간호실무에서 신봉이론(Espoused theories)에 대한 탐색적 연구

서문자,김혜숙,이은희,박영숙,조경숙,강현숙,임난영,김주현,이소우,조복희,이명하,지성애,하양숙,손영희,권성복,김희진,추진아 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.1

As a nursing practice involves nurses' actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives, Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal) ; excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, account- ability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics) ; human respect. partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences. positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention. rewarding peer relationship(3 theories of situations) The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore. it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to and any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions

북한 벼 품종의 지대별 출수반응

양원하,김덕수,전용희,조영찬,김제규,이문희 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

북한벼의 출수 반응을 검토하기 위하여, 작물시험장 인공기상실과 표고가 다른 수원, 철원, 진부 등 3 지역에서 이앙기를 달리하여 1998년과 1999년에 시험 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 지대별 이앙기 변동에 다른 출수일수 변화는 표고가 낮은 지역일수록, 이앙기가 늦어질수록 출수일수가 짧아졌으며, 지역과 이앙기 이동에 따른 경향을 살펴보면, 표고가 높은 진부지역에서 이앙기가 늦어질수록 출수일수가 단축되는 정도가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 2. 북한 벼의 기본영양생장성은 조생종은 대조 품종인 오대벼보다 짧은 편이었고, 중생종은 오대벼에 비하여 긴 편이었다. 다. 감온성은 대비품종인 오대벼보다 대체로 예민한 것으로 나타났으며 극조생종인 올벼 2호는 감온성이 매우 예민한 반응을 보여 ′98년에는 42일, ′99년에는 39일이었다. The experiment was carried out to determine heading response of North Korean rice cultivars at NCES(national crop experiment station). RDA. South Korea in 1998 and 1999. This experiment was tested at three different locations which were Suwon, Cheolwon and Jinbu with 5 transplanting times with 10 cultivars. Duration of heading stage of the rice plant was shortened at lower altitude and in later transplanting date, respectively. Bases on the heading days, it was classified as the basic vegetative phase(BVP) and thermo-sensitive phase(TSP) in tested cultivars. BVPs and TSPs among treated varieties were grouped with four groups. BVPs of North Korean rice cultivars for early maturity were shoter than that of Odaebyeo of Korean rice cultivars, however, those for medium maturity were longer than that of the control cultivar, Odaebyeo. Meanwhile, TSPs of North Korean rice cultivars were more sensitive than that of the check cultivar of Odaebyeo, Correlation between 1998 and 1999 was more significant in basic vegetative phase than in thermo-sensitive stage. Therefore, the heading time of the rice plant primarily depended on the period of basic vegetative phase growth.

전자장치 제어를 위한 Embedded Web의 구현

문영진,양희재 慶星大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.18 No.2

Embedded Web has been increasingly used in monitoring and controlling such small electronic equipments as vending machines and sensor products. Due to lots of limitations an embedded system may have encountered, however, the embedded Web server must have different functionalities compared to those of other ordinary Web servers like Apache, NCSA, and CERN HTTPD servers. This paper shows the required functionalities which a typical embedded Web server must provide, including the Server Side Include (SSI), periodic interactions between the server and clients by using Java appiets, and multicasting capabilities. A prototype embedded Web server is implemented on a 486SX embedded computer, and we present the internal structure of the server in detail.

도요타 生産시스템에 대한 小考

양문희 단국대학교 신소재기술연구소 1991 신소재 Vol.1 No.-

국제경쟁력제고를 위한 선결과제는 품질수준향상 및 생산성향상에 있으며, 생산성과 품질수준은 생산경영시스템과 불가분의 관계에 있다는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 국제환경의 어떠한 변화 속에서도 높은 생산성과 높은 품질수준을 창출하는 생산경영시스템의 모습은 어떤 것인가? 1970년 말부터 세계적 관심을 집중시킨 도요타생산시스템(TPS : Toyota Production System)은 현재 우수한 생산경영시스템의 하나로 평가받고 있으며 부분적으로 상당히 연구되어 왔으나 TPS 제반전략들의 상호관계를 논리적으로 규명한 논문은 거의 찾아볼 수 없다. 보고에서는 TPS전략들을 분석하여 상호연관관계를 규명함으로써, TPS전략들이 체계적으로 현장에 적용될 수 있도록 하며, TPS전략과 관련된 MRP(Material Requirement Planning), MRP II(Material Resource Planning)와 OPT(Optimized Production Technology) 등을 감안하여 미래의 생산경영시스템이 지향하여야 할 방향을 제시하고자 한다. Recently, a growing interest in technologies and techniques to revitalize Korean industry has been evident. The main objective of this revitalization movement is to achieve better productivity and quality levels to fight back the increased international competition. It is clear that both productivity and quality levels strongly depend on the particular production management system used. In the late 1970's world-wide attention has been paid to the Toyota Production system(TPS), which has been presented by a great number of papers, reports, and books, However a few paper has revealed the internal relationship of the TPS strategies. In this paper, we analyzed them and presented the internal relationship of the TPS strategies which could be used to implement TPS strategies systematically. In addition, we proposed a future look of PMS based on the production strategies of TPS, MRP(Material Requirement Planning), MRP Ⅱ(Manufacturing Resource Planning), and OPT(Optimized Production Technology).

미혼 남녀의 결혼관에 대한 연구

김양희,문영소,박정윤 중앙대학교 생활과학연구소 2003 생활과학논집 Vol.17 No.-

While most of adults in the past thought that marriage was compulsory, now marriage is considered not as compulsory but as optional, which is being on a decreasing trend. Accordingly, their intention to marry, time and motive of marriage depend on the individual situation or preference rather than the standardized and uniform way. This study was conducted to analyze the intention of unmarried men and women to marriage more concretely and in depth. The survey of 316 students who took a course of 'Marriage and Family' in Chung-Ang University was conducted with a way of self-description as a method for a qualitative survey to analyze their consciousness to marriage more deeply, classifying into a total of four questions. The findings of the survey were as follows. First, in terms of the intention to marriage, 93.0% of the responders answered "I will marry", indicating the majority of the students were considering marriage positive. In addition to it, in terms of the connection of love and marriage, 61.0% of the responders answered love and marriage were connected with each other, compared to 34.0% who answered seperate. Second, in terms of the motive of marriage, realization of love topped, followed by a valuable thing, emotional stability, providing for their old age, economic stability, independence from their parents and happy married life of their parents. Third, in terms of the reason to choose single, freedom topped, following by concern at change of love, unnecessity of marriage, burden on a new family, negative image to marriage, description and escape from reality, economic responsibility and the cumbersome processes of marriage.

성인원외폐렴의 원인미생물에대한 전향적 다기관 연구 : 성인원외폐렴의 원인으로 세균의 역할을 중심으로

우준희,강재명,김양수,신완식,류진홍,최정현,김양리,정희진,어수택,박춘식,정문현,정기석,이찬주,류지소 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.1

Background : Communite-acquired peumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Despite progress in diagnostic techniques and treatments, management of pneumonia remains challenging, because the precise etiology remains uncertain in as many as 49% of cases. The limitaions of identifying etiologic agents make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen. For the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, we should know the frequency of etiologic agents and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community. Methods : A prospective multicenter study of community-acquired pneumonia in Korea was carried out between May 1997 and April 2000. The microbiologic diagnosis was based on the results of sputum culture, blood culture and pleural culture. Results : Five hundred eighty eight cases of community-acquired peumonia in 562 patients admitted to the hospitals. The mean age was 59.9 with male predominance (58.3%), and 370 (63%) had underlyin gillness. The etiologic agents were identified in 38.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was Streprococcus pneumoniae (21.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.5%), viridans group streptococci (5.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.2%), Hemophillus Influenza (3.8%), The rates of admission to the intensive care unit was 10.4%. The motality was 7.1%. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6% and showed multidrug resistant. Forty percents of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. K. penumoniae were susceptible to cephalosporin and quinolone. Conclusion : In Korea, S.pneumoniae is the most important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6% and showed multidrug resistant. Gram negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa showed high incidence when compared with that of other countries. Most of them had underlying diseases including bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:1∼7, 2001)

Spermine에 의한 흰쥐 복강 비만세포의 히스타민 유리와 Camp, Cgmp 수준변동에 미치는 상백피의 효과

채옥희,양문식,이무삼 大韓免疫學會 1996 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.18 No.3

Cortex Mori(Morus alba L.), the root bark of mulberry tree, has been used as an antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant in Korean herbal medicine. Previous studies demonstrated that phenolic extract of Cortex Mori has a hypotensive effect in rabbits and hot water extract of Cortex Mori has an inhibitory effects on spermine and compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells(RPMC). The purpose of this study is to determine whether Cortex Mori could affect the intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP of RPMC by spermine which has been known as activators to increase cytoplasmic Ca" concentration by stimulating transmembrane Cat+ transport and mobilizing intracellular calcium, and release histamine from RPMC ultimately. Morphological changes of RPMC by spermine alone or Cortex Mori plus spermine were observed on the inverted light microscope. Various doses of spermine(10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1mM) were added into RPMC suspension (106cells/ml) pretreated with or without various doses of Cortex Mori(100, 50, 10, 5, lmg/ml) at 37°C for 10 minutes. After incubation, the amount of hitamine in supernatant, intracellular cAMP, and cGMP levels of RPMC were measured by radioisotope enzymatic histamine assay, cAMP and cGMP radioimmunoassays. Results were 1) the spermine(lOmM)-induced degranulation and histamine release from RPMC pretreated with Cortex Mori were significantly inhibited, compared to those of control without Cortex Mori pretreatment, 2) the cAMP and cGMP levels of unstimulated RPMC were 17.5 ± 1.9 and 120 x 10-3± 20 pmols, respectively, 3) after the addition of the spermine, the intracellular levels of cAMP were decreased and those of cGMP were increased, 4) dose dependent fashions of cAMP and cGMP levels of RPMC were induced by increased concentrations of spermine, 5) Cortex Mori increased the cAMP levels(200.0± 11.4%) and decreased the cGMP levels (22.5±4.2%) of RPMC remarkably, compared to those of normal control, and 6) the spermine-induced cAMP levels of RPMC pretreated with Cortex Mori weresignificantly increased, compared to those of positive control without Cortex Mori pretreatment and the spermine-induced cGMP levels of RPMC pretreated with Cortex Mori were remarkably decreased, compared to those of positive control without Cortex Mori pretreatment. From the above results, it is suggested that Cortex Mori contains some substances to inhibit the spermineinduced mast cell activation so as mast cell degranulation, histamine release, and that its inhibitory effect may occure via specific mechanisms of increasing of intracellular cAMP levels or blocking of increasing of intracellular cGMP levels.

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

임신마우스에서 수용성카이토산에 의한 태아의 방사성스트론튬 오염 억제

채기문,최근희,양광희,범희승,김지열,김광윤 대한방사선 방어학회 1994 방사선방어학회지 Vol.19 No.3

핵분열생성물중의 하나인 방사성스트론튬은 임신한 쥐에서 태반을 빠르게 통과하여 태아를 오염시킨다. 독성이 적은 천연착화제로서 마우스체내의 방사성스트론튬(Sr-85)의 제거에 효과적인 것으로 알려진 카이토산을 이용하여 Sr-85의 태반오염억제에 관한 연구를 하였다. 실험군은 일반식이를 공급한 대조군과 임신 17일째에 수용성카이토산을 피하(1% 카이토산), 구강(10% 카이토산), 복강(0.3% 카이토산)으로 주사한 카이토산군으로 분류하였다. 피하주사군은 Sr-85 오염후 카이토산을 주사한 군이며 복강과 구강주사군은 Sr-85 오염젼 15일간 카이토산을 공급한 군이었다. 출산과 동시에 어린마우스의 전신을 측정한 겨러과 출생후 7일째에 대조군이 2.8 ±0.3%의 전신축적율을 나타낸 반면 피하, 구강, 복강, 주사군은 각각 1.2 ±0.1%, 1.4 ±0.1%, 1.6 ±0.2%로 나타났다. 결과적으로 임신한 마우스에서 수용성카이토산은 방사성스트론튬의 태반오염을 유의하게 억제하는 것으로 사료된다. Radiostrontium passes the placental barrier in pregnant rodents very well. Chitosan, a natural nontoxic chelator, was reported to reduce whole body retention of radiostrontium in mice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate water soluble chitosan as a blocking agent of transplacental transfer of radiostrontium in pregnant mice. Twenty pregnant mice wre divided into four groups : control and three groups of chitosan treatment(groups 1 to 3). Sr-85(15KBq in 0.2ml saline) was subcutaneously injected into pregnant mice at the 17th day of pregnancy. In control mice, 0.2ml saline was given 5 hours after the injection of Sr-85. In group 1.1% water soluble chitosan was given subcutanously for two days, twice daily after the injection of Sr-85. In group 2, 10% water soluble chitosan was given orally for 15 days before conception. In group 3, 0.3% water soluble chitosan was injected intravenously for 15 days, once daily before conception. Gamma counting of newborns were done at days 0, 2 and 7 after their births. Whole body retention of Sr-85 in newborns of control mice at days 0, 2, 7 were 3.1 ±0.3%, 2.9 ±0.3%, 2.8 ±0.3% respectively. In experimental groups, whole body retention of Sr-85 was significantly lower thanthat of control(p<0.01) and no statistical difference was noted between them. In group 1, the values were 2.1 ±0.3%, 1.4 ±0.1%, 1.4 ±0.1%, respectively. In group 3, they were 2.1 ± 0.2%, 1.7 ± 0.2%, 1.6 ± 0.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the water soluble chitosan reduced transplacental contamination of radiostrontium in pregnant mice.

라오스의 벼 생산 현황과 문제점

이문희,최경진,이정일,정남진,양원하,김제규 한국국제농업개발학회 2001 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.13 No.4

Rice is the single most important crop in Lao PDR. In the 2000 rice production year, total rice production in the Laos reached 2.2 million tons. This is regarded as sufficient to provide national self-sufficiency. The rice harvested area in 2000 was approximately 719,500ha and represented 80% of cropped land area. Approximately 82% of production was from wet season cropped and 18% was from the irrigated dry season. Grain yield per unit area vary from 1.68 to 4.39 ton/ha in the wet season environment. However, the highest grain yield (4.39 ton/ha) obtained from the dry season irrigated crop. Higher yields and reduced year variation in production can be expected with the further intensification of production systems in the low land environments. However, further imporvements in production will be dependent on higher levels of inputs and further alleviation of some the production constraints.