정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

인슐린 주사제의 고충실 액체색층기 분석

우정택,팽정렬,김성운,양인명,김진우,김영설,김광원,최영길 최신의학사 1993 最新醫學 Vol.36 No.8

폐산과 폐알칼리를 이용한 폐지류의 전처리

진양오,윤철종,우성훈,최성우,김익성,박승조 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1999 硏究報告 Vol.22 No.1

The objective of this study were to treat waste paper with waste acid and alkali so to enhance maturity of the wastes. The sample was office paper and news paper which ratio was 1:1 and the reagents for pre-treatment were sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide for waste acid and alkali. The maturity indices were taken volatile solid. cation exchange capacity, and gas production variation. The pre-treatment method was to dip the sample in the reagent according to time, concentration, and dosage. The methods of treatment were to dip the wastes in leachate and to landfill in soil. The result of this study were as follow. When waste paper was treated by acid and alkali, the proper treatment condition was 24hours and 0.1 normality of acid and alkali. The pre-treated samples with acid and alkali such as RSN and RSH were more effective in maturity than non-treated sample such as RS. The post-treated sample such as RSL, RSNL, and RSHL was more effective than nonpost-treated sample such as RS, RSN, and RSH.

띠철근의 훅각도에 따른 콘크리트 기둥의 역학적 거동에 관한 실험적 연구

梁富弘,李萬鎭 충주대 2001 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

The result followed to tie hoop bend dia was the inner strength of examinations of B type which ACI code of examinations of A type was used was 95% in the limit inner strength of examinations.Fragility was 83% in B type examinations.Examinations which concrete compressive strength was 420kgf/㎠, comparing with examinations of the standard B type, was that A type was 1.02 times as strong as B type and C type was 1.02 as times as it.It showed that this was opposition in which compressive strength was 240kgf/㎠ in strength.Examinations of B type was 11.27 times as strong as A type, and C type was 10.89 times as strong as A type in ductility.As the result.it showed that ductility was superior to strength.As this was high strength concrete, due to the fragility character, it is decided that closed type tie steel like B type have to be used in the side of human safety in ACI code.

공공정보화사업의 사전평가 모형 구상 : 예산과의 연계와 사업 실효성 확보방을 중심으로

양재진,정명주,정진우 한국정보사회진흥원 2003 정보화정책 Vol.10 No.3

공공정보화사업은 다른 사업보다 파생효과가 큼 국가적으로 중요한 사업이나, 생애주기가 짧고 변화가 심한 정보기술을 활용하는 특성을 가지고 있어, 사업 실패의 가능성이 큰 문제를 안고 있다. 그리고 업그레이드 비용 등 유지비가 많이 소요되는 특징을 가기고 있다. 따라서 예산편성시부터 사전평가의 강화를 통해 국가자원의 낭비를 막고 동시에 사업의 효과성을 높이는 과제를 안고 있다. 이러나 인식하에, 본 논문은 사후평가 위주의 현행 한국 정보화사업평가체제의 문제점을 지적하고, 사전평가 도입의 필요성을 제기하였다. 구체적으로 정보화사업 2 단계 사전평가 모형을 제시하였는데, 제 1 단계 사전평가는 국가과학기술위원회의 국가연구개발사업 사전조정 모형을 바탕으로 예산과정과의 연계를 담보할 수 있는 제도화 방안을 다루었고, 제 2 단계 ㅅ전평가는 정보화지원사업의 구체화 단계에서 한국전산원의 역할을 바탕으로 사업계획서 검토와 사업자 선정에 관련된 제도화 방안을 다루었따. 제 1 단계 사전평가의 실효성 확보를 위하여 본 논문은 정보화추진위원회를 대통령 산하로 개편하고 정보화 예산심의 권한을 법제화할 것을 주장하였고, 기타 사전평가와 조정의 합리화 방안 등을 제시하였다. 제 2 단계 사전평가와 관련하여서는 대상사업과 전문기관의 인증문제 그리고 그리고 사업계획서 검토와 계약관련 사항에 대해 논의하였다. Public informatization projects(PIPs) are strategically important government's works due to their far-reaching spon-off effects. But PIPs have inherent shorcomings since they have to rely on information technolgies characterized by short life cycle and barely predictable developmental path. Moreover, PIPs once in place require a high level of maintenance costs incurred by continuous upgrades and operation staffs. Therefore, a systematic ex-ante evaluation of PIPs should be built-in in the budgeting process. With this point in mind, this paper prposes a two-step ex-ante evaluation model. Based on the national R&D budget prescteening by the National Science and Technology Council the first step pre-screens competing PIP proposals and notifies the results to the national budgetary agency. The second step seeks to maximizes funded PIPs' performance by doing front-end analyses and providing technical assistanies before the launch of PIPs, as seen in the National Computerization Agency's activities for PIPs funded by the information promotion fund.

濟州 觀光資源의 國際市場性

梁宇鎭 제주대학교 1974 논문집 Vol.6 No.-

International tourism is the largest single item in the world's foreign trade and for some countries it is already the almost important export industry and earner of foreign exchange,' So, in this article, I sum up the economic and social importance which attaches to the present day tourist phenomenon. Looking at the benefits which arise from tourism, I am even more positive : "The economic gap between rich and poor countries has widened over the past ten years. But to create new industries and to transform rural life in asian, african and Latin american countries is a gigantic task. The relevance of tourism to this situation is that income from international travel can bring the foreign exchange essential for major investment. There is widespread awareness of the potential benefits, but little has been done in practice to provide the means for expansion of tourism plant in most of the developing areas of the world." This Island wishing to establish an international tourist industry must be able to answer number of questions : what is the tourist industry worth at present? Can its expansion be expected to continue ? are there any signs of a setback in the growth of the industry? Should steps hs taken to protect and develop its tourism appeal and to attract new tourists to the country? Is it possible to retain a balance between confilcting industrial and urbanisation needs and the protection of potential tourist attractions? It is the aim of this article to show these questions could be answeredie order to maxlmise the benefits of international tourism on economic and social developments. By the year 2,000, in most countries, a large and increasing population generates such an enormous demand for non-recreational as well as for recreational uses of land and water that recreation may never get its full share. This can be considered partly as a matter of inherent may never get its full share. This can be considered partly as a matter of inherent limitations of space and partly as a problem of establishing priorities. Overcrowing at beaches and local parks may seem inevitable. But this should put a premium on the efficient use of the land that is available for recreation as well as for industry and housing, and in most countries there has been a conspicuous failure to plan for the most efficient use of scarce land resources. So, Jeju Island in the year 2,000 will be able to become the best place in the world for person's travelling for leisure, health.

Binding theory

양우진 제주대학교 1986 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

Among the varied observation and proposals about the study of language within the framework of generative grammar, three theories can be distinguishe that have been developed in some details, Katz has formulated a theory often referred to as INTERPRETIVE SEMANTICS. More recently, Chomsky and Jackendoff have proposed a rather different but also 'interpretive' theory which has been called the EXTENDED STANDARD THEORY This is a modificationo of the STANDARD THEORY, the theory outlined in Chomsky's ASPECTS(1965), which represents roughly the last major work in generative linguistics befor opinions about linguistics and they began to diverge. Katz's theory, though it has been developed in variety of ways since ASPECTS still accepts the fundamental premised of the standard theory. The first significant breaks from the standard theory were made by Gruber and Fillmore, whose proposals are related to the theory of GENERATIVE SEMANTICS developed by Lakoff, McCawley, Postal, Ross and others. The grammar of a language can be regarded as a particular set of values for the parameters, while the overall system of rules, principles, and parameters is UG(universal grammar), which we may take to be one element of human biological endowment, namely the "language faculty". The approaches to UG that seem to us most promising fall within the general principles of GB theory. Binding theory Is concerned with the relations of anaphors and pronominals to their antecedents, if any. I have described a partial theory of the distribution of lexical NP, NP-trace, pronous, reflexives, and PRO-specifically, the part of the theory that concerns binking and disjoint reference among these items. The system can be summarized as one rule and three conditions a. Rule ; "Index NPs freely" b. Conditions ; 1) A bound anphor(or a potentially anaphoric Item in environment of bound anaphora) must be bound in the smallest domain-of-a-subject in which it occours. 2) A pronoun must be free In the smallest domain-of-a-subject in which it occurs. 3) A lexical NP must be free in all domains.

언어에 있어서 "공"요소 : G B theory

梁宇鎭 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

This article is summarized as follows. The main trends in structural linguistics are outlined. The work of Saussure clarified render common on linguistic thought some dichotomies such as langue versus parole, significant versus signifie, etc. The Prague School developed a functionalist view of language, and whilst taking into account many problems such as those of style, literary language, and historical linguistics, provided a detailed model for phonological analysis, The Copenhagen School, and in particular the glossematic trend expounded by L. Hjelmslev developed in the most rigorous way the Saussurean conception, insisting in particular on the opposition of form to substance, and on the formal character of language. American structural linguistics is discussed with reference to the work of the three major figures who represent ‘mentalism' and behaviourism', E. Sapir and L. Bloomfield., Jakobson. The most striking innovation in the field of linguistic theory during the last 25 years has been the development of generative transformational grammar, mainly in the work of Noam Chomsky. Chesky's work is animated by interests in the history of culture, psychology, philosphy, and scientific methodology. The rapid spread of transformational ideas among linguists not only in the United States but throughout the world, and the readiness to throw aside traditional views have brought into the open a widely-felt dissatisfaction with the narrowness of purpose and method imposed on itself by linguistics. Mental Reality - Creative Aspect - Base - Transformation - Filter - Sentence. Chomsky has repeatedly stressed the creative aspect of language use. Our linguistic competence is an aspect of our general psychological capabilities. Base (a) Base Rules (b) Lexicon (c) Lexical Insertion Rule Output of Base : Deep structures Transformational Component (a) Transformation (Move-a) (b) Conditions on the application of Transformations Output of transformation component : S-structures With the rapid development of Linguistic theories, modern linguistics has made its way toward Universal Grammar, and no other linguistic research is considered the proper subject of linguistics but that based on Universal Grammar. In fact, new and amazing turning points have been arranged early in the 1980's with the shift of study from Rule System to system of Principle, the establishment of Empty Category and so on. Empty categories are trace and PRO, they are distinct. We have the following properties of trace: ⅰ) trace is governed ⅱ) the antecedent of trace is not in a θ-position ⅲ) the antecedent-trace relation satisfies the subjacency condition PRO lacks all of these properties.

Index Theory : Binding Theory

양우진 제주대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.26 No.1

The study of generative grammar. initiated about 25 years ago, represented a significant shift of focus in the approach to problems of language. The rapid spread of thransformational ideas among linguists not only in the united states but throughout the world, and th readiness to throw aside traditional views have brought in the open a widely-felt dissatisfaction with the narrowness of purpose and method imposed on itself by linguistics. In the course of this work there has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which have increasingly been regarded as impoverished to the syudy of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determining the character and variety of possible human language. The study of properties of verb and position of NP is the main subject of universal grammar. The theory of binding is concerned with the relations of anaphors and pronominal to their antecedent. The theory of bounding specifies locally conditions, in particular, the subjacency condition on movement rules. The theory of control is concerned with the choice of antecedents for PRO. If we decided to represent coreferenced relations by using indices. then the question of determing whether any given pair of NPs in a sentence can or can not be interpreted as coreferential can be reformulated as that of determining whether a given pair of NPs can or can not be assigned the same referetial index.

Segmental K-means 학습 알고리즘을 이용한 한국어 연결 숫자음 인식의 성능 향상

양진우,이근수 안성산업대학교 1995 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

본 논문은 Segmental K-means training 알고리즘을 이용한 한국어 연결 숫자음 인식의 성능향상에 관한 연구이다. 본 인식시스템은 세그먼테이션부, 표준 음성 작성부, 인식부로 구분된다. 세그먼테이션부에서는 Level-building word segmentation 알고리즘을 사용하여 각 단어 패턴들로 학습 데이터를 세그먼트하고, 표준 음성 작성부에서는 각각의 토큰 파일에 있는 데이터로 단어 표준 패턴을 개선한다. 인식부에서는 Level-building HMM 알고리즘을 이용하여 연결 숫자음을 인식한다. 본 실험은 잡음이 있는 연구실에서 20대 남성 화자 7명이 21종의 7연결 숫자음을 7회 발성한 자료를 사용하여 학습된 데이터에 대해 95.2%, 다중 화자 종속 데이터에 대해 94.5%, 화자 독립 데이터에 대해 86.7%의 인식률을 보였다. This paper represents a study on improvement of the Korean connected digits recognition using the Segmental K-means training algorithm. This recognition system is composed of the segmentation section, the design of standard speech section, and the recognition section. In the segmentation section, the training data is segmented into each word pattern using the level-building word segmentation algorithm and in design of standard speech section, the standard word pattern is improved using data which is in each token file. Using the level-building HMM algorithm, connected degits are recognized by the recognition section. This experiment yielded a recognition rate of 95.2% on the trained data, 94.5% on the multi-speaker dependent data and 86.7% on the speaker-independent data by making use of 21 sort of 7 connected digits. This data were uttered 7 times by 5 male speakers in speakers in their twenties in a noisy laboratory.