UO2 소결체에 고온연소반응을 이용한 SiC 코팅

김봉구,최용,김정원,이영우,손동성,김길무 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2000 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.38 No.5

Multi-layer coating of silicon carbide and graphite on UO₂ nuclear pellet was carried out with a fluidized bed type chemical vapor deposition unit to enhance the inherent safety of the nuclear pellet and to develop a renovative coating process. Silane, propane and argon gases were used as the source and carrier gases to deposit silicon and pyrolytic carbon. Combustion reaction was performed in an inert argon atmosphere, which conditions were pre-determined by numerical evaluation of the combustion reaction between silicon and carbon to synthesize silicon carbide. Microstructural observation of the combustion products by scanning electron microscopy showed that the inner and outer pyrolytic carbon layers were equiaxed structure. Chemical analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry revealed that the middle layer formed by a combustion reaction was fine crystalline beta-silicon carbide.

췌장암에서 Cyclooxygenase - 2 발현의 역할

김은경,이용욱,이규택,최규완,박동일,백승운,이준행,이종균,고광철,이풍렬,이종철,김재준,김완선,공구 대한소화기학회 2001 대한소화기학회지 Vol.38 No.3

Background/Aims: Accumulating evidence suggests that the use of NSAID may reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. The likely mechanisms of these effects by NSAID is cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-related inhibition of tumor proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The aim of our study was to examine possible roles and clinical significance of COX-2 expression in pancreatic cancer. Methods: Seventy-two pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue specimens were obtained from surgical resection. After the immunohistochemical staining of the specimens, we examined proliferation activity (assayed by Ki-67 expression), apoptosis (by TUNEL stain), and microvessel density (by CD34 expression). We also investigated the relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and various clinicopathological characteristics. Results: The COX-2 positive rate in pancreatic epithelial cells was 41.7%. Proliferation index (PI) was significant higher in COX-2 positive specimens comparing to negative specimen (p=0.015) and the increase in intensity of COX-2 expression correlated with increasing PI (p=0.036). Apoptotic index (AI) was significantly higher in positivee COX-2 expression than in negative expression (p=0.044), but there was no significant difference in AI/PI between the COX-2 positive and negative specimens (p=0.44). The expression of COX-2 protein did not correlate with microvessel density, sex, age, differentiation, tumor size, stage, metastasis or patients survival. Conclusions: The expression of COX-2 enzyme in pancreatic cancer contributes to tumor proliferation, but is not related to apoptosis, angiogenesis or clinical characteristics. Further study is needed to examine the clinical usefulness of NSAID and COX-2 selective inhibitors.

니세틸 정(아세틸 - 엘 - 카르니틴 500mg)에 대한 뉴로세틸 정의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,오인준,이용복,임동구,문재동,심영순,김은아,정현철 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.1

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is naturally occurring molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ALC tablets, Nicetile^(TM) (Dong-A pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Neurocetil^(TM) (Kyung-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Twenty six normal male volunteers, 22.80±2.76 year in age and 63.07±7.98 ㎏ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2 × 2 cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 ㎎ of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_t, C_(max) and T_(max) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in AUC_t, C_(max) and T_(max) between two tablets were 2.72%, -0.65% and -8.42%, respectively, when calculated against the Nicetile^(TM) tablet. The powers (1-β) for AUC_t and C_(max) were 94.87% and 87.17%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences (△) at α=0.05 and 1-β=0.8 were less than 20% (e.g., 15.58% and 19.16% AUC_t and C_(max), respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were within ±20% (e.g., -11.84∼6.41 and -10.57∼11.88 for AUC_t and C_(max), respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Neurocetil^(TM) tablet is bioequivalent to Nicetile^(TM) tablet.

Glutaraldehyde 와 자동 세척기를 이용한 내시경 소독방법의 임상에서의 유용성

김영호,손희정,윤성원,최규완,이남용,백승운,이준행,고광철,이풍렬,이종철,송재훈,안병훈,김재준,최원혁,홍일철 대한소화기내시경학회 2001 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.22 No.6

Background/Aims: Safety of endoscopic procedures has been a major issue over the last 10 years. Most endoscopy units use 2% glutaraldehyde and automated endoscope reprocessors (AERs) for disinfecting gastrointestinal endoscopes. We attempted an in-use evaluation of the current reprocessing procedures. Methods: Thirty flexible endoscopes were randomly collected just after upper endoscopic examinations and were disinfected using 2% glutaraldehyde in an AER. Cultures were taken from biopsy channels (S-l), tip of the insertion tubes (S-2), umbilical cords (S-3), and angulation knobs (S-4). Results: In 63,3% (19/30) of endoscopes, there was no microbial contamination after disinfection procedures. The culture positive rates of S-l, S-2, S-3, and S-4 samples were 20,0%, 0.0%, 3.3%, and 20.0%, respectively. Microorganisms of 13 species were identified, but there was no pathogen related with reported infectious complications after endoscopic procedures. Conclusions: Current disinfection procedure using 2% glutaraldehyde and an AER appears to be very effective in decontaminating patient-used endoscopes. Low level microbial contamination of endoscopes after conventional reprocessing methods may not impose great risk on patients.

말기 신부전증을 동반한 전신성 홍반성 낭창 환자에서 동종 신장이식 증례

김호연,박준철,민병석,김진숙,방병기,이영석,고용복,이용각,김용일 대한신장학회 1983 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.2 No.2

In systemic lupus erythematosus renal involvement is very common and it accounts for the leading cause of death of the disease. Since SLE is a systemic disease involving many organs and it is caused by altered immunological background many physicians tend to hesitate in employing hemodialysis and renal transplantation. We report the first renal transplantion in Korea which was performed in a patient with end-stage renal failure due to SLE. The patient had positive LE pre- parations, low serum complement, antibody to native DNA and renal biopsy showing diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis but she manifested decreasing clinical activity during hemodialysis. The patient received kidney allograft from living related donor after unilateral nephrectomy. There was no clinical or his- tological evidence of rejection or recurrence of lupus nephritis in the grafted kidney. The patient maintains normal renal function 18 months after renal trans- plantation.

전통주 주박의 항혈전 활성 평가

김미선(Mi-Sun Kim),이예슬(Ye-Seul Lee),김종식(Jong Sik Kim),신우창(Woo-Chang Shin),손호용(Ho-Yong Sohn) 한국생명과학회 2014 생명과학회지 Vol.24 No.8

전통주 주박을 이용한 고부가가치 식품소재 개발을 위해, 상업적 시설에서 생산된 3종 약주(J-B, J-S, J-Y) 및 2종 탁주(J-H, J-W) 주박의 ethanol 추출물 및 열수 추출물을 조제하고 이들의 혈액응고 저해활성, 혈소판 응집저해 활성 및 인간 적혈구 용혈활성을 평가하였다. 5종 주박의 pH는 3.90~4.29로 유사하였으나, brix는 5.0~27.0으로 다양하게 나타났으며, 수분 및 알코올 함량에서도 시료에 따라 1.8배의 차이를 나타내었다. 주박의 색차와 성분은 첨가된 부재료 및 사용누룩에 좌우되었으며, J-W 주박의 경우 수분함량이 80.3%, brix 13, 알코올 함량 1.8%를 함유하여 다른 주박에 비해 다양한 식품제조에 용이하게 이용 가능하리라 판단되었다. Ethanol 추출효율은 J-H, J-W, J-B, J-S, J-Y의 순, 열수 추출효율은 J-S, J-B, J-W, J-H, J-Y의 순으로 높았으며, 총폴리페놀 및 총플라보노이드함량은 ethanol 추출물 중에서는 J-H, 열수 추출물 중에서는 J-Y 주박에서 가장 높았다. 5종 주박의 10종 추출물은 모두 5 mg/ml 농도까지 인간 적혈구에 대한 용혈활성이 나타나지 않았으며, J-B, J-S, J-Y의 약주 주박의 ethanol 추출물에서 유의적인 혈액응고저해 활성이 나타났으며, J-W 탁주 주박의 열수 추출물에서 thrombin 저해 활성과 J-B, J-S 및 J-H 주박 열수 추출물에서 혈액 응고인자 저해활성을 확인하였다. 혈소판 응집저해 활성평가의 경우 J-W 탁주 주박의 ethanol 및 열수 추출물에서만 아스피린에 필적하는 우수한 활성이 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 다양한 약주 및 탁주 주박이 항혈전 활성을 가지고 있으며, 주박으로부터 항혈전제 개발이 가능함을 제시하고 있다. In this study, ethanol and hot water extracts of lees from Korean traditional wine (J-B, J-S, J-Y, J-H, and J-W) were prepared, and their effects on blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and hemolysis of human red blood cells (hRBCs) were investigated to develop functional food ingredients from lees. The pH and brix of the lees ranged from 3.90 to 4.29 and 5.0 to 27.0o, respectively, and there was a huge difference in the water and ethanol content among the lees. The nuruk and additives used affected the color and physicochemical properties of lees. The J-W takju made from only rice and traditional nuruk, which has 13o brix and 1.8% of alcohol, has potential as functional food ingredient. With regard to the extraction yields of lees, higher yields were obtained from J-H, which contains different medicinal plants, in ethanol, followed by J-W, J-B, J-S, and J-Y. Higher extraction yields of lees were obtained from J-S in hot water, followed by J-B, J-W, J-H, and J-Y, respectively. The ethanol extract of J-H and the hot water extract of J-Y had the highest contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoids among the lees extracts. The 10 lees extracts did not show hemolysis activity against hRBCs up to 5 mg/ml. In an anticoagulation activity assay, the ethanol extracts of three yakju lees (J-B, J-S, and J-Y) and the hot water extract of J-W inhibited thrombin activity, whereas the hot water extract of J-B, J-S, and J-H inhibited blood coagulation factors. In an antiplatelet aggregation activity assay, only the J-W takju lees showed significant inhibition activity. Our results suggest that lees from traditional wine had high potential as a novel antithrombosis agent.

Light-extraction efficiency control in AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet flip-chip light-emitting diodes: a comparison to InGaN-based visible flip-chip light-emitting diodes.

Lee, Keon Hwa,Park, Hyun Jung,Kim, Seung Hwan,Asadirad, Mojtaba,Moon, Yong-Tae,Kwak, Joon Seop,Ryou, Jae-Hyun Optical Society of America 2015 Optics express Vol.23 No.16

<P>We study light-extraction efficiency (LEE) of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) using flip-chip (FC) devices with varied thickness in remaining sapphire substrate by experimental output power measurement and computational methods using 3-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) and Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations. Light-output power of DUV-FCLEDs compared at a current of 20 mA increases with thicker sapphire, showing higher LEE for an LED with 250-관m-thick sapphire by ~39% than that with 100-관m-thick sapphire. In contrast, LEEs of visible FCLEDs show only marginal improvement with increasing sapphire thickness, that is, ~6% improvement for an LED with 250-관m-thick sapphire. 3D-FDTD simulation reveals a mechanism of enhanced light extraction with various sidewall roughness and thickness in sapphire substrates. Ray tracing simulation examines the light propagation behavior of DUV-FCLED structures. The enhanced output power and higher LEE strongly depends on the sidewall roughness of the sapphire substrate rather than thickness itself. The thickness starts playing a role only when the sapphire sidewalls become rough. The roughened surface of sapphire sidewall during chip-separation process is critical for TM-polarized photons from AlGaN quantum wells to escape in lateral directions before they are absorbed by p-GaN and Au-metal. Furthermore, the ray tracing results show a reasonably good agreement with the experimental result of the LEE.</P>

A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea

Yong Sung Choi,정성훈,김은선,Eun Sun Kim,Eunhee Lee,Euiseok Jung,So-Yeon Lee,이우령,Hye Sun Yoon,Yong Joo Kim,Ji Kyoung Park,Son Moon Shin,Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim 대한신생아학회 2022 Neonatal medicine Vol.29 No.1

Purpose: Pediatricians have a significant responsibility to educate mothers about the importance of breastfeeding. However, there have been minimal efforts in the courses of resident training in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and attitude before and after a 4-week breastfeeding educational intervention among multicenter residents. Methods: Prospective interventional educational research was designed for residents at eight training hospitals in Korea. Institutional reviews were obtained in each hospital. The education curriculum consisted of 14 courses regarding breastfeeding theory and practice. These materials were used to teach pediatric residents for 4 weeks. Knowledge-based tests were administered before the course, and re-tests were administered after the course using different test items of similar levels. Test scores and survey responses were compared before and after the intervention. Results: A total of 73 residents (1st year 20, 2nd year 23, 3rd year 16, and 4th year residents 14) from eight training hospitals completed the intervention. Their average age was 30.3±2.9 years, 17 (23.3%) were male, 22 (30.1%) were married, and eight had more than one child of their own. The mean pre-test score was 61.8±13.4 and the mean post-test score was 78.3±7.5 (P<0.001). The inter-grade difference in the score was significant in the pre-test (P=0.005), but not significant in the post-test (P=0.155). There were more responses of obtaining confidence after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion: In our study, pediatric residents showed improvement in their knowledge and confidence level after 4 weeks of the breastfeeding curriculum. This will provide a basis for future policymaking in the training of pediatric residents regarding breastfeedReceived: 6 January 2022 Revised: 15 February 2022 Accepted: 15 February 2022 Correspondence to: Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3390 Fax: +82-2-3010-6978 E-mail: arkim@amc.seoul.kr A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea Yong-Sung Choi, MD,PhD1, Sung-Hoon Chung, MD, PhD2, Eun Sun Kim, MD, PhD3, Eun Hee Lee, MD4, Euiseok Jung, MD5, So Yeon Lee, MD, PhD5, Wooryoung Lee, MD6, Hye Sun Yoon, MD, PhD7, Yong Joo Kim, MD, PhD8, Ji Kyoung Park, MD, PhD9, Son Moon Shin, MD, PhD9, and Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD, PhD5 1Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea 4Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea 5Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 6Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 7Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea 8Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 9Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 pISSN 2287-9412 . eISSN 2287-9803 Copyright(c) 2022 By Korean Society of Neonatology This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Original Article 29 Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 ing in Korea.

Bi-factor MIRT True-Score Equating for Testlet-Based Tests

이규민(Gue min Lee),Won Chan Lee,Michael J Kolen,박인용(In Yong Park),Dong In Kim,Ji Seung Yang 한국교육평가학회 2015 교육평가연구 Vol.28 No.2

Lee and Lee (2014) proposed bi-factor multidimensional item response theory model (BFM) "observed-score" equating procedures. The main purposes of this study were to develop BFM "true-score" equating procedures, and to investigate applicability of the proposed procedures with actual data. Eight equating methods (including both true- and observed-score) based on dichotomous IRT (2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), polytomous IRT (graded response model: GRM), testlet response model (TRM), and BFM were compared with target equipercentile equating. Data for this study were from the Reading Comprehension test for a large-scale state assessment program, which consisted of several passages and corresponding groups of items. True- and observed-score equating methods based upon 2PL and BFM produced similar equating results. The GRM true- and observed-score equating methods provided equating results somewhat different from others, and more similar to the target equipercentile equating. Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구는 혼합형 검사에서의 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "관찰점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하였다. 이 연구는 Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구의 추수연구로 단위검사를 대상으로 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "진점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하고, 그 적용 가능성을 실제 자료를 이용하여 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 단위검사로 구성된 대규모 독해 검사 자료를 이용하여, 2모수 로지스틱 모형(2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), 등급반응모형(graded response model: GRM), 단위검사모형(testlet response model: TRM), bi-factor 모형(bi-factor model: BFM)을 적용하였으며, 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화를 시행하여 총 8개의 동등화 방법을 적용하고, 산출된 결과를 동백분위 동등화 결과와 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 2PL과 BFM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화는 유사한 결과를 산출하였으며, GRM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화 방법은 다른 방법들과 다소 차이를 보이는 결과를 산출하였고, 비교 기준이 된 동백분위 동등화 결과와 보다 유사한 결과를 보였다.

江華學派와 初期 基督敎 硏究

이은용(Lee Eun-yong) 한국양명학회 2008 陽明學 Vol.0 No.20

종교적 측면에서 강화역사는 우리민족의 국조신앙(國祖信仰) 단군(檀君) 신앙으로부터 시작된다. 고대시대부터 참성단의 제천(祭天)의식을 통하여 형성되는 하늘 숭배시장은 강화종교의 뿌리가 된다고 하겠다. 어느 지역보다도 융성하게 발달되었던 고려시대의 불교와 조선시대의 유교사상은 강화 지역 종교발전의 큰 줄기를 형성한다. 특히 조선후기 강화를 중심으로 발전한 양명학은 독특한 학풍과 학맥을 이루며 ‘강화학파’라는 업적을 남겼다. 19세기 말, 강화에 기독교가 들어오면서 급속히 전파되는 현상을 보였다. 이는 강화인의 유달리 깊은 영성이 있는 것으로 보이기는 하지만, 특히 바로 전부터 꽃을 피우고 있던 강화학파와 깊은 관련이 있을 것으로 보인다. 여러 가지 원인이 있겠지만 대표적으로 ‘실사구시’의 양명학이 기독교의 ‘신행일치(信行一致)의 실천적 신앙과 맥을 같이 하기 때문이다. 강화 최초의 기독교 전파의 주인공은 양사면 교산리의 이승환이란 농민이었다. 1892년 미국인 선교사 조원시(趙元時 G. H. Jones)가 강화 남문을 통하여 강화읍성에 들어와 기독교를 전파하려다 조선 관리의 거절로 실패한 직후의 일이다. 당시 강화의 사회상황이 중앙정부의 쇄국주의 정책이 강력한데다가 병인양요, 신미양요 등 서양과의 싸움으로 강화 사람들이 많은 시달림을 겪어 왔고, 봉건적 유학자들이 사회를 주도하고 있던 시기여서 조원시가 당당하게 강화도성에 입성할 수 없었기 때문이다. 그리하여 인천 내리교회에 다니던 이승환이 자기고향에 내려와 모친과 가족에게 성경을 읽어주며 복음을 전파하기 시작한 것이다. 곧 이어 한학 자 초시 김상임(金商霖)과 한학자 박능일(朴能一)이 기독교로 개종하면서 급속하게 지식인층으로 확산되었다. 지식인층으로의 확산은 곧 바로 전 강화로 신속하게 퍼져 나갔다. 이 결과 1893년 교항교회 설립 17년 후인 1910년에 39개 교회와 교인수 3,230명으로 성장하였다. 이렇게 짧은 기간 동안 급성장 할 수 있었던 데에는 기독교가 갖는 종교적 특성 즉, 강한 전파력과 적극적인 선교 방법 외에 특별한 요인이 있다. 당시 강화지역사회에서 상당한 영향력을 가지고 있던 진위대장 출신 이동휘(李東輝, 상해임시정부 초대 국무총리)를 비롯한 유경근, 윤명삼 등 지역의 지도자들이 민족운동의 방편으로 기독교로 개종하였던 점과 ‘강화 6군자’ 김용하 전병규 등 지식인들이 대거 기독교로 개종하였으며, 이들이 교회를 통하여 교육운동과 사회개혁에 앞장섰기 때문이다. 초기 기독교인들의 신앙양태의 특징 중 하나인 일지돌림 신앙은 강화에만 나타나는 독특한 현상에다. 기독교 교리적으로 중생(重生) ‘다시 태어남’과 신생(新生) ‘새로 태어남’의 의미와 ‘하나님 안에서 한 가족, 한 형제’라는 의미로 개명하였다. 그리고 교동지역 교인들의 신자돌림과 하와이 이민자들도 같은 의미에서 개명하였다. 또, 이름뿐만 아니라 교인들이 운영하는 학교도 ‘강화합일학교’, ‘흥천합일학교’, ‘집일학교’ 등 일자돌림으로 이름을 개명하였던 것이다. ‘합일(合一)’이란 뜻은 강화학파의 ‘지행합일(知行合一)’에서 나온 말로 같은 의미로 사용된다. 기독교인들의 의식 속에 이미 강화학파의 사상과 철학이 체득되어 있다는 사실을 증명하는 것이다. 강화 기독교의 개척자 김상임은 과거 시험에 합격하였지만 부패한 관리와 세태를 보고 관직에 나가지 않았다. 이는 그의 기독교 개종 이전의 일로 자신의 학문탐구와 사회관에 있어 강화학파의 ‘사회개혁 사상’에서 영향을 받았을 가능성이 있음을 설명한다. 홍천교회와 흥천합일학교 설립자 김용하와 전병규는 ‘도학자’, ‘군자’ 등으로 호칭될 정도로 강화를 대표하는 유학자이다. 학문적으로 ‘주자학’에 근접하였을 것이나 기독교로 개종한 이후 학교이름을 ‘흥천보창학교’에서 ‘흥천합일학교’로 개명하였던 점으로 미루어 강화학파 학풍에 호의적이었을 것으로 생각된다. 성재(城齋) 이동휘는 아호를 강화학파 학자들과의 같은 재(齋)자 돌림으로 지은 것으로 보아 강화학파 학자들과 많은 교류와 학문적 공감을 가졌을 것으로 보인다. 김종우 역시 아호를 하곡 정재두와 같은 곡(谷)자 돌림으로 지었고, 하곡 선생이 살던 마을과 이웃에서 출생한 점, 영재(寧齋) 이건창 선생의 묘소와 인근 마을에서 살았던 점 등으로 미루어 강화학파와 갚은 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다. In the aspect of religion, the history of Ganghwa started from Dan-Gun(the founding father of Korea). From Goryeo Dynasty, Korean people paid a service to Heaven, which can be said Ganghwa religion was rooted from Heaven worship. In particular, Yang-myeong-hak was developed in Ganghwa district in the late period of Joseon Dynasty established academic features and tradition. In the late 19th century, Christianity was introduced and spreaded rapidly. One of the reason why Ganghwa could accept the Christianity was from Gang-hwa-hak faction. It seemed that Sil-Sa-Gu-si of Gang-hwa-hak faction was associated with Ji-Haeng-Hap-il, meaning knowledge and conduct are united. The first person who propagated Christianity was Lee, Seung-hwan who was a farmer. G. H. Jones carne to Ganghwa-eup through Gang hwa South Gate in 1892 and tried to spread christianity, but he was failed because Gang hwa public official strongly refused it. At that time, Korea took strong isolation policy due to Byeonginyangyo, Franch disturbance of 1866 and Sinmiyangyo, American disturbance of 1871. That’s why christianity could be accepted. Lee, Seung-hwan who was a person of Naeri church of Incheon carne back to his hometown and read the Bible to his family and later some of intellectuals convened to christianity and it started to spread rapidly. As a result, there were 39 churches established and 3,230 people went to church in 1910. It shows fast-growing christianity society. Except active missionary work, there was a panicular reason how christianity could widely spread in Korea. Lee, Dong-hwi who had a considerable power in Ganghwa and some leaders of Ganghwa convened to christianity as a pan of the campaign for liberation of the oppressed people. Additionally intellectuals such as Kim, Yong-ha and Jeon, Byeong-Gu also changed their religion to christianity and they tried to educated people and renovate the society. There are some characteristics shown for early Christian of christianity. First of all, they tried to show their faith in christianity by remaking their name. Their name usually meant “rebirth”, and “newborn” and one family under God. Second, they changed the school names that ran by to “Ganghwa Hapil School”, “Heung cheon Hapil school”, and “Jip Il school”. “Hapil” is the word that Gang hwa school stressed. It proven that christians already learned the philosophy of Gang-hwa-hak faction. Lee, Dong-hwi used his pen name that was same with Gang-hwa-hak faction and it seemed that he exchanged and sympathized a lot of things with Gang-hwa-hak faction. Kim, Jong-hu also used his pen name which was same with Jeong, jae-Doo, and he also was born in Jeong, Jae- Doo’s neighboring village.