Byproducts from Piggery Wastewater Treatment for the Sustainable Soil Amendment and Crop Production

Yang, Jae E.,Kim, Jeong-Je,Shin, Young-Oh,Shin, Myung-Kyo,Park, Yong-Ha The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 1999 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.42 No.3

Livestock manure is generally beneficial to soil and crop production when appropriate amount is applied, but excessive application may be detrimental to soil and water environments. A proper protocol of livestock waste treatment is required to manage the quality of soil and water. A trickling filter system using rice straw media was employed to treat piggery wastewater from small-scaled livestock farms as an alternative to the currently available methods. Batches of piggery wastewater were treated with this system, and the byproducts of rice straw media and trickling filtrate were applied to the soil with cultivating rye (Secale cereale L.). Objective of this research was to characterize these byproducts for the sustainable soil amendments and rye production. Both the treated straw medium and filtrate were proven to be effective organic fertilizers for rye plant development, with the enhanced but balanced absorption of nutrients. The synergistic effects of filtrate in addition to straw application did not show, but the filtrate appeared to lead to a higher water content of the plant. No specific nutrient deficiency or toxicity symptom was shown due to the salts derived from the byproducts applied. Chemical parameters of the soil quality were significantly improved with the application of straw medium either with or without the filtrate. Judging from parameters relating to the salt accumulations, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), potassium adsorption ratio (KAR), and residual P concentrations, the byproducts from piggery wastewater exhibited no detrimental effects on soil quality within the ranges of treatments used. In addition to the effectiveness of the rice straw trickling filter system for the small-scaled swine farms, both rice straw medium and filtrate could be recycled for the sustainable soil amendment and plant nutrition.

Effects of Enzyme Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties of Non-glutinous Rice Flour and Effects of Malt Extract Treatment on Retrogradation Extension of Non-glutinous Rice Flour

Kim, Mi-Kyung,Yoon, Ki-Hong,Lee, Gyu-Hee The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2010 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.53 No.6

To improve flour quality and extend retrogradation time in processed foods made with non-glutinous rice flour, flour was hydrolyzed using malt extract, which has high amylase activity. The hydrolyzed non-glutinous rice flour (HNGRF) was prepared by response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the experimental design. The factors for RSM were concentration of malt extract (CME) and enzyme reaction time (ERT). The pasting properties of HNGRF were analyzed using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA). The optimized conditions were analyzed via setback values in RVA. Enzyme activity of the malt extract used to prepare HNGRF was $34{\pm}1.2$ unit/mL. Setback values, which predict starch retro-gradation, were minimized by treating with 14.22% CME and a 4.21 h ERT. In conclusion, malt extract treatment can improve flour quality and extend retrogradation time in processed foods made with non-glutinous rice flour when optimized conditions of 13-15% CME and 4-5 h ERT are applied.

Isolation and Characterization of Immuno-stimulating Polysaccharide in Korean Black Raspberry Wine

Hwang, Yong-Chul,Shin, Kwang-Soon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.4

To characterize polysaccharides existing as soluble form in Korean fruit wines, polysaccharides were isolated from Korean black raspberry wine, and their immuno-stimulating activities were examined. A complex pectic polysaccharide, RB-2 was purified from the crude polysaccharide (RB-0) in raspberry wine by subsequent size-exclusion chromatography. RB-2 had relatively potent macrophage activity and splenocyte mitogenic activity in vitro. The intravenous administration of RB-2 significantly augmented the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against Yac-1 tumor cells. RB-2 consisted of 15 monosaccharides including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides, such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3-deoxy-Dmanno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid. Methylation analysis indicated that RB-2 comprised at least 20 different glycosyl linkages such as 3,4-linked fucose, 2,3,4-linked rhamnose, 3'-linked apiose, and 2,3,3'-linked apiose, characteristic of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). RB-2 was eluted as two peaks having a high (9,000 Da) and a low molecular mass (5,000 Da) on high performance size exclusion chromatography, and the peak of high molecular mass was down shifted to the low molecular mass under the acidic pH conditions less than 2.0. Results indicated higher molecular weight polysaccharide in RB-2 was mainly presented as an RG-II dimer, and Korean black raspberry wine contains selected polysaccharides, which provide immunostimulating activities beneficial to human health.

Translocation of chlorpyrifos residue from soil to Korean cabbage

Hwang, Kyu-Won,Moon, Joon-Kwan The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2018 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.61 No.2

The loss of residual chlorpyrifos in soil and the amount translocated to Korean cabbage were investigated in this study. Field trials with Korean cabbage were carried out in two greenhouses located in Yongin (Field 1) and Gwangju (Field 2). Soil and Korean cabbage samples were collected on different days following the treatment of soil with chlorpyrifos at two different rates. The initial amounts of residue in soil were 1.15 and 3.58 mg/kg, and these decreased to 0.22 and 0.49 mg/kg at 36 days after treatment (DAT) in Field 1. These values were 20.9 and 59.3 mg/kg, decreasing to 3.03 and 5.24 mg/kg at 43 DAT in Field 2, respectively. In Field 1, the half-life of chlorpyrifos was approximately 15.0 and 10.2 days in soil treated with 0.12 and $0.24g\;a.i./m^2$, respectively. In Field 2, the half-life of chlorpyrifos was approximately 27.7 and 9.6 days following application of 0.36 and $0.72g\;a.i./m^2$, respectively. When compared with the initial concentration in soil, the absorption ratio of chlorpyrifos residue to Korean cabbage was 0.93-6.01 and 0.57-2.61%, respectively. Therefore, safe management guidelines for chlorpyrifos in soil used to cultivate Korean cabbage may be suggested as 3.3 mg/kg regarding the maximum residue limit of chlorpyrifos on Korean cabbage (0.2 mg/kg).

Food, cosmetic and biological applications of characterized DOPA-melanin from Vibrio alginolyticus strain BTKKS3

Kurian, Noble K.,Bhat, Sarita G. The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2018 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.61 No.2

Melanins are one of the most common pigments produced in nature and distributed throughout the biological kingdom. Vibrio alginolyticus strain BTKKS3 produced DOPA-melanin was used in the study. BTKKS3 melanin inhibited biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria and effectively decreased the activity of four inflammatory enzymes tested viz. cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase. Melanin proved to be less cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast cells with an $IC_{50}$ value of $134.98{\mu}g/mL$. The sun protection factor value of commercial sunscreens was enhanced by 3.42 units by DOPA-melanin.

Diversity and community analysis of fermenting bacteria isolated from eight major Korean fermented foods using arbitrary-primed PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Lee, Se-Hui,Ahn, Min-Ju,Hong, Ji-Sang,Lee, Ju-Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.3

Korean fermented foods are known to be beneficial for human health. Bacterial community studies have been conducted to figure out what roles the bacteria used to ferment these foods play in food fermentation. The metagenomic approach identifies both culturable and unculturable bacterial compositions, but this technique is limited in its ability to accurately determine the bacterial species from short 16S rRNA PCR products. In this study, we revisited the culture-dependent method using a relatively large number of bacterial isolates in an attempt to overcome the problem of bacterial identification, accepting that the unculturable bacterial population in each fermented food would be undetectable. Eight Korean fermented foods including kimchi, jeotgal, and meju were collected, and 1589 fermenting bacterial strains were randomly isolated. Bacteria were grouped by banding pattern using arbitrary-primed (AP) PCR prior to bacterial identification and sorted into 219 groups; 351 strains were not grouped because there was no identical AP-PCR band pattern. 16S rRNA sequence analysis identified the bacterial compositions of the fermented foods. As dominant genera, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc strains were detected in four kimchi samples, Staphylococcus in three jeotgal samples, and Enterococcus and Bacillus in the meju sample. Interestingly, S. Equorum was most dominant in saeu-jeotgal, indicating that it is halophilic and may enhance the fermentation flavor. Further comparative analysis of this study with previous metagenomic results revealed that bacterial communities in fermented foods are highly similar at the genus level but often differ at the species level. This bacterial community study is useful for understanding the roles and functional properties of fermenting bacteria in the fermentation process of Korean fermented foods.

Bacteriophages of Pseudomonas tolaasii for the Biological Control of Brown Blotch Disease

Kim, Min-Hee,Park, Seong-Wan,Kim, Young-Kee The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.1

Pseudomonas tolaasii causes brown blotch disease in cultivated mushrooms by producing tolaasin, a peptide toxin, which forms pores on the membrane and disrupts the cellular and fruiting body structures of mushrooms. For the biological control of this mushroom disease, virulent bacteriophages of P. tolaasii were isolated from the sewage of Cheongju, Korea. Twenty-one phages were isolated from four different locations, and their toxicities to host bacteria were measured by inspecting the turbidity and size of their plaques. They were divided into three categories on the basis of their toxicities to host bacteria. In order to test if these phages can be used for the biological control of mushroom diseases, a pitting test was performed. The surfaces of mushroom caps were inoculated with both pathogenic bacteria and their phages. Phage toxicity was analyzed by measuring the size of the blotches that formed on the surface of mushrooms, because these sizes are representative of the amount of tolaasin peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria in the presence of bacteriophages. The formation of blotches was completely blocked by co-incubated phages. These results show that phages can sterilize pathogenic bacteria in mushroom tissues as well as be useful for the biological control of brown blotch disease. The optimum conditions for the bactericidal activity of the phages were also determined.

Biological Characterization of Various Strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii that Causes Brown Blotch Disease

Yun, Yeong-Bae,Park, Seong-Wan,Cha, Jae-Soon,Kim, Young-Kee The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.1

Brown blotch disease of cultivated mushrooms is caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, which secretes the bacterial toxin, tolaasin. Tolaasin is a peptide toxin that causes pore formation in the plasma membrane of mushroom cells. Forty-two strains of pathogenic bacteria causing brown blotch or similar diseases were isolated from mushrooms showing disease symptoms. To characterize these bacteria, the genes of 16S rRNA were sequenced and analyzed. Thirty-three strains were identified as five different species of Pseudomonas. Of these, 23 were identified as P. tolaasii and named as P1-type pathogens. Because the strains identified as P. tolaasii were major pathogens that cause the brown blotch disease, phylogenetic analyses of these pathogens were conducted by the neighbor-joining method. These strains comprised three phylogenetic subtypes, $P1{\alpha}$ (6 strains), $P1{\beta}$ (16 strains), and $P1{\gamma}$ (1 strain). Biological characterizations of the isolated bacteria were performed and confirmed that all three subtypes were able to cause the disease by forming blotches on the surface of the mushroom tissue. However, hemolytic activities were observed in the $P1{\alpha}$ and $P1{\gamma}$ strains, but not in the $P1{\beta}$ strains. These results imply that remarkable diversity exists among the various strains of P. tolaasii, each strain showing distinct biological characters.

Occurrence of Issatchenkia orientalis Exhibiting Inhibitory Effects against Soybean Lipoxygenase in Korean nuruk

Anwar, Yasir,Baek, Seong-Yeol,Yeo, Soo-Hwan,Park, Heui-Dong The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.2

Three yeast strains (designated SHA, SHC, and SHD) exhibiting strong inhibitory effects against soybean lipoxygenase were isolated from Korean nuruk and identified as Issatchenkia orientalis. Total 80 yeast isolates from two major Korean nuruk samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. The most abundant yeast was identified as Pichia anomala, comprising 47 out of 80 strains, followed by 15 strains of I. orientalis. All 15 I. orientalis strains showed significant inhibitory effects against soybean lipoxygenase, higher than that of Saccahromyces boulardii used as a positive control.

Effective screening for the anti-hypertensive of selected herbs used in the traditional Korean medicines

Kim, Ji Yeon,Kim, Doram,Kwon, Oran The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2016 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.59 No.4

In this study, Korean medicinal herb extracts were investigated for their in vitro effect on anti-hypertensive activities, including nitric oxide (NO) production in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy529 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Traditional remedies related to the treatment of hypertension were identified using DongUiBoGam, the most comprehensive source for Korean traditional pharmacopoeia. Herbal remedies were selected by translating the symptom terminology into westernized medicinal terms using the Korean classification of disease in Oriental medicine and Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal. Seven types of herb extracts were selected and screened for in vitro anti-hypertensive activities. Among the extracts, those of Evodiae fructus, Bambusae caulis in Taeniam, Sophorae fructus, Melonis calyx, and Schizonepeta rhizome produced significant increases in NO production, although their ability to inhibit ACE were weaker. Using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, the major flavonoids exhibiting anti-hypertensive activities were identified: quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin. Our results indicate that these medicinal herbs are potent natural anti-hypertensive agents that can be developed for clinical therapies. In addition, our systematic approach to identifying candidate herbal remedies in the traditional Korean pharmacopoeia can be used to search for additional traditional remedies, such as for hypoglycemia and obesity.