Estimating Leaf Area Index of Paddy Rice from RapidEye Imagery to Assess Evapotranspiration in Korean Paddy Fields

Sang?Il Na,Suk Young Hong,Yi?Hyun Kim,Kyoung?Do Lee,So?Young Jang 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Leaf area index (LAI) is important in explaining the ability of crops to intercept solar energy for biomass production, amount of plant transpiration, and in understanding the impact of crop management practices on crop growth. This paper describes a procedure for estimating LAI as a function of image?derived vegetation indices from temporal series of RapidEye imagery obtained from 2010 to 2012 using empirical models in a rice plain in Seosan, Chungcheongnam?do. Rice plants were sampled every two weeks to investigate LAI, fresh and dry biomass from late May to early October. RapidEye images were taken from June to September every year and corrected geometrically and atmospherically to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Linear, exponential, and expolinear models were developed to relate temporal satellite NDVIs to measured LAI. The expolinear model provided more accurate results to predict LAI than linear or exponential models based on root mean square error. The LAI distribution was in strong agreement with the field measurements in terms of geographical variation and relative numerical values when RapidEye imagery was applied to expolinear model. The spatial trend of LAI corresponded with the variation in the vegetation growth condition.

Efficacy of Long-Term Tenofovir-Based Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Previous Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Treatment Experience

( Na Eun Lee ),( Hong Seon Son ),( Sung Hoon Choi ),( Chang Hun Lee ),( Seung Young Seo ),( Seong Hun Kim ),( Sang Wook Kim ),( Seung Ok Lee ),( Soo Teik Lee ),( Dae Ghon Kim ),( In Hee Kim ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is considered as the preferred treatment option for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with treatment failure or resistance to prior nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) treatment. We investigated the efficacy of long-term TDF-based therapy in CHB patients with previous NAs-experience. Methods: This study included total 251 patients who had previous history of NAs therapy and were treated with TDF mono (n=173) or TDF combined with other NA (n=78) from August 2012 to March 2017. Virologic response (VR) was defined as undetectable serum HBV DNA by PCR (<20 IU/mL). Results: Mean age of patients was 49.3 years, median duration of TDF therapy was 27.2 months, 75.7% were HBeAg-positive, and median HBV DNA was 3.7 log10IU/mL. The cumulative rates of VR were 188/244 (77.0%), 180/211 (85.3%), and 146/161 (90.7%) at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that body mass index (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.95, p=0.0189) and duration of TDF therapy (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.18, p=0.0221) was significantly associated with VR. TDF monotherapy, HBeAg-positivity, platelet count, serum albumin was associated with VR in the univariate analysis, but not significant in the multivariate analysis. In relation to renal safety, patients showed renal impairment (7, 3.0%), mild hypophosphatemia (15, 7.2%), severe hypophosphatemia (1, 0.4%). Conclusions: Long-term TDF-based therapy demonstrated highly effective in viral suppression and relatively favorable renal safety in CHB patients with previous NA-experience. The body mass index and duration of TDF therapy was independent factors associated with VR.

녹동균 세포외막 단백질 백신 CFC-1-101의 안정성 및 면역원성 검토 : 임상 제 Ⅰ/Ⅱa상 시험

장인진,김익상,유경상,임동석,김형기,신상구,장우현,박완제,이나경,정상보,안동호,조양제,안보영,이윤하,김영지,남성우,김현수 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.3

목적 : 제일제당에서는 녹농균의 세포외막 단밸질을 유효성분으로 하는 백신인 CFC-101을 개발하였으며, 동물시험에서 이 백신의 안전성과 유효성을 입증하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 녹농균 백신의 인체에 대한 안전성과 면역원성을 평가하는 동시에 인체 접종시의 최적 투여 용량을 결정하기 위하여 제 I/Ⅱa상 임상시험을 수행하였다. 방법 : 건강한 성인 남자를 피험자로 선별하여 각 용량군에 백신투여자 6명, 위약투여자 2명을 배정하였다. 백신 투여군은 0.25mg, 0.5mg 또는 1.0mg 용량의 녹농균 백신을 7일 간격으로 3회에 걸쳐 근육주사 하였으며, 위약 투여군에게는 세포외막 단백질을 제외한 동일한 성분을 투여하였다. 백신접종 후 국소적 또는 전신적인 반응의 발생여부를 관찰하고, 혈액시료를 체취하여 백신의 역가와 유효성을 검정하였다. 결과 : 녹농균 백신 CFC-101은 모든 접종자에서 양호한 내약성을 보였다. 또한 0.5mg 과 1.0mg 백신 투여군에서는 100%의 항체양전율을 나타내었다. 생성된 항체는 녹농균 세포외막단백질에 특이성을 보였고, 녹농균 감염에 대해 방어효능이 있었다. 결론 : 이와같은 결과로부터 이 녹농균 백신은 인체에 안전하게 투여할 수 있으며, 높은 항체 생성능으로 감염방어 효능을 보이고 0.5mg과 1.0mg이 최적용량인 것으로 판단되었다. Background : We developed a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein(OMP) vaccine CFC-101, and the prophylactic efficacy of which has been demonstrated in animal models. In order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the P. aeruginosa vaccine, we carried out a phase I/Ⅱa clinical trial in healthy male volunteers. Methods : Groups of eight volunteers, including two placebo subjects, were vaccinated intramuscularly with three doses of 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg of the vaccine at one week intervals. Sings of systemic and local reactions observed after vaccination were recorded for each vaccinee for 5 days. Physical examinations were performed on days 0, 1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, and 42, and clinical laboratory tests were done on days 0, 3, and 21. Blood samples for assay of serum antibody levels were obtained up to 42 days after the first vaccination. Results : The vaccine was generally well tolerated by all vaccinees, showing no significant side effects. In the three dosage groups, all vaccinees, except one receiving the 0.25 mg dose, showed significant elevation in serum IgG antibody titers against the vaccine proteins, indicating 100% seroconversion in 0.5 and 1.0 mg groups. The human antibodies induced by the vaccine were specific for P. aeruginosa OMPs, as confirmed by western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation assays. The capacity of the human antisera to enhance opsonophagocytic killing activity by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to confer protection against P. aeruginosa infections indicates that the antibodies elicited by the vaccine have protective efficacy. Conclusion : We conclude that the P. aeruginosa OMP vaccine is safe and effective for human use and its optimal dose to be 0.5 or 1.0 mg.

Comparison of Virologic Response and Renal Safety of Long-Term Antiviral Therapy with Tenofovir and Entecavir in Naive Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B

( Hong Seon Son ),( Sung Hoon Choi ),( Na Eun Lee ),( Chang Hun Lee ),( Seung Young Seo ),( Seong Hun Kim ),( Sang Wook Kim ),( Seung Ok Lee ),( Soo Teik Lee ),( Dae Ghon Kim ),( In Hee Kim ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Tenofovir (TDF) entecavir (ETV) are considered as the preferred treatment options for treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. We compared the virologic response and renal safety of long-term TDF versus ETV therapy in naïve CHB patients. Methods: This retrospective study included total 432 patients who were treated with TDF (n=205) or ETV (n=227) from August 2012 to March 2017. Virologic response (VR) was defined as undetectable serum HBV DNA by PCR (<20 IU/mL). Results: Mean age of patients, sex, baseline serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, and HBV DNA were not significantly different between TDF and ETV groups. The cumulative rates of VR between TDF and ETV groups were 71.6% vs. 61.8% (p=0.477), 88.1% vs. 79.6% (p=0.058), and 84.8% vs. 83.7% (p=0.966) at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The cumulative rates of genotypic resistance between TDF and ETV groups were 0% vs. 0%, 0% vs. 1.5% (p=0.404), and 0% vs. 2.2% (p=0.447) at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Incidences of renal impairment and hypophosphatemia during treatment up to 3 years were not significantly different between two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that HBeAg-positivity (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12-0.58, p=0.0012) and serum HBV DNA at 1 year 2000 IU/mL (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.25, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with VR. Conclusions: Long-term TDF and ETV treatments appear to have similar virologic response and renal safety in naïve CHB patient. However, long-term ETV therapy might to be associated with genotypic resistance in 2.2% up to 3 years, while none of patients on TDF therapy did.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Furosemide에 의한 소디움 운반체 발현의 변화

오윤규 ( Yoon Kyu Oh ),나기영 ( Ki Young Na ),이재욱 ( Jay Wook Lee ),장혜련 ( Hye Ryun Chang ),박영선 ( Young Sun Park ),박정환 ( Jung Hwan Park ),주권욱 ( Kwon Wook Joo ),김근호 ( Gheun Ho Kim ),이정상 ( Jung Sang Lee ),한진석 ( 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.2

배경 : 임상에서 흔히 사용하는 이뇨제 furosemide는 비후상행각에서 Na+-K+-2CI- cotranspoter (NKCC2)를 억제하여 NaCl 재흡수를 차단하여 이뇨작용을 나타낸다. Furosemide를 장기간 투여하면 내성과 대사성 알카리증의 부작용이 발생할 수 있는데, 이는 집합관에 도달하는 소디움 증가와 관련 있을 가능성이 있다. 방법 : 저자들은 furosemide의 내성이나 부작용이 집합관 상피 소디움 통로 (ENaC) 단백발현의 변화와 관련이 있는지를 확인하고자, Sprague-Dawley rat에서 farosemide (12 mg/day)을 7일간 지속적 피하 주입한 후 반정량적 immunoblotting과 면역조직화학법을 이용하여 NKCC2, Na +-CL- cotransporter (NCC), ENaC 단백의 발현을 관찰하였다. 실험기간 동안 수분과 전해질 용액 (0.8% NaCl & 0.1% KCl)을 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하여 체액 감소를 방지하였다. 결과 : 부형약 (vehicle)을 투여한 대조군에 비하여, furosemide를 투여한 군에서 각각 요량과 요 소디움 배설이 증가하였으나, 체중, 혈청 알도스테론치 및 크레아티닌 청소율은 차이가 없었다. Furosemid 투여 후 NKCC2 단백은 피질 (151±10 vs. 100±10%, p<0.05)과 외수질 (122±5 vs. 100±3%, p<0.01)에서 증가해 있었다. ENaC 단백은 세 가지 subunit 모두 furosemide 투여 후 대조군에 비하여 피질 (α:187±25 vs. 100±22%, p<0.05; β:155±8 vs. 100±15%, p<0.05; γ:168±16 vs. 100±9%, p<0.05)과 외수질 (α:171±27 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β :986±91 vs. 100±33%, p<0.01; γ :242±24 vs. 100±22%, p<0.01)에서 증 가하였다. 면역조직화학법에서도 furosemide를 투여한 군의 집합관 주세포에서 ENaC β-subunit가 더 강하게 염색되었다. 결론 : 이상에서 장기간 furosemide 투여시 집합관 ENaC 발현이 증가하며, 이러한 원위부네프론의 적응 반응이 이뇨제 내성을 유발하는데 기여할 것으로 생각한다. Background : Furosemide inhibit NaCl absorption in the thick ascending limb and produce an increase in distal delivery of Na+. We carried out semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry of rat kidneys to investigate whether chronic furosemide infusion is associated with compensatory increases in the abundance of Na+ transporters in distal nephron. Methods : Osmotic minipumps were implanted into Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver 12 mg/day of furosemide(n=6) with simultaneous administration of 0.8% NaCl and 0.1% KCl in drinking water for 7days. Results : Compared with vehicle infused controls, urine volume and urine sodium amount were increased. However, there were no differences in body weight, serum aldosterone, and creatinine clearance. The abundance of Na+-K+-2CI - cotransporter after furosemide infusion was increased in cortex (151±10 vs. 100±10%, p<0.05) and outer medulla (122±5 vs. 100±3%, p<0.01). In furosemide infusion group, the abundance of all three subunits of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) was increased both in cortex (α:187±25 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β:155±8 vs. 100±15%, p<0.05; γ :168±16 vs. 100±9%, p<0.05) and outer medulla (α:171±27 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β :986±91 vs. 100±33%, p<0.01; γ :242±24 vs. 100±22%, p<0.01). Consistent with these results, ENaC β-subunit immunohistochemistry showed a remarkable increase in immunoreactivity in the principal cells of collecting ducts with furosemide treatment. Conclusion : These increases in the abundance of ENaC protein may account for the generation of diuretic tolerance.

논에서 우분액비 시용이 총체보리 및 이탈리안 라이그라스의 생산성과 사료가치 및 환경오염에 미치는 영향

최기춘,나상필,정민웅,임영철,박형수,김종근,김원호,김맹중,최기준,김명화,이상락,김다혜,육완방,Choi, Ki-Choon,Na, Sang-Pil,Jung, Min-Woong,Lim, Young-Chul,Park, Hyung-Su,Kim, Jong-Geun,Kim, Won-Ho,Kim, Maeng-Jung,Choi, Gi-Jun,Kim, Myeong-Hwa,L 한국축산환경학회 2012 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구는 논에서 조사료 생산을 위한 작부형태별 우분액비의 시용효과를 규명하기 위하여 총체 벼 재배 후 우분액비 시용에 따른 총체보리 및 IRG의 생산성, 사료가치, 토양성분 및 용탈수중의 무기물 농도를 조사하였다. 본 연구는 2006년 5월부터 2009년 4월까지 3년 동안 전라북도 김제군 백산면 시험포장에서 완전임의배치 3반복으로 수행되었다. 총체보리의 2년간 평균수량은 7,520 kg/ha, 그리고 IRG는 평균 10,320 kg/ha으로 IRG가 총체보리 보다 현저하게 높은 수량을 보였다 (p<0.05). 이탈리안 라이그라스는 1번초가 2번초 보다 약 2배 이상의 수량을 보였다. IRG의 조단백질 함량은 총체보리보다 높았고 NDF, ADF 및 TDN 함량은 작물간에 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 경작형태별 우분액비 시용에 따른 토양내 pH, $P_2O_5$, T-N, OM 농도는 시험전에 비해 시험종료 후에 현저하게 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다 (p<0.05). 경작형태별 우분액비 시용에 따른 토양내 Ca, Na, Mg 및 K 농도는 시험전에 비해 시험종료 후에 현저하게 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다 (P<0.05). 경작형태별 우분액비 시용에 따른 용탈수중 $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, $PO_4$-P, Cl, Ca, K, Mg, Na의 농도는 경작형태에 따른 확실한 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 따라서 논에서 우분액비를 이용하여 동계작물을 재배할 경우에는 수량도 중요하지만 환경적인 부분도 고려하여 우분액비를 이용해야 한다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cattle slurry on productivity of whole crop barley and Italian ryegrass and environmental pollution in paddy land. Cropping systems used in this study were consisted of two designs, such as whole crop barley applied with cattle slurry (WCB) and Italian ryegrass applied with cattle slurry (IRG). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The yields of WCB and IRG were 7,520 kg/ha and 10,320 kg/ha, respectively. The yields of IRG significantly increased as compared with that of WCB (p<0.05). The yield of Italian ryegrass in 1st cutting time was about 2-fold higher than that of 2nd cutting time. The contents of crude protein of IRG were higher than that of WCB. However, the contents of NDF, ADF and TDN were no difference between WCB and IRG treatments. The pH, and contents of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and organic matter (OM) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment increased as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). After the end of experiment, the concentrations of CEC (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). The concentrations of $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, $PO_4$-P, Cl, Ca, K, Mg and Na in leaching water in paddy land cultivated with WCB and IRG were no difference between WCB and IRG treatments.

도농간 교육격차 해소를 위한 농촌지역 유형별 교육혁신 추진과제 탐색

나승일,정철영,구자억,박행모,장호순,김진구,마상진,조단비,문세연 한국농업교육학회 2007 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.39 No.1

이 연구는 교육혁신에 대한 이론적 고찰을 토대로 농촌지역 교육혁신 성공요소를 도출하고, 농촌의 지역특성을 고려하여 도농간 교육격차 해소를 위한 농촌지역 유형별 추진과제를 제시하는 데 목적이 있었다. 연구목적 달성을 위해 문헌고찰 및 사례연구를 실시하였고, 연구결과의 타당성 확보를 위해 전문가협의회를 실시하였다. 농촌지역 교육혁신 성공요소는 마을공부방 운영 등 26개가 최종적으로 도출되었다. 또한 농촌지역 교육혁신모형을 개발하여 목표와 전략을 수립하고, 이를 기초로 농촌지역 유형별 추진과제를 제시하였다. 농촌지역 교육혁신의 비전은 "도농간 교육격차 해소를 위한 교육혁신 실현으로 살고 싶은 농촌지역 구현" 으로 설정하고, 이를 달성하기 위한 목표는 도시수준의 교육기회 제공, 농촌형 수월성 교육 추구, 지역 인적자원개발로 설정하였다. 농촌지역 유형별 중점적으로 추진해야 할 과제는 발전 농촌지역은 마을 공부방 운영 및 학습도우미 지원, 중간수준 농촌지역은 교육환경 개선, 장학금 지원 및 다양한 교육기회 제공, 저개발 농촌지역은 기존 지원 유지, 적극적 학습 지원 및 교원의 근무여건 개선, 도농복합 농촌지역에서는 교통편의 제공, 학습기회 개선 및 학부모의 교육참여 유도 등이 선정되었다. 그리고 농촌지역 유형별 중점 추진과제에 대한 단계별 로드맵과 이를 적용하기 위한 정책적 제언을 제시하였다. The purpose of this research was to derive success factors and explore actions plan for the education innovation of rural areas for releasing education gaps between urban and rural areas. For the purpose, the researcher carried out literature reviews and case analysis were conducted, and experts council were executed. As a result, 26 success factors for the education innovation of rural area were derived. And, this study suggested the education innovation model of rural area including goals and strategies to identify action plan for the education innovation by types of rural areas. The vision of the education innovation model was making the place pleasant to live in by doing education innovation for releasing education gaps between urban and rural areas. The goals of the education innovation model were to provide urban-level educational opportunities, to pursue rural-customized education for excellency and to develope local human resources. This study identified several core tasks corresponding to each rural area: additional establishment and operation of village study-rooms and support for learning assistant system for highly-developed rural areas; improvement of educational condition and provision of scholarship and various educational opportunities for middle-developed rural areas; maintenance of existing support, active learning-support and improvement of teachers' working conditions for lowly-developed rural areas; provision of traffic convenience, improvement of learning opportunities and promotion of parents' educational participation for urban-rural complex areas. Moreover, this study suggested roadmap according to action plan divided by types of rural areas, and political proposal for effective actualization of that.

색상 측정 기기를 이용한 복합레진 적층 수복과 단일 수복의 색상 비교 분석

송영상,김자현,이빈나,장지현,장훈상,황윤찬,오원만,황인남 大韓齒科保存學會 2012 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.37 No.2

Objectives: This study analyzed the difference in color caused by different thickness in enamel layer of composite resins when applied with single and layering placement technique, and evaluated if the results agreed with the shade guide from the manufacturers to verify reliability of the color matching process of the manufacturers. Materials and Methods: For single composite resin samples, 6 mm diameter and 4 mm thickness cylindrical samples were fabricated using Ceram-X mono (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and CIE L*a*b* values were measured with spectrophotometer. Same process was done for layering compositie resin samples, making 3 dentinal shade samples, 4 mm thickness, for each shade using Ceram-X duo (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and enamel shade resins were layered in 2 mm thickness and CIE L*a*b* values were measured. These samples were ground to 0.2 mm thickness each time, and CIE L*a*b* values were measured to 1 mm thickness of enamel shade resin. Results: Color difference (△E*) between single and layering composite resin was 1.37 minimum and 10.53 maximum when layering thicknesses were between 1 mm and 2 mm and 6 out of 10 same shade groups suggested by manufacturer showed remarkable color difference at anythickness (△E* > 3.3). Conclusion: When using Ceram-X mono and duo for composite resin restoration, following the manufacturer's instructions for chossing the shade is not appropriate, and more accurate information for Ceram-X duo is needed on the variation and expression of the shades depending on the thickness of the enamel. (Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(2):84-89)

뉴로 퍼지를 이용한 무인 운송 장치의 제어

나영남,배상현 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 自然科學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

The action base system; making AGV controller advance and learn to deal with Continuosly changed circumstance by itself on operating AGV is studied very actively. For the purpose of AGV's active and effective avoidance of obstacle and path planning, fuzzy neural network controller was used and in this study its efficiency is discussed.