Byproducts from Piggery Wastewater Treatment for the Sustainable Soil Amendment and Crop Production

Yang, Jae E.,Kim, Jeong-Je,Shin, Young-Oh,Shin, Myung-Kyo,Park, Yong-Ha The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 1999 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.42 No.3

Livestock manure is generally beneficial to soil and crop production when appropriate amount is applied, but excessive application may be detrimental to soil and water environments. A proper protocol of livestock waste treatment is required to manage the quality of soil and water. A trickling filter system using rice straw media was employed to treat piggery wastewater from small-scaled livestock farms as an alternative to the currently available methods. Batches of piggery wastewater were treated with this system, and the byproducts of rice straw media and trickling filtrate were applied to the soil with cultivating rye (Secale cereale L.). Objective of this research was to characterize these byproducts for the sustainable soil amendments and rye production. Both the treated straw medium and filtrate were proven to be effective organic fertilizers for rye plant development, with the enhanced but balanced absorption of nutrients. The synergistic effects of filtrate in addition to straw application did not show, but the filtrate appeared to lead to a higher water content of the plant. No specific nutrient deficiency or toxicity symptom was shown due to the salts derived from the byproducts applied. Chemical parameters of the soil quality were significantly improved with the application of straw medium either with or without the filtrate. Judging from parameters relating to the salt accumulations, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), potassium adsorption ratio (KAR), and residual P concentrations, the byproducts from piggery wastewater exhibited no detrimental effects on soil quality within the ranges of treatments used. In addition to the effectiveness of the rice straw trickling filter system for the small-scaled swine farms, both rice straw medium and filtrate could be recycled for the sustainable soil amendment and plant nutrition.

Effects of Enzyme Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties of Non-glutinous Rice Flour and Effects of Malt Extract Treatment on Retrogradation Extension of Non-glutinous Rice Flour

Kim, Mi-Kyung,Yoon, Ki-Hong,Lee, Gyu-Hee The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2010 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.53 No.6

To improve flour quality and extend retrogradation time in processed foods made with non-glutinous rice flour, flour was hydrolyzed using malt extract, which has high amylase activity. The hydrolyzed non-glutinous rice flour (HNGRF) was prepared by response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the experimental design. The factors for RSM were concentration of malt extract (CME) and enzyme reaction time (ERT). The pasting properties of HNGRF were analyzed using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA). The optimized conditions were analyzed via setback values in RVA. Enzyme activity of the malt extract used to prepare HNGRF was $34{\pm}1.2$ unit/mL. Setback values, which predict starch retro-gradation, were minimized by treating with 14.22% CME and a 4.21 h ERT. In conclusion, malt extract treatment can improve flour quality and extend retrogradation time in processed foods made with non-glutinous rice flour when optimized conditions of 13-15% CME and 4-5 h ERT are applied.

Food, cosmetic and biological applications of characterized DOPA-melanin from Vibrio alginolyticus strain BTKKS3

Kurian, Noble K.,Bhat, Sarita G. The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2018 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.61 No.2

Melanins are one of the most common pigments produced in nature and distributed throughout the biological kingdom. Vibrio alginolyticus strain BTKKS3 produced DOPA-melanin was used in the study. BTKKS3 melanin inhibited biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria and effectively decreased the activity of four inflammatory enzymes tested viz. cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase. Melanin proved to be less cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast cells with an $IC_{50}$ value of $134.98{\mu}g/mL$. The sun protection factor value of commercial sunscreens was enhanced by 3.42 units by DOPA-melanin.

Isolation and Characterization of Immuno-stimulating Polysaccharide in Korean Black Raspberry Wine

Hwang, Yong-Chul,Shin, Kwang-Soon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.4

To characterize polysaccharides existing as soluble form in Korean fruit wines, polysaccharides were isolated from Korean black raspberry wine, and their immuno-stimulating activities were examined. A complex pectic polysaccharide, RB-2 was purified from the crude polysaccharide (RB-0) in raspberry wine by subsequent size-exclusion chromatography. RB-2 had relatively potent macrophage activity and splenocyte mitogenic activity in vitro. The intravenous administration of RB-2 significantly augmented the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against Yac-1 tumor cells. RB-2 consisted of 15 monosaccharides including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides, such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3-deoxy-Dmanno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid. Methylation analysis indicated that RB-2 comprised at least 20 different glycosyl linkages such as 3,4-linked fucose, 2,3,4-linked rhamnose, 3'-linked apiose, and 2,3,3'-linked apiose, characteristic of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). RB-2 was eluted as two peaks having a high (9,000 Da) and a low molecular mass (5,000 Da) on high performance size exclusion chromatography, and the peak of high molecular mass was down shifted to the low molecular mass under the acidic pH conditions less than 2.0. Results indicated higher molecular weight polysaccharide in RB-2 was mainly presented as an RG-II dimer, and Korean black raspberry wine contains selected polysaccharides, which provide immunostimulating activities beneficial to human health.

Profiling of differentially expressed proteins in mature kernels of Korean waxy corn cultivars using proteomic analysis

Kim, Sang Gon,Lee, Jin-Seok,Shin, Seong-Hyu,Koo, Sung Cheol,Kim, Jung Tae,Bae, Hwan Hee,Son, Beom-Young,Kim, Yul-Ho,Kim, Sun Lim,Baek, Seong-Bum,Kwon, Young-Up The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.3

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important crop such as food for humans and feed for animals. Although new varieties of maize have been extensively developed in Korea, little is known about differences in the proteomes of mature kernels among maize varieties. Three Korean waxy corn cultivars (Ilmichal, Eolrukchal 1, and Heukjinjuchal) have previously been developed. The total protein content is higher in Ilmichal than in Eolrukchal 1 or Heukjinjuchal, while the starch and fatty acid contents are similar among these three Korean waxy corns. To uncover the differences in proteomic profiles among these three Korean waxy corns, we performed proteomic analysis and compared their protein compositions. We detected 37 differentially expressed protein spots and identified the proteins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Of these proteins, 37.8 % were identified as storage proteins, 18.9 % as stress-related proteins, and 18.9 % as metabolism-related proteins. Storage proteins (globulin-2) and stress-related proteins (heat shock proteins and general stress proteins) were highly expressed in Ilmichal or Heukjinjuchal. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of corresponding genes of five randomly selected proteins, including glyoxalase family protein (accession number, B6SGF3), globulin-2 (Q7M1Z8), heat shock protein 1 and 3 (B6TGQ2 and B6TDB5), and vicilin-like embryo storage protein (Q03865), showed that the expression levels of the tested genes were well-correlated with protein abundance, suggesting that these proteins are also differentially regulated at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these results provide a better understanding of proteomic differences among Korean waxy corn cultivars and may support further molecular breeding efforts.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of flavonol-glucose conjugates for cosmeceutical development

Park, Kwang-Su,Kim, Hyungmi,Kim, Mi Kyoung,Kim, Kyungdo,Chong, Youhoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.3

Quercetin and kaempferol, two well-known flavonols, were chemically conjugated with glucose to produce the corresponding flavonol glucosides, and the following biological activities were evaluated for cosmeceutical development: antioxidant activity, ability to increase collagen synthesis, and moisturizing activity. Among the synthetic flavonol glucosides, quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside significantly enhanced collagen synthesis (60 %) compared to quercetin. Kaempferol-3,7-di-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside showed promising skin-moisturizing effects, inducing a sixfold increase in the expression of aquaporin-3. Thus, both quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and kaempferol-3,7-di-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside were shown to possess interesting biological activities which warrant their further development as cosmetic ingredients.

Occurrence of Issatchenkia orientalis Exhibiting Inhibitory Effects against Soybean Lipoxygenase in Korean nuruk

Anwar, Yasir,Baek, Seong-Yeol,Yeo, Soo-Hwan,Park, Heui-Dong The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.2

Three yeast strains (designated SHA, SHC, and SHD) exhibiting strong inhibitory effects against soybean lipoxygenase were isolated from Korean nuruk and identified as Issatchenkia orientalis. Total 80 yeast isolates from two major Korean nuruk samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. The most abundant yeast was identified as Pichia anomala, comprising 47 out of 80 strains, followed by 15 strains of I. orientalis. All 15 I. orientalis strains showed significant inhibitory effects against soybean lipoxygenase, higher than that of Saccahromyces boulardii used as a positive control.

Bacteriophages of Pseudomonas tolaasii for the Biological Control of Brown Blotch Disease

Kim, Min-Hee,Park, Seong-Wan,Kim, Young-Kee The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.1

Pseudomonas tolaasii causes brown blotch disease in cultivated mushrooms by producing tolaasin, a peptide toxin, which forms pores on the membrane and disrupts the cellular and fruiting body structures of mushrooms. For the biological control of this mushroom disease, virulent bacteriophages of P. tolaasii were isolated from the sewage of Cheongju, Korea. Twenty-one phages were isolated from four different locations, and their toxicities to host bacteria were measured by inspecting the turbidity and size of their plaques. They were divided into three categories on the basis of their toxicities to host bacteria. In order to test if these phages can be used for the biological control of mushroom diseases, a pitting test was performed. The surfaces of mushroom caps were inoculated with both pathogenic bacteria and their phages. Phage toxicity was analyzed by measuring the size of the blotches that formed on the surface of mushrooms, because these sizes are representative of the amount of tolaasin peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria in the presence of bacteriophages. The formation of blotches was completely blocked by co-incubated phages. These results show that phages can sterilize pathogenic bacteria in mushroom tissues as well as be useful for the biological control of brown blotch disease. The optimum conditions for the bactericidal activity of the phages were also determined.

Roasting Process Enhances Antioxidative Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomi Cortex) via Increase in Cinnamaldehyde Content

Yang, Eun-Ju,Kim, Sang-In,Hur, Jong-Moon,Song, Kyung-Sik The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2009 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.52 No.5

Regarding chemical and biological activity changes in oriental drugs after food processing such as roasting, fermentation, and extrusion, fifty commonly-used medicinal plants were investigated. As a result, cinnamon (Cinnamomi Cortex) showed remarkably different HPLC profiles and ca 40% of increased antioxidative effect after being roasted. An increased peak was isolated by a reverse phase silica gel chromatography and identified as cinnamaldehyde by means of instrumental analysis including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR and MS. The enhanced antioxidative effect might originate from the increased content of cinnamaldehyde since this compound is one of the most well known natural antioxidants. The cinnamaldehyde content in cinnamon reached its maximum level after being roasted for 10 min at $120{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ ($108.42{\pm}0.26$ mg/g extract, ca 137 times of increase over untreated control). Although there were no significant changes in in vitro biological activity such as anti-dementia, anti-hypertension or cytotoxicity, before and after the roasting process, the results suggested that simple heat treatment might improve the value of the above oriental drugs since cinnamaldehyde has been shown to possess various biological properties such as antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-diabetic, anti-influenza, and apoptosis-inducing properties.

Diversity and community analysis of fermenting bacteria isolated from eight major Korean fermented foods using arbitrary-primed PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Lee, Se-Hui,Ahn, Min-Ju,Hong, Ji-Sang,Lee, Ju-Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.3

Korean fermented foods are known to be beneficial for human health. Bacterial community studies have been conducted to figure out what roles the bacteria used to ferment these foods play in food fermentation. The metagenomic approach identifies both culturable and unculturable bacterial compositions, but this technique is limited in its ability to accurately determine the bacterial species from short 16S rRNA PCR products. In this study, we revisited the culture-dependent method using a relatively large number of bacterial isolates in an attempt to overcome the problem of bacterial identification, accepting that the unculturable bacterial population in each fermented food would be undetectable. Eight Korean fermented foods including kimchi, jeotgal, and meju were collected, and 1589 fermenting bacterial strains were randomly isolated. Bacteria were grouped by banding pattern using arbitrary-primed (AP) PCR prior to bacterial identification and sorted into 219 groups; 351 strains were not grouped because there was no identical AP-PCR band pattern. 16S rRNA sequence analysis identified the bacterial compositions of the fermented foods. As dominant genera, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc strains were detected in four kimchi samples, Staphylococcus in three jeotgal samples, and Enterococcus and Bacillus in the meju sample. Interestingly, S. Equorum was most dominant in saeu-jeotgal, indicating that it is halophilic and may enhance the fermentation flavor. Further comparative analysis of this study with previous metagenomic results revealed that bacterial communities in fermented foods are highly similar at the genus level but often differ at the species level. This bacterial community study is useful for understanding the roles and functional properties of fermenting bacteria in the fermentation process of Korean fermented foods.