골다공증의 위험인자 : 아산시 지역 주민을 대상으로

김용배,장원기,황보영,김화성,안규동,이병국,이용진,이남수,이상건,이상범,이상우,이선정,이성수 순천향대학교 2006 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.12 No.1

Objective : As the average lifespan of human increases, osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures have become major health care problems. Despite recent advances in medical treatment, few studies have assessed the recognition of osteoporosis in general adults. This study examined the recognition of osteoporosis and analyzed the relating factors. Method : A population-based sample of 1086 adults in Asan-city, Korea was investigated with questionnaires and height, weight, Information regarding the general characteristics(gender, age, economic state), lifestylef exercise, smoking, alcohol),medical history(progestin, GH, steroid, calcitonin, PTH), demographic parameter, obesity, stress, and family history was collected through an interview using a structural questionnaire. The level of obesity was measured by the body mass index(BMI). BMD(Bone mineral density) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis was considered to be T-score below -2.5. Results : The prevalence of osteoporosis increased progressively with age, decreased with BMI and predominant in women by the result of x^(2) -test, T-test. Age, weight, BMI were significantly correlated with osteoporosis by the result of Pearson correlation ana1ysis(P<0.05). And age, gender, BMI, family history of osteoporosis were proved to be significant risk factors of osteoporosis by the result of multiple logistic regression(P<0.05). Conclusion : These results suggest that age, gender, BMI might be the most important risk factors of osteoporosis. And the history taking about family history of osteoporosis is helpful for diagnosing osteoporosis.

여자 축구 선수들의 등속성 각근력과 무산소성 운동능력의 상관관계 연구

이상현,이용수,이상호,하민수 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation between the isokinetic leg strength and anaerobic exercise capacity from Wingate ergometer test in women soccer players. 30 females soccer players performed two exercise test. Anaerobic exercise capacity variables including peak power(WPP), mean power(WMP), peak anaerobic power(WPAP) and peak anaerobic capacity(WPAC) test were analyzed using Wingte cycle ergometer test(30sec) and isokinetic leg strength variables including peak torque(PT), average power(AP) and set total work(STW) were analyzed using Cybex 770 iskokinetic device(60, 90, 180°/sec, 5, 10, 25repetitions, respectively). Isokinetic leg strength variables was calculated by the mean value of both knee(legt and right). The experimental results from this study are the following: There were a significant positive correlation between WPP and WMP and PT of knee extension in comparison with knee flexion. PT of knee extension at 60°/sec had the highest positive correlation with WPP(r=.789, p=.000). And WMP had the highest positive correlation with PT of knee extension at 180°/sec. Also, there were a significant positive correlation between WPAP and WPAC and PT of knee extension in comparison with knee flexion. WPAP had the highest positive correlation with PT of knee extension at 90°/sec (r=.765, p=.000)and WPAC had the highest positive correlation with PT of knee extension at 180˚/sec(r=768, p=.000). In conclusion, anaerobic exercise capacity using Wingate test had a significant positive correlation with PT of knee extension. However, because little is known about the correct measurement and evaluation the soccer fitness of women soccer players, it is necessary to study about the improvement of various soccer fitness of women soccer players.

납 작업자들에서 ALAD 유전자형과 신기능과의 연관성

이성수,김진호,김남수,김화성,안규동,이병국 大韓産業醫學會 2004 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.16 No.2

목적 : δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)는 다형질성 (polymorphism)의 특성이 있어 유전형질에 따라 남의 인체영향이 다르다고 보고 된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 유전인자의 다형질성이 신기능 지표들에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 조사대상으로는 납 취급 사업장에서 납 작업에 종사하는 935명의 남자 근로자들과 동일한 사업장에서 근무하는 비 납 작업자 87명을 선정하였다. 단면적 신기능지표로는 BUN, 혈청 creatinine, 혈청 uric acid, 요중 총단백을 측정하였으며, 납 폭로 지표로는 혈중 납량을 측정하였다. 또한 개인 일반 변수로서 체중, 연령, 직력과 흡연 및 음주습관을 조사하였다. 결과 : 납 작업자 군의 혈중 납의 평균(표준편차)은 25.4±10.9 ㎍/㎗이었으며, 비 납 작업자 군의 평균(표준편차)은 10.1±2.8 ㎍/㎗로서 양 군 간에 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 납 작업자 군에서 이형유전형질인 ALAD2 유전자형을 가진 납 작업자는 99명으로 전체의 10.6%를 차지한 반면, 비 납 작업자 군에서는 ALAD2를 가진 근로자는 4명으로 전체의 4.6%이었으며 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 동형유전형질인 ALAD1 유전자형 군의 혈중 납의 평균(표준편차)은 23.9±11.4 ㎍/㎗ 이었고 ALAD2 유전자형 군의 평균(표준편차)은 25.8±10.7 ㎍/㎗이었으나 양 군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 신기능 지표들인 BUN, 혈청 creatinine, 혈청 uric acid 및 요중 총단백의 평균은 납 작업자 군이나 비 납 작업자 군에서 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 유전형질구분에 따른 차이도 없었다. 연령, 직력, 체중, 음주여부, 흡연여부 및 혈중 납을 통제한 후 BUN의 중위수를 기준으로 중위수이상 유무를 종속변수로 하고 관련변수들을 통제한 후 실시한 logistic 분석에서는 ALAD2 유전자형의 odds ratio가 0.59 (95% 신뢰구간 : 0.38-0.91)이어서 ALAD2 유전자형 군에서 ALAD1 유전자형군보다 41% 적게 중위수를 가질 것으로 판명되었다. 혈청 creatinine의 중위수를 기준으로 중위수이상 유무를 종속변수로 하고 관련변수들을 통제한 후 실시한 logistic 분석에서는 ALAD2 유전자형의 odds ratio가 0.64 (95% 신뢰구간 : 0.40-0.98)이어서 ALAD2 유전자형 군에서 ALAD1 유전자형 군보다 36%가 적게 중위수를 가질 것으로 판명되었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 미루어 ALAD2 유전자형이 ALAD1 유전자형보다 납에 의한 체내대사에서 보호효과가 있을 것으로 추정된다. Objecthe: 6-Arninolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is a polymorphic enzyme that has two alleles, KAD1 (ALADl-1 as genotype) and M A D 2 (ALADI-2 or ALAD2-2 as genotype). AL.lhD genotype has been reported to mod@ the phmacokjnetics and toxicity of lead. The authors investigated the ionuence of ALAD genotype polymorphism on renal function in lead workers Methods: We studied 935 male lead workers and 87 male non-lead workers in the same industries. For cross-sectional renal indices, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, semm uric acid and urine total protein were selected. Blood lead level was also measured an index of lead exposure. Information on weight, age, job duration, and smoking and drinking habits was collected. Results: Whereas the mean blood lead level of lead workers was 25.4f 10.9 PgldL, that of non-lead workers in the same premise was 10.1 f2.8 PgIdL, and the maence between the two groups was statistically signifcant. Whereas the prevalence of the variant allele, &AD2 in 935 lead workers was 10.6%, that in 87 non-lead workers was 4.4%. However there was no d~erence of prevalence between the two groups. The mean blood lead level of subjects with ALlhDl was 23.9f 11.4 Pg/dL, which was slightly lower than that of subjects with ALAD2 (25.8+ 10.7 pgldL). However, this differace was not statistically sigikficant. After adjustment for the covariates, the subjects with ALAD2 dele were 12.8% less &ely to have a median value or more of BUN than subject with ALAD1. Tihe adjusted odds ratio was 0.59 (95% confidence intervat 0.38-0.91). After adjustment for the covarjates, the subjects with ALAD2 allele were 9.3% less Wtely to have a median value or more of serum creatinine than subject with ALADl . The adjusted odds ratio was 0.64 (95% confidence interval; 0.41-0.98). Conclusions: From the above results, it was found that the variant allele, L A D 2 appeared to modify the association of lead and renal function, and that ALAD2 genotype may be supportive for the protective effect of lead.

연폭로 근로자들에서 흡연 및 보건행태학적 변수가 주관적 자각증상에 미치는 영향

이성수,김화성,리갑수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1997 순천향산업의학 Vol.3 No.1

To investigate the effect of smoking and drinking habit on the health status of lead workers, 220 male workers in lead using industries and 210 male controls were selected for this study. Selected study variables were lead in blood (PbB), zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP), delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine(DALA), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). Questionnaire for lead related symptoms (15 symptoms) and smoking and drinking habit was provided to all the workers and filled up by themselves and reconfirmed by physician. The results obtained were as follows; 1. While smoking and drinking rate of lead exposed group were 77.7% and 75.8%, respectively, those of control group were 53.3% and 35.7%, respectively. 2. Mean values of lead exposed indices of lead workers was significantly different from other group. 3. In exposed workers, there was significant differences of DALA between smoker and non-smoker. 4. The neuromuscular symptom prevalence of lead exposure was higher in lead exposed group than non-exposed group. 5. Symptom prealence of lead exposure were higher in drinking and smoking group than non-drinking and non-smoking group. 6. While logistic analysis of positive neuromuscular symptom with categorized blood lead and age, smoking, drinking as categorized independent variables indicated that only blood lead (>40㎍/㎗) was significantly contributed to dependent variable with 95% significant odd ratio confidence interval, logistic analysis of positive constitutional symptom with same categorized independent variables indicated that only age (>40years) was significantly contributed to dependent variable. And logistic analysis of total symptom with same categorized independent variables indicated that blood lead (>40㎍/㎗) and age (>40years) were significantly contributed to dependent variable.

연폭로 근로자들의 연폭로 수준에 따른 혈압변화에 관한 연구

리갑수,안현철,김용배,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1997 순천향산업의학 Vol.3 No.1

To evaluate the blood pressure change of lead workers by lead exposure level, authors analyzed 1,009 lead workers. Study variables were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking and drinking habit, age, work duration, blood lead concentration(PbB), ZPP, hemoglobin, BMI and cholesterol. The results were obtained as follow; 1. Means of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 126.93mmHg and 74.08mmHg. Systolic pressures were significantly higher in males and drinkers than in females and non-drinkers. Blood pressure was increased as age and work duration were increased. 2. Means of PbB and ZPP were 26.79㎍/㎗, 61.38㎍/㎗ respectively. Male workers' PbB was higher than female workers', and ZPP was contrary. PbB and ZPP were increased as age and work duration were increased. Smokers' and drinkers' PbB were not different from nonsmokers' and nondrinkers' but ZPP were lower. 3. As PbB was increased, systolic pressure was increased, but diastolic pressure was not increased. 4. There were no significant increase in both systolic and diastolic pressure by increase of ZPP. 5. In pearson's correlation analysis, systolic pressure was correlate with BMI(R^(2)=0.2618), hemoglobin (R^(2)=0.1794), cholesterol(R^(2)=0.14334), PbB(R^(2)=0.12616) and alcohol consumption per week(R^(2)=0.10925). 6. In pearson's correlation analysis, diastolic pressure was correlate with BMI(r-square : 0.25037), age, hemoglobin, cholesterol and work duration, but not correlate with PbB. 7. Forward multiple regression analysis using systolic pressure as dependent variable revealed that BMI, PbB hemoglobin and cholesterol in order were significantly contributed to dependent variable. 8. Forward multiple regression analysis using diastolic pressure as dependent variable revealed that BMI, age, hemoglobin, smoking and cholesterol in order were significantly contributed to dependent variable.

전자부품 제조업 근로자들의 시력변화에 대한 연구

이용만,안규동,이성수,함정오,김화성,리갑수,이병국 순천향의학연구소 1996 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.2 No.2

근접작업이 시력약화의 원인이 될 수 있는가를 알아보기 위하여 전자부품을 제조하는 2개 사업장에서 1991년에서 1993년까지 입사한 근로자들 중에서 근접작업으로 인정되는 마이크로칩을 조립하는 근접작업자 306명을 조사군으로, 대조군은 세탁기 타이머 및 일반 기계기구를 조립하는 작업자 154명, 계 460명을 선정하였다. 이들 대상자는 1991년 입사자는 1993, 1994, 1995년 시력을 조사하였으며, 1992년 입사자는 1993, 1994, 1995년 3년동안 조사를 하였으며, 1993년 입사자는 1994, 1995년 2년간 시력을 조사하였다. 대상자 중에서 입사시 안경을 착용한 근로자는 82명(17.8%)이었다. 따라서 남자 근로자와 안경착용자를 제외한 여성 근로자들 335명만을 추적 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 조사군에서 입사시 시력 1.0 이상이었던 근로자의 분포는 취업 1년 후 약 25-35% 정도 감소하였으며, 2년후에는 약 40-60% 정도의 감소를 나타내었고, 3년 후 약 50-65% 정도로 감소하였고 4년후에는 약 65% 이상 감소하였다. 그러나 대조군에서는 1.0 이상의 시력을 보였던 근로자들의 비율이 취업 1년 또는 2년 후 15-30%의 감소를 보이고 있으나 그 이후에는 큰 변동이 없었다. 이들의 시력변화를 근무년수에 따라 알아보기 위하여 조사된 시력을 순위변수로 하여 Kruskall-Wallis 검정을 시행한 결과 조사군, 대조군 모두에서 근속년수에 따른 순위의 합의 평균이 년차적으로 유의하게 감소하였으나, 입사시부터 근속년수에 따른 조사군과 대조군과의 순위합의 평균에 의한 시력차 비교에서 입사시 조사군의 순위합의 평균이 유의하게 높았던 것이 근무기간에 따라 대조군의 평균이 높아지면서 통계적 유의성이 없고 대체적으로 1년 이후부터 변화가 적은 것으로 나타나 근접작업으로 인한 시력약화를 추정할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate that the close distance works were associated with decreased visual acuity. 306 workers were subjects who had been recruited from 1991 to 1993 in two electronic parts manufacturing factories, and 154 workers were controls who had been employed from 1991 to 1993 in launder machine timer and general machine assembly factories. Subjects who had been employed in 1991 and 1992 were follow up from 1993 to 1995, and subjects who had been employed in 1993 were from 1994 to 1995. The male workers as well as glasses wearing workers were excluded. Only 335 female workers were followed up to study the change of visual acuity. The results were as follows; The rate of workers with visual acuity over 1.0 at recruit year in subjects group was decreased about 25-35% after 1 year, 40-60% after 2 years, 50-65% after 3 years, and 65% after 4 years. While, the rate of workers with visual acuity over 1.0 at recruit year in control group was decreased about 15-30% after 1 or 2 years, and there was no more additional visual acuity reduction after then. Kruskall-Wallis test was performed to investigate the change of visual acuity in subject and control group by work duration. The means scores of ranks in both group were significantly decreased by work duration. The mean scores of ranks in subject group at recruit year were significantly higher than those in control group at recruit year, but these differences were disappeared after 1 year work. Therefore, this suggest that close distance workers may be affected their visual acuity.

납 노출 근로자들에서 ALAD 및 VDR의 다형질성이 조혈기능 지표에 미치는 영향

이성수,김남수,김진호,김용배,황보영,김화성,안규동,이병국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objectives: This study was conducted with new workers who entered lead industries from 1992 to 2001 to evaluate the genetic susceptibility of ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) and VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene on health effect of lead exposure. Methods: Among the subjects of the database of lead industries at the Soonchunhyang University Institute of Industrial Medicine, only new workers were selected for this study. The total of eligible workers for this category was 3,540 workers, including non lead exposed workers of same lead industries. From stored blood in specimen bank of Soonchunhyang University, genotype of ALAD and VDR were measured using PCR method. Variables for this study were blood lead as an index of lead exposure, ZPP (zinc protoporphyrin in blood), urine ALA (δ-aminolevulinic acid), and hemoglobin as an index of hematopoietic effect of lead. Information on sex, job duration, and weight were collected for personal information. The data were analyzed using SAS (version 8.2) with descriptive analysis of t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: Among 3,540 new employed study subjects during period of 1992-2001, 3,204 workers (90.5%) had ALAD genotype 1-1, while 336 workers (9.5%) had variant type of ALAD (1-2 or 2-2). For VDR genotype, 2,903 workers (89.7%) out of total tested 3,238 workers were belonged to type bb and 335 workers (10.5%) were type bB or BB. The distribution of genotype of ALAD and VDR were not different according to the job duration in male workers, but were different in female workers. The effect of ALAD and VDR genotype on blood lead were positively significant in the analysis of all cumulative data of new employed workers for 10 years. The effect of VDR genotype on blood lead were stronger than that of ALAD While the variant ALAD gene made decrease of mean ZPP and ALA in urine after controlling for blood lead and other covariate, the variant VDR gene made increased the mean ZPP and ALA in urine in all cumulative data analysis and cross sectional analysis by job duration. For hemoglobin, ALAD and VDR genotype did not affect the mean value. Conclusions: From the above our results, we found that ALAD and VDR genotype exerted significant effect in various way. We confirmed that the finding of a cross sectional study of protective effect of variant ALAD on the effect blood lead on blood ZPP in our retrospective study design. It was found that VDR did not exert protective effect for lead exposure as the variant ALAD did.

납 폭로 근로자에서 δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 유전형질이 zinc protoporphyrin 및 δ-aminolevulinic acid에 미치는 영향

이병국,황규윤,장봉기,김용배,리갑수,안현철,김화성,이성수,안규동,박종범 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1999 순천향산업의학 Vol.5 No.1

The inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the heme synthetic pathway results in increased protophoryphyrin (ZPP) and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and is responsible for some of toxicological effects of lead. This enzyme is coded by the ALAD gene containing 2 co-dominant alleles. The polymorphisms of ALAD gene may be related to differential effects of lead on ZPP and ALA, ALAD genotype was measured in 975 Korean male lead workers, of whom 897 were homozygous for ALAD1 (ALAD 1-1 genotype) and 96 were heterozygous for ALAD2 (ALAD 1-2 genotype). Blood lead in subjects with ALAD1 was significantly higher than those with ALAD2 (p = 0.01). No difference between ALAD genotypes was found for age, exposure duration, ZPP, ALA, hemoglobin, hematocrit, body mass index, tobacco and alcohol use. After adjustment for possible confounders, ALA and ZPP became significantly elevated in ALAD1 subjects (p = 0.004 and 0.055, respectively). This result suggests that ALAD1 subjects may be more susceptible to the hematotoxicologic effects of lead than ALAD2 subjects.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

무보수 호흡용 보호구 착용이 2차 제련 연작업자들의 연폭로지표에 미치는 영향

이영구,황보영,리갑수,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1997 순천향산업의학 Vol.3 No.1

It is often impossible to improve working condition in small scaled lead industries due to inherent old work process and lack of capital to improve it. This is particularly true in secondary smelting industries in Korea. Alternative ways to protect workers in these industries are respiratory protection and job shift if at all possible to less harmful workplace. This study intended to evaluate the effect of maintenance free respirator and job shift of lead workers to other non-lead workplace on the level of lead exposure of workers in terms of blood zinc protoporphyrin as an index of lead absorption and intoxication of lead workers. Seventy three workers of one secondary smelting industry whose work duration was more than 4 months were studied. All workers were classified into 4 groups such as managemental workers(8), non-lead workers(14), lead workers(44) and shift workers(7). Personal data such as age and work duration were collected and air concentration of lead in each workplace were also measured. Blood ZPP was chosen as an index of biological monitoring and was measured regularly once a month for 5 months study period. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There were no significant differences of mean blood ZPP during 5 months study period in management workers and non-lead workers showing the range of 23.1-26.5 ㎍/100ml and 22.2-24.2 ㎍/100ml respectively. 2. Rapid reduction of mean blood ZPP from first month (203.0 ± 106.7 ㎍/ 100ml) to third month (128.4 ± 75.1 ㎍/100ml) was noticed and after 3 months period there was no further reduction of blood ZPP in lead workers. 3. The initial mean blood ZPP of shift workers who moved to non-lead workplace was 394.3 ± 114.9 ㎍/100ml and their mean blood ZPP were steadily decreased every month from 344.3 ± 98.4 ㎍/100ml of first month to129.9 ± 33.5 ㎍/100ml of 4th month). 4. The average reduction rate of blood ZPP based on initial blood ZPP was 37.0% in lead workers for 3 months period and 67.1% in shift workers for 4 months period. With above results it was observed that respiratory protection and work shift could protect lead workers from lead exposure by reducing lead exposure in secondary smelting industry which had fairly bad working condition. But for a complete prevention of lead poisoning, it has certain limitation and should be used as an interim method until fundamental engineering control of workplace.