, although. it is difficult to determine the exact frequency distribution, it can be assumed that it is not inadequate. 3. For safety and security needs, that is needs related to diseases of the nervous system and patients with sensory loss, and activity and rest needs, that is patients with diseases of the musculoskeletal system and patients with diseases of the connective tissue, the ratio of lecture time to number of patients showed a higher rate for lecture time. The lecture time for acute trauma and poisoning was lower. The interrelationship between these concepts needs to be reconciled. From this study it can be seen that the ratio of the distribution of patients with diseases related to the need categories and the lecture time for each category are very similar.

간호학생이 내린 간호진단의 분류에 관한 일 연구

이원희,김조자,유지수,허혜경,진혜영,최혜경 연세대학교 간호학연구소 1987 간호학 논집 Vol.10 No.1

Nursing diagnosis can improve nurses` efficiency, accuracy, provide an efficient standard for communication among nurses, improve the quality of nursing care, purpose and direction of nursing, and provide a unique dimension to nursing care. But in Korea we are using a nursing diagnosis system, which was developed in the American culture without evaluating vocabulary use or clinical application in the Korean culature. Actually many problems have appeared. Therefore. this research is to review and compare the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association‘s (NANDA) 5th conference on the etiology of nursing diagnosis and nursing diagnosis used in students` clinical practice in relation to how it fits into our culture and educational background. In order for nursing to be more scientfic. we must try to provide more basic data and develop nursing diagnosis. The subject of this research was 127 third year students in Y university for 1 year (1985). After tyey completed adult nursing clinical practice I and II tyey submitted case studies. In these case reports only nusing diagnosis was considered. There were a total of 1,019 nursing diagnoses used by the nursing students. In the data analysis we took the 813 nursing students' nursing diagnoses and fit them into 51 NANDA nursing diagnoses. Five professors from the College of Nursing met together and agreed on the selected the 813 after discussion The selected the 813 nursing diagnoses in the categories of: safety and secruity. nutrition and elimination, activity and rest, oxygen, sex, and' other'. These students' nursing diagnoses were compared with NANDA's etiology of nursing diagnosis by frequency. The research research were as follow ; 1. Among the 813 nursing diagnoses, the nursing diagnosis of 'Comfort, alteration in' was used 155 times (19.1%). This was the nursing diagnosis most frequently used by the students in the case reported. And 23 out of the 51 diagnoses (45%) was found 1 or 2 times and did't use nursing diagnosis in the case studies. 2. Among safety and security needs. many students used the etiology of 'Comfore alteration in : pain', pain and diverse etiology vocabulary. In 'Anxity'. the etiology of threat to or change in health status and knowledge deficit were listed. Among them, knowledge deficit was used 30 times as the etiology of nursing diagnosis. In the category of nutrition and elimination needs most students usually used nursing diagnosis accurately. In the category of activity and rest needs, the nursing diagnoses of activity intolerance, mobility, impaired physical' were confused the etiology of nursing diagnosis by the students. The students did't use many nursing diagnoses in the category of oxygen needs, and did't use the nursing diagnosis of sexual dysfunction. In the category of 'other' nursing diagnoses, "Knowledge deficit' was used many, and the etiology of 51 nursing diagnoses was generally used knowledge deficit. Until now in the nursing diagnosis used by the students, the vocabulary of the etiology of nursing diagosis is diverse. Although all students experience the 5 categor of human need in clinical practice, some of nursing diagnosis was used many but the other wasn't used. One reason is that only the definition of nursing diagnosis was taught in the classroom. No course content related to nursing diagnosis was covered. The nursing diagnosis concept was not taught in depth. second. the NANDA vocabulary is board and the English in interpretation is influenced by cultural factors. Third, among the students' clinical instructors there was difference knowledge and experience in nursing diagnosis. Therefore we believe the situation needs to be evaluated and revise to develop a unified vocabulary. And so that the etiology of nursing diagnosis would be fited into the cultural and educational background in Korea.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.