國民學校 敎師 自然 및 算數科 再敎育의 分析的 硏究 : Based on the Choong Buk Province

黃秉德,梁仁煥,崔炳文,趙璇衡,朴根生 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.1 No.-

Our college has retrained many primary school teachers during 5 years is science, and during 4 years in case of mathematics. Many problems are found out in the process of retraining them in our school. This study is aimed to research the actual condition of the retraining and to find out the way to improvement from the problems. However, Our study will have some limitation as follows: (1) For our study, only 300 teachers are chosen from the total 1,869 attended at our college(Cheong Ju Teachers College) in 1976. (2) The administrational and financial affairs are analyzed only according to the Ministry of Education with UNICEF funds from 1972 to 1976, and (3) We didn't take any consideration of Ministry of Education Project in Suggesting the way of improvement. Following are some problems found in our study: 1) Throughout the nation, only 23% of primary school teachers were taught in science and mathematice reservice work during the 5 years, and it can be said that it takes about 20 years to retrained all the teachers without consideration of natural increase of teachers. 2) The proportion of selecting primary school teachers in all the country for this reservice training is extreme, for example, Jeju Province is 57.9%, Seoul 17.7%. 3) The proportion of woman teachers selected in Choong Buk primary school is only 3.5% of total woman teachers, who takes 32% of total Choong Buk primary teachers during 5 years. Therefore, it is said that the number is very little. 4) Some teachers have been reselected in the reservice training. In case of the Choong Buk Board of Education. the 6% of teachers selected once were reselected for 5 years. 5) When the test are enforced on attendants to get data before the reservice training. We could find that they didn't understand the basic concept of science except a grade under their charge. 6) In the process of inquiry study, they didn't know even the scientific terms of expectation and reasoning. 7) After 60 hours of reservice training course. We tested them about understanding of the contents of text, and their marks are from 10 to 100. the marks show large individual difference among them. 8) Some teachers may have neither teaching ability nor knowledge of the basic concept, that is 11.3% of total attendants are less than 30 marks in mathematics test. 9) It is too very large work to study reservice text during the 60 hours. 10) There are many difficult signs in the mathematics reservice text having no connection with the actual primary school mathematics text book. 11) In the reservice text of science, there are omitted the method of teaching materials production, the model of inquiry learning, and the evaluation method. 12) From the analysis of questionary response for finding the actual condition of administration of teaching materials, We could find out 15% of primary schools in Choong Buk Province do almost not prepare teaching materials, and 15% of its never put them to practical use. Therefore, We could say that total 30% of them have been teaching without teaching materials. 13) The 42% of attendants in mathematics class answer that they do not understand the new mathematical signs, and 42% of them answer the shortage of hours (60 hours) to understand their reservice text book. 14) The 25% of them answer that they teach children with cramming education, and almost of them want good teachers guide books. As mentioned above, there are found many problems to be solved for reservice training of science education in our country. Some of them will be solved in our study. So We find out its and We suggest the ways solving the problems as follows: A. On the administration of reservice training. 1) The reservice training work for primary school teachers is very significant and will have to be continued. 2) It will be done in not only summer vacation but also winter one for finishing immediatly all over the country. 3) The 60 hours of science reservice training course work are very short, and the classmember of attendants will be regulated. 4) The funds for reservice operation and travelling expenses for attendants will be realized. B. On selecting the attendants 1) When the attendants are selected, there will be consideration of age, rank, term of their service, sex and academic background. 2) as far as possible, it will be selected as homogeous groups, and it will be effective to teach them with division between class teacher and nonclass teacher. 3) When select attendants are it will be taken consideration of balance between city and province for the diffusion effect and parallel development in reservice training work. 4) It must give a chance to woman as same as to man teacher according to a rule of equal select chance. 5) The principal, instructor and school inspector will be reeducated for fixing of science curriculum. C. On reservice training text book 1) The text book must reedit moderatly for 60 hours, or the time of retraining for the text book finished will be extented. In our opinion, it is to be desired that the time have to be added. 2) The difficult signs must be omitted, taking into account for the mathematics knowledge and time of education period. 3) In the science reservice training text book, it must supplement the tack for framming of inquiry teaching plan, the method for making teaching materials, and the skill for replacing of teaching materials. D. For the curriculum management of science. 1) The Governmental Company must settle the shortage of science teaching materials in primary school. 2) For the charge of the old state of teaching method, the teachers must devote themselves to teach children without miscellaneous duties. 3) The authorities concerned (for example, Ministry of Education, Teachers College, etc.) must make guide books for science teachers, and supply them to primary school teachers. 4) It must be given the chance of long period reeducation to the incompetent primary school teachers, and problem will have to be studied under the situation of educational administration.

직업성 경견완장애 진단시 생화학적 지표의 이용가능성

이용환,배강우,황인철,박강원,김영기 高神大學校保健科學硏究所 1998 보건과학연구소보 Vol.8 No.-

The increased incidence of occupational cervicobrachial disorder appears to be due to new technology, such as advanced automation and mechanization. That requested for worker's repetitive movements, which were limited to use upper extremities of body. Consequently, increased rate of work concentrated locally on an individual's musculoskeletal system that results in occupational cervicobrachial disorder. Though the occupational cervicobrachial disorders have been diagnosed by evaluating questionnares from the workers, objective and clear diagnostic criteria were not established. We tried to develope biochemical indicators that can be used in the dignosis and screening test of the occupational cervicobrachial disorders. The subjects who engaged in the shoemaker factory were divided into 3 groups by their workload; heavy(58 persons), repetitive(55 persons), and control workers(60 persons). The questionnare test was followed by biochemical examinations analyzing blood sample of the subjects. The biochemical indicators used were creatine kinase(CK), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), potassium, lactate, ammonia, uric acid, hypoxanthine, and malondialdehyde(MDA). The concentration of plasma MDA was highest in the heavy workers and there was statistically significant differences in the scores of the questionnare between the workers having concentrations within normal range and above normal range. Also, the levels of serum lactate, plasma uric acid and hypoxanthine were higher in heavy and repetitive workers than control, but, there were not any significant relationships among the groups in questionnare study. We concluded that these results would be applicable after more study on the standardized method in the analysis of the biochemical indicators and related other clinical tests.

理論的 用語를 土台로한 國民學校 算數科 學習資料 開發에 關한 硏究

梁仁煥,朴根生,黃秉德 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.2 No.-

This research study is aimed more at pursuing the methods of promoting logical thinking to be debated in the present-day mathematical instruction, searching to discover the foundation underlying it, and then at meterializing even more learning effects in coping with the instructional situation forecast in practice. Hence to this end, the study objectives are set up and launched as follows: 1) It provides the materials capable of endorsing view points for the primary school teachers who play a pivotal role on modernizing the mathematical education. 2) It works out the instructional materials bearing relation on logical terms and their definitions 3) It purveys the rudimentary materials for ameliorating the mathematical curriculum. However, put it to the point, taken for granted that logical instruction covers a wide range of contents and methods, this study can't but give lots of limit only to simple principles forming the foundations of logical terms, definitions, and axiomatic methods. Moreover, in the primary school mathematical learning sign logic or logical verification is not in fact directed enough to be suitable for children, but logical learning is undertaken for clarifying mathematical thinking, so with mind on this stand, we allege we addressed ourselves to extract and frame the material concerning logical terms. In chapter Ⅱ the logical terms, logical corallory, logical definition, and axiomatic methods, which this study purports to delve into, are given second thought in light of logical facets. In chaptor Ⅲ we consolidated the teaching stantpoint analyzing the primary school mathematical textbooks(1st grade to 6th grade) and seeking the learning situation given the leeway for bringing logical terms into classroom. In chapter Ⅳ and Ⅴ the learning materials and logical terms, which underlie the learning of logical definition and axiomatic methods, are boiled down and worked out, and simultaneously referenciel materials, serving the intent of the teachers' further prosecution of study thereon, are presented as well. Alongside, pulling ahead with the above work, we will state a few views in point gleaned from this study. The logical learning for orienting logic righteously should deserve all the more emphatic care and systemic inculcation in today's mathematical teaching targeted for modernization. With a view to further doing that now the teachers should take an advanced pace ever farther than they took a luckewarm pose about mathematical education, and should have a close insight into logic to the effect that they can make exact treatment and judgment of them. Foremost of all, they should conduct still more efficient teaching by classifying and arranging logical terms founded on sagacious understanding in children's learning or by guiding them in the direction that they can have a thorough grip of relationships to concepts. If carried out, in particular not less notice should be given to the following issues: 1) Accurate understanding as for the logical terms(be, not be, and, or, all, any, at least, at most, no less than, if-then) or signs(→,⇒,⇔,? etc.) are the cornerstone of logical instruction. 2) Considered that axiomatic methods are a nucleus of modern mathematics, propelling thinking abilitiy underpinned by sound ground is not only a momentum of childlike deductive thinking, but an axis of logical verification to be advancd into a better dimension in the forth coming days. In the fear of knowing what tomorrow will bring, the teachers should deliberate to the full what is to be determined as axiom and what logical learning is to be performed. 3) Keeping in mind that mathematic text books are organized so as to aggrandize laws and concepts into larger and more complex ones by degrees in view of child developmental stages, teachers should teach them to make clearer the definitions of objects. 4) In the current mathematical learning legic bears germane relationships on "set concept", hence logical learning should be progressed on the basis of sets. 5) Teachers should take persistent account of the fact that there still exists the case that analogous, inductive, or deductive thinking is acted upon otherwise than intuitive thinking either in theoretic development or in the disposal of problems. To be exact, the following problems are put forward as the supreme tasks of the future logical instruction: 1) To what extent is the purview of logical teaching fixed and how is the pertinent instructional framework organized in the scope of teaching? 2) The signs(→,⇒,⇔, ? etc.) of logic are included in the mathematical texts, besides, to what degree and in what way are new signs introduced in any grade from now on? 3) In what way is it the most praiseworthy for the concepts of sets to be structured so as to make inalienable ties with logic? 4) In teacher's in-service training what are the concepts concerning logic and the problems of training hour allotment. to be contemplated? In addition to these matters discussed above, the field-study which invokes interest in the front teacher's logical teaching had better be recommended and encouraged even more positively than the past. To sum up, it goes without saying that this study has brought about most limited materials in search of teaching methods making the groundwork for logical terms, definitions and axiomatic methods. Out of this result as such it is very difficult to hazard any rash conclusion on logical teaching with far-flung characteristics. However, we wish the study of this area would gain far open ground sufficiently enough to brush up the teaching methods of the field teacher's and remain meaningful materials later on Conducive to ironing out any thorny problems stemming from furtherance of research meeting our expectation in the foreseeable future and render a major boost to more intensive study, now that to date any convincible studies of this area have not yet come fresh in many years.

人蔘의 Polyacetylene 成分이 肝癌(HepG2) 및 L929 細胞增殖에 미치는 영향 硏究

金仁換,黃祐翊 고려대학교 의과대학 1993 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.30 No.1

This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activity of petroleum ether extract of panax ginseng roots (crude extract) and its partially purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 fraction) against Hep G2, L 929 and VERO 76 cells, in vitro. The composition and its content ratios of fatty acid in the crude extract and 7 : 3 fraction were determined to estimate the relationship between the fatty acid composion and the cytotoxic activity. Each cell line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude extract or 7 : 3 fraction for 72 hours. And then the growth rate, dose-response and size distribution of each cell were determined. The results obtained are summarized as follows, 1. The doubling times of Hep G2, L929 and VERO 76 cells were about 44, 32 and 25 hours, respectively. 2. The growth inhibition rates of Hep G2, L 929 and VERO 76 cells were gradually increased in proportion to the concentration of the crude extract or 7 : 3 fraction in culture medium. 3. The cytotoxic activity of the 7 : 3 fraction on the each cell line was more potent than that of the crude extract. 4. The growth inhibition rates of each cell by crude or 7 : 3 fraction was greatest in the L929 cell, next in the Hep G2 cell and that of VERO 76 was lower than that of L929 and Hep G2. 5. The numbers and size of Hep G2 and L929 cells cultured in medium containing crude or 7 : 3 fraction were significantly reduced and deformed, compared with control group. 6. The content of n-3 fatty acid In the crude extract or 7 : 3 fraction was about 4.2%. In view of the results, it could be suggested that inhibitory effects of the crude extract against cancer cell growth were increased by partially purifieation, the effects on the cancer cell were stronger than that of the normal cell, and related with n-3 fatty acids.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.

유기용제 취급근로자들의 요중대사물질과 말초임파구 자매염색분체교환 발현빈도에 관한 조사연구

김돈균,황인경,류철인,이수일,정갑열,이용환,이충렬,현원일,김석봉,전용덕 大韓産業醫學會 1990 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.2 No.1

저자들은 유기용제 취급여성근로자 90명을 대상으로 1988년 7월부터 1989년 8월까지 말초혈액임파구에서의 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도를 조사하고 이들의 업종, 근속연수, 요중마뇨산 농도등이 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유기용제 취급근로자들의 말초혈액임파구에서의 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도는 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었다. 2. 말초혈액임파구에서의 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도가 가장 높은 업종은 프라스틱제품 제조업이었다. 3. 근속연수가 말초혈액임파구에서의 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도에 미치는 영향은 현저하지 않았다. 4. 요중마뇨산농도와 말초혈액임파구에서의 자매염색분체교환의 발현빈도간에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. In order to know the possibility of utilizing the sister chromatid exchanges as an index which could evaluate the effect of organic solvents on the health in industrial workers, the authors studied the effects of the inductivity of sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes from 90 female workers expoxed to organic solvents and 20 non-exposed female workers. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes from 90 female workers exposed to organic solvents was significantly increased in comparison with 20 control subject. 2. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was significantly increased in the workers who were employed in the manufacture of plastic materials than the other manufactures. 3. There were no significant differences in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges by carriers of the exposed workers.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

Is renal replacement therapy necessary in deceased donor liver transplantation candidates with hepatorenal syndrome?: a 2-year experience at a high-volume center

Gil-Chun Park,Shin Hwang,Dong-Hwan Jung,Gi-Won Song,Chul-Soo Ahn,Ki-Hun Kim,Deok-Bog Moon,Tae-Yong Ha,Young-In Yoon,Hui-Dong Cho,Jae-Hyun Kwon,Yong-Kyu Chung,Sang-Hyun Kang,I-Ji Jung,Jin Uk Choi,Sung- 대한외과학회 2020 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.98 No.2

Purpose: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a fatal complication in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation (LT). HRS often develops in patients with high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. This study investigated the outcomes of peritransplant management of HRS in a high-volume LT center in Korea for 2 years. Methods: A total of 157 recipients that deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) from January 2017 to December 2018 were included. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was analyzed in relation to pre- and posttransplant application of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: Primary diagnoses for DDLT were alcoholic liver disease (n = 61), HBV-associated liver cirrhosis (n = 48), retransplantation for chronic graft failure (n = 24), and others (n = 24). Mean MELD score was 34.6 ± 6.2 with 72 patients at Korean Network for Organ Sharing MELD status 2 (45.9%), 43 at status 3 (27.4%), 36 at status 4 (22.9%), and 6 at status 5 (3.8%). Pretransplant RRT was performed in 16 patients (10.2%) that did not show IHM. Posttransplant RRT was performed in 69 patients (44.0%), for whom IHM incidence was 15.9%. In 53 patients that had undergone de novo posttransplant RRT, IHM incidence increased to 20.8%. IHM in the 88 patients not requiring RRT was 2.3%. Conclusion: The majority of adult DDLT recipients in Korean MELD score-based allocation system have very high MELD scores, which is often associated with HRS. Pretransplant RRT appears to improve posttransplant survival outcomes. We thereby recommend that, if indicated, pretransplant RRT be performed while awaiting DDLT.

新敎育課程에 따른 初等數學 實驗用 敎科書의 分析과 敎師敎育에 關한 硏究

朴根生,黃秉德,梁仁煥 淸州敎育大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.9 No.1

The Present study attempts to analysis the tryout curriculum of elementary mathematics basing upon the theoritical background of the New Mathematics curriculum. The analysis is done according to the grade and unit and the results is discussed. For the development of teacher education Program the implications drawn from the analysis are discussed at the final section of the paper. The comprehensive statements on the tryout text which was come out from the analysis are as follows: 1. It is organized based upon the phase of concrete operations of developmental stage of child but it needs more adequate examples of figures which indicates the materials available from the childrens environment. 2. The sequences of content is systematic and orgnized along with the sequence of mathematics. Although it needs more exercise items attached to each unit. 3. It is organized in order to develop the abstract and structured concept through observation, operation and thinking activities. 4. It is effective on the development of the attitude for independent learning due to the activities of refinding and recreating. The discussion on the implementation of the new curriculum indicates the following regarding points: 1. well planed activities should be provided in order to shift to new curriculum effectively in advance implementing the new curriculum. 2. The guide Book for the new curriculum should be provided. 3. The in-service training program for the on-job teachers must be provided. 4. The effective evaluation measure which is fitted to the new mathematics should he developed. 5. The availableteaching materials must be developed for the effective teaching. 6. For the development childrens basic abilities on mathematics the teaching methods should be studied. 7. In order to enhance the creativity development the technological approach on the mathematics learning is necessary. Based on the survey of teachers present levels of understandings on new math, the researcher presents the proposals which has implication to develop the teacher education program for the implementation of new curriculum. Its summary is as follows: 1. Teacher education institution must accept the responsibility on the training of teachers inservice with the support of adminstration authority and the in-service education program must be continued for more large members of teachers. 2. The Ministry of Education should support the effort and research activities which is impeled by all kind of Society for The Study of Mathematics. 3. In the in-service education program the emphasis is placed on mitigating the feelings of threat and fear of teachers when they begin to implement the new curriculum. 4. The teachers college staff members in charge of mathematics teaching must consult with local teachers continuously. 5. The local school boad should provide workshop and conferences on the new mathematics teaching. 6. The mathematics course of teachers college must be enriched in order to realize the aims of the new mathematics.

Engineering of AlON interlayer in Al₂O₃/AlON/In_0.53Ga_0.47As gate stacks by thermal atomic layer deposition

Lee, Woo Chul,Cho, Cheol Jin,Park, Suk-In,Jun, Dong-Hwan,Song, Jin Dong,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Kim, Seong Keun ELSEVIER 2018 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.18 No.8

<P>The presence of an AlN interfacial layer in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks improves the interfacial properties and enhances the electrical performance of devices. However, pure AlN is rarely grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) because of the low reactivity of NH3 toward the common Al-precursor and the predisposition to oxidation of the grown AlN layer. Although a plasma-enhanced ALD technique significantly suppresses the oxygen content in the grown AlN layer, the deterioration of the interface properties by plasma-damage is a critical issue. In this work, an AlON interlayer was engineered by optimizing the NH3 feeding time in thermal ALD to improve the interface quality in Al2O3/AlON/In0.53Ga0.47As capacitors. It was determined that a mere increase in the NH3 feeding time during the ALD of the AlON film resulted in a higher nitrogen incorporation into the AlON interlayer, leading to a reduction in the interface trap density. Furthermore, the out-diffusion of elements from the In0.53Ga0.47As layer was effectively suppressed by increasing the NH3 feeding time. This work demonstrates that simple process optimization can improve the interface quality in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks without the use of any plasma-activated nitrogen source.</P>