물의 종류를 달리한 동치미의 경도 변화 및 세포벽 관찰

심영현,안기정,김지은 한국조리과학회 2004 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of hardness and microstructure of Dongchimi cooked with various source of water(distilled water, purified water, Cho Jung Carbonated Natureal water). This study was conducted to observe the change of pH, total acidity, salt content, turbidity, texture and microstructure. Dongchimi cooked with source of water of water was fermented at 10℃ for 46 days. The changes of pH on Dongchimi cooked with various source of water decreased in all samples during fermentation period, and then showed a slowly decrease after 12 days of fermentation. The total acidity of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was arrived slowly at best tasting condition 0.3~0.4 point compared with other conditions. So Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was continued to the best tasting condition for end of fermentation. At early stage of fermentation, the changes of turbidity of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water showed highly as compared with other test condition for 12th days of fermentation. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi showed the highest value among all at the 25th day of ripening and then decreased gradually. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was the highest compared with other conditions at 25th day of fermentation. The calcium content of Dongchimi juice used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was observed high at the early stage of fermentation and showed the highest value at 25th day of ripening. The calcium content of chinese radish and Dongchimi juice of Dongchimi cooked with water purifier was lower than that of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water, and was higher than that of Dongchimi cooked with Distilled water at the early stage of fermentation. The magnesium content in all samples increased gradually from the early stage of fermentation. The microstructure showed disintegration appearance of middle lamella and cell wall during fermentation period.

유방암의 위와 대장전이

유현아,김은영,서민지,정은,조민정,오현진,장지혜,박지찬,이정의,박석영 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2014 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.37 No.2

Gastric metastasis from breast cancer is rare and only six cases have been reported in Korea. Colon metastasis is more rare than gastric metastasis. We report a 63-year-old woman with gastric and colon metastases of invasive lobular carcinoma of breast. She was diagnosed as right breast cancer, received right modified radical mastectomy 10 years ago and has been treated with chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Investigating for melena and a small caliber of stool, we found gastric and colon metastases. The diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer was made through gross pathologic and immunohistochemistry staining. We report a case with gastric and colon metastases from breast cancer and a review of the associated six case reports in Korea.

축구선수의 Detraining과 Retraining이 혈청지질 및 호르몬농도에 미치는 영향

정정화,박재현,채종훈,성혜련,황지인,윤미숙,노금선,윤종관,윤영학,노순덕,정경숙,박일규,김은희,박현태,박상갑 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of detraining and retraining on serum lipid and hormones in soccer players. Subjects were seven male high-school soccer players. V˙O_2max was determined for each subjects by administering a treadmill test(initial speed: 90m/min, grade: 5%, increasing speed per 3 min: 30m/min). Serum lipid(T-C, TG, HDL-C LDL-C) and hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormones, cortisol) were assayed pre and post detraining in 10, 20, 30 days after retraining. The repeated ANOVA was used to determine significant differences. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of the study were as follows: 1. V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3576.3±204.2ml/min pre detraining, 3234.1±198.9 ml/min post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3601.4±170.9 ml/min. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 2. V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were significantly(p<.05) decreased from 62.3±2.9 ml/kg/min to 55.9±4.7 ml/kg/min in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were 62.4±3.4ml/kg/min, 62.7±2.3ml.kg/min, 67.3±7.2ml/kg/min respectively. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 3. T-C were significantly (p<.05) increased from 166.6±8.5mg/dl to 175.3±10.3 mg/dl in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, T-C were 160.1± 3.2mg/dl, 156.7±3.7mg/dl, 140.3±9.0mg/dl. There were significantly(p<.05) decreased in retraining periods. 4. HDL-C were 61.4±6.6mg/di pre detraining, 5.3±6.6mg/dl post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, HDL-C were 56.9±7.1mg/dl, 56.4±9.2mg/dl, 57.7±9.1mg/dl respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. 5. The hormones(epinephrine. norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) were changed as same patterns. Epinephrine were 26.0±7.0[g/ml pre detraining, 24.6±3.2pg/ml post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, epinephrine were 26.9±5.6pg/ml, 30.6±6.2pg/ml, 29.4±5.6pg/ml respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. In conclusion, HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were decreased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were increased in detraining. But HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were increased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were decreased in retraining.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid‑treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

Ji‑Hyun Kim,Sang Youp Hwang,Jung Eun Park,Gi Bbum Lee,Ho Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.

Production and Characterization of Enzymes Involved in Chitin Catabolic Cascade from a Bacterial Strain Isolated from Soil

( Ji Hyun Lee ),( Jeong In Lee ),( So Yeon Park ),( Yoo Kyeong Jang ),( You Bin Lim ),( Hye Yoon Lee ),( Young Min Jung ),( Hae Chang Lee ),( Jong Hwa Lee ),( Shaheen Amna ),( Jae Kweon Park ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2019 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The present study was aimed to isolate the bacteria producing chitinolytic enzymes including chitin deacetylase (CDA) from soil origin. About 24 bacteria were screened for their chitinolytic enzymes producing ability on the basis of colloidal chitin. Amongst one of the most potent isolates designated to JI-02 was further selected as the most prominent chitinolytic and CDAlike enzyme (CDA-X) producer based on the ability of deacetylation of an artificial substrate pNP-acetamilide. The maximum production of CDA-X in crude enzyme from JI-02 was observed in the presence of 1% colloidal chitin at 37°C and pH 6.4 after 120 h of incubation. Potent enzyme activity of CDA-X was determined toward pNP-acetamilide, demonstrating that optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength of the CDA-X were assessed to be 7.0, 52°C and 125 mM, respectively. Unexpectedly, Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) was not fully converted by the action of CDA-X to glucosamine (GlcN) under the established conditions. Further study on enzyme activity toward chitin-oligosaccharides consisting of multi-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)n, n=2-5 may be necessary to elucidate the mode of action which requires the minimum size of (GlcNAc)n. However, our data suggest that CDA-X can convert chitin to chitosan with the maximum yield of approximately 0.08g/L during the fermentation of the strain in the presence of chitin. Furthermore, we found that crude enzyme showed the significant chitosanolytic activity. Taken together, our data suggest that the strain JI-02 may be a potential candidate as a particular strain for better understating of chitin catabolic pathway.

소득세법상 직무발명보상금 과세제도에 대한 개선방안

박지현(Park, Ji-Hyun),권기정(Kwon, Gee-Jung) 한국회계정보학회 2021 재무와회계정보저널 Vol.21 No.1

[연구목적] 직무발명보상금이란 발명진흥법 제15조 등에 의하여 종업원 등이 직무에 관하여 발명한 것에 대하여 정당한 보상을 하도록 하는 것을 말한다. 즉, 직무발명보상금 제도는 종업원 등이 직무발명의 권리를 사용자가 승계할 경우 법률에 의하여 보상을 하도록 법률적으로 제정한 보상제도이다. 그러나 제도의 취지와는 다르게 소득세법이 개정되어 다양한 분야에서 소득세법 재개정을 주장하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 직무발명제도에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 직무발명보상금의 소득세법상 과세체계의 문제점에 대해 알아보고 이에 대한 개선방안으로 제시하고자 하였다. [연구방법] 직무발명보상금에 대한 제도의 취지와 우리나라의 소득세 개정현황을 살펴보고 주요국의 관련 세법에 대한 문헌연구를 통해 우리나라 직무발명제도의 과세체계의 문제점을 제시하였다. 이러한 문제점을 바탕으로 소득세법상 직무발명 보상금 과세제도에 대한 개선방안을 제시하였다. [연구결과] 직무발명보상금의 법률적 성격과 유사 소득과의 과세형평성 등을 검토하였을 때 직무발명보상금은 기타소득으로 규정하는 것이 타당하다. 그리고 직무발명보상금에 대하여는 비과세 한도를 현행 500만 원에서 국가연구개발의 기술이전에 따른 직무발명보상금 평균인 1,500만 원으로 조정할 필요가 있을 것이다. [연구의 시사점] 직무발명보상금 제도는 국가의 경쟁력을 확보하는 차원에서 매우 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 따라서 연구개발을 통해 경쟁력 있는 지식재산권을 확보하고 이를 활용하여 기업의 생산효율 및 일자리 창출을 증가시키고 국가 및 기업의 경쟁력을 강화하기 위한 선순환 구조를 만들기 위해서는 관련 법률들 간의 모순점을 해결하고 직무발명보상금 제도의 과세체계를 개편할 필요가 있다. [Purpose] The term compensation for occupational inventions refers to the compensation of employees, etc. for their inventions in relation to their duties pursuant to Article 15 of the Invention Promotion Act. In other words, the compensation system for job inventions is a compensation system legally enacted so that employees, etc., make compensation in accordance with the law when the employer succeeds in the rights of job inventions. However, contrary to the purpose of the system, the income tax law has been revised, and various fields are advocating for the revision of the income tax law. Therefore, in this study, based on the understanding of the job invention system, the problem of the taxation system under the income tax law for compensation for job inventions was investigated and suggested as a solution for this. [Methodology] The purpose of the system for compensation for occupational inventions and the current status of revision of income tax in Korea were examined, and the problem of the taxation system of the Korean occupational invention system was presented through literature research on related tax laws in major countries. Based on these problems, a plan to improve the taxation system for compensation for job inventions under the Income Tax Act was suggested. [Findings] When examining the legal nature of the compensation for job inventions and the taxation equity with similar income, it is reasonable to stipulate the compensation for job inventions as other income. In addition, it will be necessary to adjust the tax-free limit of compensation for job inventions from the current 5 million won to KRW 15 million, which is the average of compensation for job inventions from the technology transfer of national R&D. [Implications] The job invention compensation system has played a very important role in securing national competitiveness. Therefore, in order to create a virtuous cycle structure to secure and utilize competitive intellectual property rights through research and development to increase the production efficiency and job creation of companies, and to reinforce the competitiveness of the country and companies, it is necessary to resolve the contradictions between relevant laws and provide compensation for job inventions. There is a need to reorganize the tax system of the system.

콜리플라워를 이용한 피클제조 최적화

정현아,윤지영,황재선,주나미 한국식생활문화학회 2004 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic characterisitcs of cauliflower pickles made in various compounding ratio according to central conposite design for optimum organoleptic characteristics of the cauliflower pickles. The optimum mixing condition of cauliflower pickles were optimized, using central composite design with 3 variables and 3 levels, by response surface methodology. The various kinds of cauliflower pickle were made in various compounding ratio of vinegar, salt and sucrose - critical ingredients of pickle recipe - and were presented to reliable panels, who graded the subjects in 7 degrees for 4 items : color, lavor, hardness and overall quality. The optimum mixing conditions of cauliflower pickle were 603.50g of vinegar, 80.13g of salt and 251.079 of sucrose in the maximum point of overall quality.

웹에서의 남서울 대학교 동창회 설계구현

정지문,전현준,최성 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2000 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2000 No.1

PC 통신에서 주로 이루어지던 Community의 활성화가 점차 거대한 Network으로 구성된 인터넷으로 그 자리를 옮기고 있다. Community의 활성화는 기존의 Off-line에서 이루어진 공동체 의식을 점차 사이버 환경에서 이루어지게 한 것을 의미하여 이는 현실 상 먼 거리에 위치한 서로 다른 User들을 사이버라는 새로운 환경에서 동호회를 통해 서로의 공통된 주제에 대해 의견을 나눌 수 있음을 의미하는 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 동호회의 성격을 띈 사이버 동호회를 만들기 위한 설계 및 운영방안 그리고 나아가서는 구현에 필요한 웹 프로그래밍에 대해 논의하고자 한다.

성장기 아동의 single tooth scissors bite의 교정 치료: 증례 보고

김지인,현홍근,김영재,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,한세현,김종철 大韓小兒齒科學會 2011 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

A scissors bite in the posterior teeth occurs when the upper teeth are positioned totally buccal to the lower teeth in centric occlusion, either unilaterally or bilaterally. This malocclusion can result from either excessive width of the maxilla or deficient width of the mandible, or sometimes combination of the both. Scissors bite, when left untreated without a proper dental intervention, interferes with the normal mandibular growth leading to a state where consequent disharmony in dental arch width evokes occlusal disturbances. Therefore, early preventive orthodontic treatment is necessary in patients with scissors bite. Scissors bite rarely involves anterior and posterior sites concuttently across the dental arch but usually affect single tooth. Even in the single tooth scissors bite cases, more likely to be met in the clinical fields, immediate dental intervention is indicated because continuous occlusal forces that exacerbate the already adverse axis of the posterior teeth. In this case study, patients with single tooth scissors bite, each 7, 14, 12, and 16 years old, were each treated with criss-cross elastic, fixed appliance, removable appliance, and miniscrews. With the proper selection of appliances appropriate to each specific cases, good treatment outcome can be achieved without resulting any side effects. 중심교합위의 상태에서 편측 혹은 양측으로 상악 구치부의 치아가 하악 구치부의 협측으로 위치한 경우를 scissors bite라 고 한다. 이는 상악의 폭경이 크거나 하악의 폭경이 좁은 경우 발생한다. Scissors bite의 경우 방치하게 되면 하악의 성장이 방해받게 되고 그 결과, 악궁 폭경의 부조화가 심해져 저작 장애를 일으킬 수 있으므로 조기 차단 교정이 반드시 필요하다. 실제 임상에서는 여러 치아의 scissors bite보다 최후방 구치 혹은 그 외 하나의 구치만의 single tooth scissors bite(STSB)을 보이는 경우가 많다. 이러한 STSB의 경우도 방치하게 되면 저작력으로 인하여 구치의 각도가 더욱 악화되므로 즉각적인 치료가 필요하다. 본 증례에서는 STSB를 보이는 7세, 14세, 12세, 16세의 환자에게 각각 criss-cross elastic, 고정성 장치, 가철성 장치, miniscrew를 사용하여 치료한 증례를 보고하였다. 각 환자의 증례에 적합한 장치를 잘 선택하여 사용한다면 치아를 정출시키는 등의 부작용을 야기하지 않고 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다

특수교육 행·재정 지원 실태 분석

정희섭,한현민,김향지 국립특수교육원 2004 연구보고서 Vol.- No.6

본 연구는 1994년 특수교육진흥법의 전문 개정 및 그에 따른 통합교육의 확산 등과 같은 급격한 사회 환경의 변화에 부응하여, 특수교육의 교육여건을 획기적으로 개선하고 그 교육의 질을 제고할 수 있도록 '지원'함을 목적으로 하는 특수교육 행정서비스가 어떠한 방향으로 개선되어야 할 것인지, 그 대안을 모색하기 위한 연구다. 특수교육 행정은 특수교육에 대한 '지원체제'(support system)이자 그 질의 관리'를 위한' '지원서비스'(support service)라는 가정 하에, 현재의 특수교육 행정서비스가 어떤 점에서 개선이 요구되는지, 그에 대한 사항들을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 향후 특수교육 행ㆍ재정 및 특수교육정책이 나아가야 갈 방향을 제안ㆍ제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정책, 법률, 조직, 교육과정, 학사ㆍ학생, 장학, 인사, 재무, 시설, 사무, 평가 등을 비롯한 교육행정의 광범위한 분야 중에서 법률관리, 조직관리, 인사관리, 재무관리 등으로 범위를 제한하여 그 현황과 함께 행정행위의 실태를 조사하기로 방향을 정하였다. 이를 위해, 특수교육 관련 주요 법률과 그 규정에 대한 분석과 해석, 관계 문헌에 대한 이론적 고찰, 교원과 교육전문직을 참여자로 하고 웹(web)을 통하여 실시한 실태조사, 주요 기관ㆍ학교의 홈페이지 검색과 내용분석 등의 방법을 사용하였다. 특수교육 관련법률의 현황은 특수교육진흥법을 중심으로 하여 관련법률의 주요 규정들을 조사하였으며 법률 규정에 따른 특수교육의 전개 과정을 제시하였다. 이에 따라 교육행정기관 내의 특수교육 행정조직, 인사행정, 행정행위 등의 현황과 문제점을 분석하였으며, 특수교육 재정의 현황과 문제점은 그 확보ㆍ분배ㆍ운용 등을 중심으로 분석하였다. 이상과 같은 내용에 대한 문헌연구와 조사연구를 통하여 얻은 결과를 종합하며 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 특수교육 법규 및 행정의 경우, 첫째, 현행 특수교육진흥법은 시대의 흐름에 맞게 개정되어야 한다. 이는 그 구성체제, 조문의 내용 및 배열 등 대폭적인 개정이 필요하기에 부분 개정보다 '전문 개정'의 방향이 되어야 한다. 최근의 추세ㆍ동향의 반영보다 '현실적 적합성'이 최우선적으로 고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 특수교육은 중앙집권제에 따라 교육인적자원부(특수교육보건과)가 주도적인 역할을 하여야 한다. 이를 위해, 교육인적자원부의 직제 개편을 통하여, 현재 교육인적자원부 내 "특수교육보건과"의 위상이 제고되어야 한다. '특수교육정책과'로의 분리 또는 "특수교육정책심의관" 등으로의 승격 등과 함께 특수교육을 '전담'(專擔)하는 '전문'(exclusive & professional responsibility) 인력이 대폭 충원되어야 한다. 셋째, 국립특수교육원(KISE: Korean Institute 'for' Special Education)은 특수교육'연구'기관, 특수교육'행정'기관, 교원'연수'기관 등의 기능을 함께 수행하고 있기에, 그 성격이 명확하지 못하다. 그 정체성(identity) 재정립이 필요하다. '국립특수교육연구원(NIKOSE: National Institute 'of' Korean Special Education)으로의 개칭과 위상의 강화 또는 한국교육개발원(KEDI: Korean Educational Development Institute)이나 한국교육과정평가원(KICE: Korean Institute 'of' Curriculum and Evaluation)과 같이 국무총리실 산하 '인문사회연구원 소속기관'으로의 격상 등이 그 대안이 될 수 있다. 넷째, 시ㆍ도교육청과 지역교육청의 특수교육담당 장학관ㆍ장학사는 특수교육전담 장학관ㆍ장학사이어야 한다. 또한, 시ㆍ도교육청은 특수교육을 전담하는 기구를 신설하여야 한다. 지역 교육청은 특수교육지원센터의 설치와 그 운영에 필요한 전문ㆍ전담인력(예, 특수교육교사, 치료 교육교사, 전문상담교사, 물리치료사, 작업치료사, 언어치료사, 사회복지사 등)의 정원과 예산을 확보할 수 있는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 이를 위해 국가와 지방자치단체는 적극 지원하여야 한다. 다섯째, 특수학교나 일반학교를 막론하고, 단위학교의 역량을 크게 강화하여야 한다. 특수학교의 교장ㆍ교감은 대학 또는 대학원에서 특수교육을 전공한 교장ㆍ교감을 임명하여야 한다. 특수학급이 설치되어 있는 유ㆍ초ㆍ중ㆍ고등학교는 가급적 일반교육 교장ㆍ교감자격과 특수교육 교장ㆍ교감자격을 함께 가지고 있는 교장ㆍ교감자격자를 임명하는 것이 바람직하다. 여섯째, 교육인적자원부장관, 시ㆍ도교육감, 교육장, 학교장 소속의 각종 위원회(즉, '특수교육 운영위원회'와 '특수교육 협의체,' '학교운영위원회'와 '개별화교육운영위원회')의 활성화에 필요한 현실성 있는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 앞에서 언급한 바와 같이, '특수교육지원센터'의 설치 확대와 전문인력의 배치 등이 그 대안이 될 수 있다. 일곱째, '장애인이해교육'을 일반학생만을 대상으로 할 것이 아니라, 일반학생과 그 부모, 교 장ㆍ교감ㆍ교사 등 일반ㆍ특수교육 교원, 장학사·장학관 등 (특수)교육전문직, 지역사회 주민 등, 특수교육 및 (일반)교육의 교육 당사자 모두에게 실시하여야 한다. 일과성(一過性) 행사가 아닌, 지속성 있는 교육이 필요하다. 장애학생을 자녀로 둔 부모에 대한 교육과 훈련(parent education & training) 및 일반교육과 특수교육 가릴 것 없이 모든 교원과 교육전문직을 대상으로 그 교육적 역량을 강화(empowerment)시킬 수 있는 직원개발(staff development)이 이루어져야 한다. 특수교육 재정의 경우, 첫째, 특수교육재정의 확보를 위한 다각도의 지원이 있어야 한다. 특수 교육재정확보를 위해서는 교육재정 전반의 확충이 있어야 하는 것은 물론, 아울러 교육부 예산에서 책정되는 특수교육비의 안정적인 화보를 위해 당해 년도의 의무교육비의 일정 비율을 특수교육비로 하는 재원 확보 방안이 적극적으로 고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 특수교육재정의 분배 방식에 있어서 개혁이 필요하다. 특수교육재정의 분배 방식이 교육기회의 기본적 보장이라는 학급당 균등 배분 방식에서 벗어나 아동의 요구수준, 장애영역과 장애 정도에 따라 장애아동의 잠재력을 최대로 개발 할 수 있는 차원에서 분배 방식이 모색되어야 한다. 셋째, 우리나라 일선 교육기관에서의 특수교육재정 운용은 대체로 만족한 수준을 보이나 전반적 개선 사항이 요구되고 있다. 특수교육이 이루어지는 최일선 교육기관인 학교와 학급에서의 재정 운용 불만족이 다양하게 표출되고 있으며, 특히 국ㆍ공립학교보다는 사립학교에서 재정 운용에 대한 불만이 더 큰 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 효율성ㆍ책무성 제고가 있어야 한다. 요컨대, 이상과 같이 특수교육의 질적 개선과 그 관리를 위해서는, 교육인적자원부, 시ㆍ도교육청, 지역교육청, 단위학교, 교원과 교육전문직, 학생과 학부모 등 교육 공동체 당사자 모두가 상호 협력하고 지원하는 체제의 마련이 시급하다. 이와 같이 특수교육 분야는 향후 해결하여야 하는 많은 과제를 안고 있다. 이러한 사항들을 특수교육행정과 후속연구를 위한 제언으로 제시 하였다. The present study is an attempt to find solutions to a variety of problems recently occurring in administrational services for special education due to Special Education Promotion Law revised in 1994, the lasting expansion of integrated education, and the rapid changes in social environments. Specifically, assuming that special educational administration should be the support system and service, the purposes of the study are to investigate the present conditions of the existing special educational administration, to analyze its problems, and finally to suggest and/or present the directions toward improvement of special education policies, including administrational and financial policies in the future. The study limited its scope only to include the management of laws and regulations, organizations, personnel, and finance, though educational administration includes policies, laws, organization, curriculum, students and school affairs, supervision, personnels, finance, facilities and equipments, office affairs, and evaluation. Then, the study examined the contents of the above areas and investigated the actual situations of the administrational activities. The methodologies used in the study included the analytic and interpretative approach to special education laws and its articles, the theoretical discussion on related literature, the Web-based survey to teachers and educational staffs, the search and analysis of homepages of major related institutes and schools, and so on. The investigations of the status of special education-related laws was primarily done through regulations analysis of the Special Education Promotion law of 1997 (including Presidential Decrees and Enforcement Decrees of the Minister) and resulted in Korean special educational procedures regulated by the laws. Then, the present status-quo of administrational organizations, personnel administration, and administrational activities for the more efficient special education within the educational administrational institutes and the educational institutes and their problems were analyzed based on the legal regulations related to special education. In the study, the educational administrational institutes include the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development (MOE), Metropolitan ("Si") Office of Education (SOE), Provincial("Do") Office of Education (POE), and District Office of Education (DOE). And the educational institutes refers to special schools and special dasses. The analysis on the present condition and its problems of special educational finance focused on the guaranteeing, distributing and practically using of its finances. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained through literature review and survey on the above contents are as follows. First, the Special Education Promotion Law (SELF) of 1997 must be revised with the change of the times. Because the drastic changes such as the organizing system, the contents of many articles and their arrangement, and so on are required, the direction for revision must be all-out revising of full articles, not revising some articles. Above of all, the revision of articles in the law must give priorities to the relevance with actual educational conditions in Korea as well as recent trends in special education field. Second, the Special Education and School Health Division of the MOE must strongly promote special education policies and related administration affairs. To accomplish these tasks, the status of th Division in the MOE must be lifted. The alternatives indude the new establishment of the Special Education Policy Division through the separation of the Division's affairs and the its upgrade into "Special Education Policy Officer." Also, the more "Educational Specialists" and "Educational Researchers" should be recruited and be imposed the professional and exclusive responsibility to planning special educational policies. Third, the identity of the Korea Institute for Special Education (KISE) must be reestablished through changing of its present name into, for example, the National Institute of Korean Special Education (NIKOSE). In another hands, the Korea Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences (KRCHS) under the Office of the Prime Minister needs to incorporate KISE, together with the existing affiliated organizations, that is Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI) and Korean Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE). Fourth, superviser-in general and superviser who has majored in special education should be in charge of special education in SOE, POE, and DOS. Also, SOE and POE must have a new organization that takes charge of special education exclusively and professionally. DOE should found and administer actively "Special Education Support Center" in addition to place in the center various and professional service providers (for example, the therapeutic and the special education teacher, the teacher majors in counseling, the physical and the occupational therapist, the speech-language therapist, the social worker, and so on) necessary to administer the center substantially and efficiently. The central, metropolitan and provincial, and local government should provide financial assistances necessary to administer the center and provide various services. Fifth, in the school level, all schools across the country need to make efforts for developing their capacity to effectively teach all students including children with disabilities and special educational needs. Thus, it is most desirable that individual who has graduated the department of special education in the universities and/or majored in special education in graduate school (of education) as well as has met the criteria of certification for principal is nominated as the principal of the school with special class as possible and of the special school, in particular. Sixth, the plan with practical effect on activating all kinds of committees under the Deputy Prime Minister of MOE, the superintendent, and the school principal, say, the Committee on Special Education, the School Steering Committee, and the Committee on Individualized Education should presented. As mentioned above, to activate "Special Education Support Center" can be an alternative. Seventh, the education for general students to understand disabilities and peers with disabilities needs to expand the scope of the target population to their parents, the principals and teachers of schools, especially of general schools and the supervisers of the DOE, further to all members of the community. This education should be administered continuously, not temporary events. For the parents and families with children with disabilities, parent education and training need to be implemented, too. In addition, the various and practical sorts of staff development program needs to be developed and to be administered to empowerment all teachers and educational staffs. Eighth, many-sided supports must be given to secure finance of special education. There is no doubt that the overall expansion of educational finance will need in order to secure finance of special education. In addition the resources security plan which is given special education expenses an invariable ratio in compulsory education of the year must actively be considered to stably secure special education expenses appropriated in budget of the Ministry of Education. Ninth, the reformation needs in the sharing form of special education finance. The sharing form of special education finance must get out of the equal sharing form per class that is the basic security of education opportunity and must be searched for developing the latent ability of the disabled students at their maximum according to the extent of impediment and the level of the need of the students. Finally, the financial operation of special education is generally satisfactory level in the first-line educational institutions of the nation but, the general matters for improvement is required. Dissatisfaction of financial operation is expressed diversely in schools and classes which are the first-line educational institutions for special education. Especially the private schools are more dissatisfied with financial operation than the national schools and the public schools. Based on this, the efficiency and responsibility must be promoted. In sum, to improve and to efficiently manage the quality of special education in Korea, it is most important that the educational community itself, including the MOE, SOE and POE, DOE, school, teachers and educational staffs, students and their parents, should be systemized to cooperate and support each other. As such, the present special education confronts a number of problems and tasks that should be solved in the future. The implications for improving special educational administration & finance practices and for further studies were presented, too.