喩昌의 生涯와 醫學思想

金秀烈,尹暢烈 대한한의학원전학회 1990 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.4 No.-

At early Cheong (淸) dynasty, in medical aspect by dependent on practical studying attitude that must found a theory only by an evidence, there had been a tendancy that hoped direct research of sages' mind-eye by escaping the theory of individual classes since Geum-Won (金-元)dynasty. Yoo Chang(喩昌), born in Man-Ryeok(萬曆) 12th year of Myung(明) dynasty (A.D.1583) and dead in Gang-Hee(康熙) 3rd year of Cheong(淸) dynasty (A.D.1664). The results were as follows after studying his practical idea of medicine. 1. Yoo Chang, by recognizing the 《Sang-Han-Ron》 has lost its true meaning after commented by Wang hee(王熙), Lim Eog(林億), Seong Moo-I(成無己), etc. according to Bang Yoo-Jip's(方有執) Chak-Gan-Jung-Jeong(錯簡重訂) theory, he diversified the protocal of 《Sang-Han-Ron》 397 method and arranged under Six Meridian part.(六經) 2. The theory of Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip(三網鼎立) can be summerized Gye-Ji(桂枝) syndrome which is the case of WInd(風) has injured Wi(衛) stage, Ma-hwang(麻黃) syndrome which is the case of Cold(寒) ahs injured Yeong(榮) stage, Dae-Cheong-Ryong(大靑龍) syndrome which is the case both of Wind-Cold(風寒) ahs injured Yeong-Wi(榮衛) stage, and there has been Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip theory by anterior medical practitioners already but the person who formally used its Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip term is Yoo-Chang. 3. Yoo Chang seized the On Byeng(溫病) by dividing three category and in Byon-Jeung-Si-Chi(辨證施治) he influenced to many aspect of establishment of later Byon-Jeung system On-Byong(溫病의 辨證體系) pertaining to Triple-Warmer by O-Dang(오당) introducing Triple-Warmer Theory.(三焦理論) 4. At Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論) of 《Eui-Moon-Beop-Ryol》, while 《Nae-Gyeong》 describing if humidity injury Lung, then occur a disorder in it, Yoo Chang recognized that of autuam when dryness injure Lung there occure a disorder is it so he insisted that at this case, must use Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye method (淸燥救肺法) with herbs, pertaing to Gam-Yoo-Ja-Yoon(甘柔滋潤性) property and he invented Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye-Tang.(淸燥救肺湯) 5. You Chang', so called, Dae-Gi(大氣) indicates Yang-Gi(陽氣) of chest, he insisted that man's creation and every physiological activity depends on maintainence of Dae-Gi, and it integrate Yeong-Gi(榮氣), Wea-Gi(衛氣), Jong-Gi(宗氣), Jang-Boo-Ji-Gi(臟腑之氣), Gyeong-Rak-Ji-Gi.(經絡之氣) 6. Yoo Chang's expression about partical function and character of stomach, not only bolster its theory of historical physician's expression, that is stomach is foundatness of postnatal period, but also it has correponding aspect with modern medicine and clinic. 7. Yoo Chang emphasized "if one cure a disease, be must understood the character of disease first and use drugs later"(先議病 後用藥) phrase about of drug usage, and his theory of Geup-Rew-Man-Joo method(急流挽舟) and three therapy of Simple Ascite(單腹脹) are all unique opinion based upon this phrase mentioned above. 8. Yoo Chang's practical idea of medicine greatly influenced to Jang Ro(張??), Hwang Won-A(黃元御), Oh Eui-Rak(吳儀洛) ,Joo Yang-Joon(周??俊), etc. and theory of Sam-Gang-Jeng-Rip(三網鼎立), Thriple Warmer Theory of On Byong (溫疫의 三焦論治), Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論), Dae-Gi-Ron(大氣論) etc. became important object to student of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byeng.(溫病) 9. Yoo Chang's Writings has more practical meaning than other physician's, especially, later the idea of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byong(溫病) greatly contributed to development of Sang-Han theory and formation of On-Byong theory.

RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 산림 탄소 동태 변화 추정 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손요환 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.1

산림은 많은 양의 탄소를 저장하고 있으며, 산림 탄소 동태는 기후변화에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 산림에서 가장 우점하는 침엽수종과 활엽수종인 소나무림과 참나무림을 대상으로 최근 개발 및 개선된 한국형산림토양탄소모델(Korean ForestSoil Carbon model; KFSC model)을 이용하여 두 가지 기후변화 시나리오(2012년 기온이 2100년까지 유지되는 시나리오(CT), Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 시나리오) 하에서의 산림 탄소 동태를 예측하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료로부터 소나무림과 굴참나무림 조사구들을 추출한 뒤, 이를 행정구역(9개 도, 7개 특별·광역시) 및 영급(1-5영급, 6영급이상)별로 분류하여 탄소 동태 모의 단위를 설정하였다. 탄소 저장고는 2012년을 기준으로 초기화하였으며, 모의 기간인 2012년부터 2100년까지 모든 교란은 고려하지 않았다. 모의 결과 산림 탄소 저장량은 시간이 경과함에 따라 전반적으로 증가하지만, CT 시나리오에 비하여 RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서 산림 탄소 저장량이 낮게 나타났다. 소나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 260.4에서 2100년에는 각각 395.3(CT 시나리오) 및 384.1(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 증가하였다. 굴 참나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 124.4에서 2100년에는 219.5(CT 시나리오) 및 204.7(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 각각 증가하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료와 비교한 결과, 고사유기물 탄소 저장량의 초기값은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 모의 기간 동안 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 연간 탄소 흡수율(g C m-2 yr-1)은 CT 시나리오 하에서 각각 71.1과 193.5, RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서 각각 65.8과 164.2로 추정된다. 따라서 우리나라 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 탄소 흡수잠재력은 지구 온난화에 의하여 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 비록 모델의 구조와 파라미터로부터 불확실성이 존재하지만 본 연구는 미래 산림 탄소 동태 파악에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and 164.2 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and 193.5 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.

A Comparative Proteomics Survey of Proteins Responsive to Phosphorous Starvation in Roots of Hydroponically-grown Rice Seedlings

Kim, Sang-Gon,Wang, Yiming,Lee, Chang-Hoon,Mun, Bong-Gyu,Kim, Pil-Joo,Lee, Sang-Yeol,Kim, Yong-Chul,Kang, Kyu-Young,Rakwal, Randeep,Agrawal, Ganesh Kumar,Kim, Sun-Tae The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.5

Rice takes up phosphorous (P) as major nutrient source for its growth and development when grown under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions. To better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop potential protein biomarkers of P-starvation, hydroponically-grown rice seedlings in the complete media and phosphorus absence (P-starvation) of phosphorous nutrient solutions were investigated for physiological and proteome changes. The P-starvation manifested significant reduction in root growth in three-week-old seedlings compared to respective complete media. Furthermore, P-starvation also showed increased activity of acid phosphatase in roots of one- and three-week-old seedlings, suggesting that experimental design is suitable for proteomics survey of P-starvation responsive proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis of total root protein from three-week-old seedlings identified 10 P-starvation responsive protein spots out of 140 high-quality protein spots. Identified 10 proteins were involved in metabolism and defense/stress response. Out of 10, 2 and 8 protein spots were found to be up- and down-regulated, respectively. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of corresponding genes of four randomly selected proteins, including putative glyceraldehydes-3-phophate dehydrogenase (G3PDH, spot R1), S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS, spot R4), ATP synthase subunit alpha (spot R6), and root-specific pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR-10, spot R8), showed that just as protein abundance, these proteins are also regulated at the transcript level. Results suggest identified P-starvation responsive proteins are involved in maintaining nutrient homeostasis and/or associated with changes in root physiology under the absence of P.

용접결함의 형상인식을 위한 분류기 알고리즘의 성능 비교

김재열,김영석,김창현,양동조,이창선,송경석 한국비파괴검사학회 2003 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.1

In this study, we compared backpropagation network(BPNN) with probabilistic neural network(PNN) as the classification algorithm of welding flaws. For this purpose variables are appied the same to two algorithm. Here, feature variable is composed of time signal itself and frequency signal itself. Those are ultrasonic signals reflected on welding flaws. Through this process, we comfirmed advantages/disadvantages of two algorithms, identified application methods of two algorithms to classification methods of welding flaws. These advantages/disadvantages and application methods are based on theoretical backgrounds.

뼈에 발생한 악성 림프종 환자의 치료 효과 판정에서 ^(18)F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography의 유용성

김남돈,박연희,기승석,박용진,김형준,류백렬,김흥태,김성은,천기정,최창운,임상무 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.5

원발성골림프종은 매우 드문 질환이기는 하나, 복합항암요법이나 방사선 치료등에 높은 반응율을 보이며, 좋은 예후를 가지는 림프절의 비호지킨 림프종의 일종이다. 그러나, 치료 효과 판정에 있어 골병변의 특이성에 의한 모호한 방사선학적 특징으로 어려움이 있어 왔다. 본 증례는 위와 같은 원발성골림프종 환자에서 PET 스캔을 사용하여 민감하게 완전 반응을 평가할 수 있었던 예로, 앞으로 다른 고식적인 방법과 함께 이 질환의 진단과 치료 평가 있어 유용하게 사용 될 수 있을 것으로 전망할 수 있었다. Purpose: Accurate assessment of the lesion after treatment of patients with bone lymphoma is difficult. In this patient who demonstrated complete remission after chemotherapy, the regions of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (^(18)FFDG)PET uptake diminished more rapidly following therapy, indicating a complete response at much earlier stage than did Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or CT based findings. With the conventional methods, such as MRI and CT. It was difficult to assess whether the residual tumor tissue was viable or not. Decision to complete response is very important in patients with ymphoma to plan the further treatment. We experienced a patient with primary lymphoma of bone who revealed complete response to chemotherapy on ^(18)FFDGPET while CT showed persistent destructive bone lesion. Thus, ^(18)FFDGPET study after therapy may be superior to CT in the evaluation of response to treatment in primary lymphoma of bone.

A Prospective Study with Cage-Only or Cage-with-Plate Fixation in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Interbody Fusion of One and Two Levels

Kim, Sam Yeol,Yoon, Seung Hwan,Kim, Dokeun,Oh, Chang Hyun,Oh, Seyang The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2017 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.60 No.6

Objective : The authors prospectively analyzed the effect of one-level or two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), comparing stand-alone cages and cage-with-plate fixation constructs with respect to clinical outcomes and radiologic changes. Methods : A total of 84 patients who underwent one-level (n=52) or two-level ACDF (n=32) for cervical disc disease and who completed 2 years of follow-up were included in this study. The patients were divided by cervical level and grouped into ACDF-Cage-only and ACDF-Cage-with-plate groups. The following parameters were assessed using radiographs : subsidence, C2-C7 lordosis angle, fusion segment angle, adjacent disc space narrowing, and fusion status. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scale scores for arm pain. Results : In the comparison of one-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, the NDI score was better in the cage-only group at the 3-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups : however, no significant difference in clinical outcomes was observed. In the comparison of two-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, no difference in any clinical outcome was observed between the two groups. At the 24-month follow-up, subsidence was observed in 45.8% of patients in the one-level cage-only group and 32.1% of patients in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate between the two groups (p=0.312). Subsidence in the two-level cage-only group (66.6%) was significantly more frequent than in the two-level cage-with-plate fixation group (30%; p=0.049). The fusion rate for patients in the one-level cage-only group was not significantly different from that in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group (cage-only, 87.5%; cage-with-plate fixation, 92.9%; p=0.425) ; fusion rate in the two-level patients were also similar between groups (cage-only, 83.3%; cage-with-plate fixation, 95%; p=0.31). Conclusion : Our clinical results showed that for single-level cases, plate fixation had no additional benefit versus cage-only; for two-level ACDF cases, the fusion rate and clinical outcomes were similar, although the cage-with-plate fixation group had a lower incidence of cage subsidence than did the cage-only group. We conclude that physicians should be aware of this possible disadvantage associated with using cervical plates in one-level ACDF. However, in two-level ACDF, subsidence is more likely to occur without plate fixation, and thus the addition of plate fixation should be considered.

A Comparative Proteomics Survey of Proteins Responsive to Phosphorous Starvation in Roots of Hydroponically-grown Rice Seedlings

( Sang Gon Kim ),( Yi Ming Wang ),( Chang Hoon Lee ),( Bong Gyu Mun ),( Pil Joo Kim ),( Sang Yeol Lee ),( Yong Chul Kim ),( Kyu Young Kang ),( Randeep Rakwal ),( Ganesh Kumar Agrawal ),( Sun Tae Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.5

Rice takes up phosphorous (P) as major nutrient source for its growth and development when grown under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions. To better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop potential protein biomarkers of P-starvation, hydroponically-grown rice seedlings in the complete media and phosphorus absence (P-starvation) of phosphorous nutrient solutions were investigated for physiological and proteome changes. The P-starvation manifested significant reduction in root growth in three-week-old seedlings compared to respective complete media. Furthermore, P-starvation also showed increased activity of acid phosphatase in roots of one- and three-week-old seedlings, suggesting that experimental design is suitable for proteomics survey of P-starvation responsive proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis of total root protein from three-week-old seedlings identified 10 P-starvation responsive protein spots out of 140 high-quality protein spots. Identified 10 proteins were involved in metabolism and defense/stress response. Out of 10, 2 and 8 protein spots were found to be up and down-regulated, respectively. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of corresponding genes of four randomly selected proteins, including putative glyceraldehydes-3-phophate dehydrogenase (G3PDH, spot R1), S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS, spot R4), ATP synthase subunit alpha (spot R6), and root-specific pathogenesisrelated protein 10 (PR-10, spot R8), showed that just as protein abundance, these proteins are also regulated at the transcript level. Results suggest identified P-starvation responsive proteins are involved in maintaining nutrient homeostasis and/or associated with changes in root physiology under the absence of P.

야뇨증 환아들의 심리사회적 특성에 대한 다기관 연구 : 행동 및 정서 문제를 중심으로

조수철,김재원,신민섭,황준원,한상원,박관현,이상돈,김경도,김건석,서홍진,이유식,정재용,김영균,문두건,남궁미경,한창희,조원열,김영식,배기수,이종국,정우영,신의진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.6

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the behavioral and emotional problems associated with nocturnal enuresis in Korean children. Methods : Three hundred eighteen children with nocturnal enuresis, together with their parents, completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-IV (DBDS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSC). Ninety-three normal students were selected as the control group. Results : Compared to the normal control group, the mean scores with regard to the withdrawn, social problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing problems and total problems profiles were significantly higher in the nocturnal enuresis group according to the CBCL results. The nocturnal enuresis group also scored significantly higher in the ADHD and ODD profiles of the DBDS. The nocturnal enuresis group was more depressed and anxious than the control group according to the results of the CDI and STAI. The mean score of the PHCSC was significantly lower in the nocturnal enuresis group when compared to the normal control group. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that children with nocturnal enuresis in Korea have clinically relevant behavioral and emotional problems. The findings support the link between nocturnal enuresis and psychopathology in Korean children.

The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases : Slide Session ; OS-053 : COPD ; Factors Associated with Smokers` will for Smoking Cessation in Korea

( Ah Young Leem ),( Chang Hoon Han ),( Chul Min Ahn ),( Tae Hoon Jung ),( Yu Il Kim ),( Jae Yeol Kim ),( Sang Haak Lee ),( Eun Mi Chun ),( Kwang Ha Yoo ),( Ji Ye Jung ),( Korean Smoking Cessation Stud 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Smoking is known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Understanding of factors that contribute to smoking cessation may help to develop strategies for smoking behavior change. Methods: Pooled cross-sectional data of 11,924 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II-V were analyzed. The stages of change in smoking cessation were categorized into pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation. Baseline characteristics, socioeconomic factors, quality of life, psychological characteristics, and tobacco-related factors were compared between the groups. Results: The study population consisted of 32.4% in pre-contemplation, 54.4% incontemplation, and 13.1% in preparation group. While the proportion for pre-contemplation group (37.4% to 28.4%) tended to decrease from 2001 to 2012, that of preparation group (6.4% to 18.1%) tended to increase. The mean age of pre-contemplation group (48.4±16.2) is higher than comtemplation and preparation group (42.2±13.9 and 44.4±15.3; P=0.02). As levels of education and income status increased, the proportion of pre-contemplation tended to decrease, and that of preparation tended to increase. Proportion of blue collar job in pre-contemplation group was higher than in preparation group (67.9% vs 58.1%; P<0.001). In pre-contemplation group, percentage of suicidal ideation within 1 year was higher than contemplation and preparation group19.3% vs 16.0% and 16.1%). Upon adjusting analysis, the proportion of pre-contemplation group increased with increasing age (OR=1.01; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), and smoking amount (OR=1.04; 95%CI 1.03-1.05). People of pre-contemplation group (vs. preparation) are be less educated (OR=1.99; 95% CI 1.51-2.62), are in single marital status (OR=1.25; 95%CI 1.04-1.50), have lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.31-0.76), and do less exercise walking (OR=1.36; 95%CI 1.09-1.69)and weight training (OR=1.59; 95%CI 1.35-1.85). Conclusions: We demonstrated a signifi cant association between the stages of changesmoking cessation and age, education, marital status, cardiovascular disease, and amount of exercise.

Free Paper Presentation : OS-53 ; Factors Associated with Smokers` will for Smoking Cessation in Korea

( Ah Young Leem ),( Chang Hoon Han ),( Chul Min Ahn ),( Tae Hoon Jung ),( Yu Il Kim ),( Jae Yeol Kim ),( Sang Haak Lee ),( Eun Mi Chun ),( Kwang Ha Yoo ),( Ji Ye Jung ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2014 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.118 No.-

Background: Smoking is known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Understanding of factors that contribute to smoking cessation may help to develop strategies for smoking behavior change. Methods: Pooled cross-sectional data of 11,924 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II-V were analyzed. The stages of change in smoking cessation were categorized into pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation. Baseline characteristics, socioeconomic factors, quality of life, psychological characteristics, and tobacco-related factors were compared between the groups. Results: The study population consisted of 32.4% in pre-contemplation, 54.4% in contemplation, and 13.1% in preparation group. While the proportion for pre-contemplation group (37.4% to 28.4%) tended to decrease from 2001 to 2012, that of preparation group (6.4% to 18.1%) tended to increase. The mean age of pre-contemplation group (48.4±16.2) is higher than comtemplation and preparation group (42.2±13.9 and 44.4±15.3; P=0.02). As levels of education and income status increased, the proportion of pre-contemplation tended to decrease, and that of preparation tended to increase. Proportion of blue collar job in pre-contemplation group was higher than in preparation group (67.9% vs 58.1%; P<0.001). In pre-contemplation group, percentage of suicidal ideation within 1 year was higher than contemplation and preparation group (19.3% vs 16.0% and 16.1%). Upon adjusting analysis, the proportion of pre-contemplation group increased with increasing age (OR=1.01; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), and smoking amount (OR=1.04; 95%CI 1.03-1.05). People of pre-contemplation group (vs. preparation) are be less educated (OR=1.99; 95% CI 1.51-2.62), are in single marital status (OR=1.25; 95%CI 1.04-1.50), have lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease (OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.31-0.76), and do less exercise walking (OR=1.36; 95%CI 1.09-1.69) and weight training (OR=1.59; 95%CI 1.35-1.85). Conclusions: We demonstrated a significant association between the stages of change in smoking cessation and age, education, marital status, cardiovascular disease, and amount of exercise.