Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu

Sung-Hoon Hong 한국음운론학회 2002 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.8 No.2

Hong, Sung-Hoon. 2002. Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8.2. 323-350. This paper addresses some important issues raised by A TR harmony in Classical Manchu, formerly treated as front/back harmony. Here, the front high vowel [i] is totally inactive with respect to the harmony: it is transparent to the harmony, and further, it does not initiate the harmony. I will show that these properties of [i] will be properly explained if we allow underspecified [i] as an option for inputs and output candidate forms. Allowing underspecified [i] in fact accords more with basic notions of Optimality Theory (OT) such as Freedom of Analysis and Richness of the Base than the analyses that do not tolerate this possibility. I will further show that once we allow underspecified [i], its selection in output candidate forms or in input forms is totally governed by OT principles such as constraint interaction and Lexicon Optimization, respectively. (Hansung University)

Underlying representation in geminates: from OT perspective

Sung-Hoon Hong,Chang-Kook Suh 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1

Hong, Sung-Hoon, and Chang-Kook Suh. 2004. Underlying represen-tation in Geminates: from an OT perspective. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 10.1. 129.144. This research has examined the status of Underlying Representation (UR) in Optimality Theory focusing on the representation of consonant geminates. For this purpose, we have examined geminate/singleton alternation in Ponapean employing Lexicon Optimization (LO), an algorithm proposed to select a UR among multiple inputs. We have seen that simple application of LO is problematic in singling out a UR for the case of alternation. This leads us to the version of LO that is performed on the paradigms, rather than on an individual forms (Tesar and Smolensky 1996, 2000, Inkelas 1995, 1998). After a thorough implementation of LO, we have found that the URs are simply identical to the input forms; geminate UR for the alternating case and singleton UR for the nonalternating case. Further, it was shown that a unique underlying representation of geminates, regardless of their positions in which they occur, can account for the exceptional geminate behaviors. (Hansung University and Cheonan University)

정보이론 기반 한국어 준말의 분석

홍성훈 ( Sung Hoon Hong ),박선우 ( Sunwoo Park ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

In casual speech of Korean, words are often reduced to shorter forms by reducing one or more syllables from the original words. This word reduction comes in three types: simple deletion of one or more syllables from the source word, reduction motivated by hiatus avoidance, and reduction created by deletion of subsyllabic segment(s) with subsequent resyllabification. The third type, which we call "subsyllabic reduction (SSR)," is particularly interesting because it is not clear what motivates this specific deletion of segment strings and the subsequent phonological restructuring. This paper examines the issues surrounding SSR from the perspective of information theory (Shannon 1948) and proposes that SSR occurs to improve string well-formedness and collocational strength between segments, which are measured respectively by information-theoretic notions of ``positive logarithm`` (plog; Goldsmith 2002, 2011) and ``mutual information``. To elaborate this proposal, we compiled a list of reduced words created by SSR and examined how plog and mutual information vary with SSR. We obtained a partially positive result: Among the five types of SSR, the values of plog and mutual information change as we expected in three types, which account for 270 out of 309 cases of SSR. We suggested a tentative explanation for the remaining cases based on reverse derivation and word-edge effect. (Aitchison 2011). (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Keimyung University)

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

소장 질환이 의심되는 환자에서 캡슐내시경과 CT 소견의 비교

이성수,홍성숙,김정훈,김연수,김진오,권석범,박성태,장윤우,최득린,권귀향 순천향의학연구소 2007 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.13 No.1

..

한국 다국적기업의 해외법인 청산에 관한 의사결정

홍성훈 호남대학교 2007 학술논문집 Vol.28 No.1

This study analyses the decision-makings of Korean manufacturing firms listed on the Stock Exchange to divest foreign subsidiaries that were established during the period of 1986-2004. According to the estimation of Cox regression models, chaebol-affiliated firms showed higher rates of divestment for strategic reasons such as relocation or resource transfer. However, the control level of parent firms on subsidiaries and their international experience seemed to have no impacts on the decision-makings for divestment. The results also demonstrated that firms investing in host countries with larger domestic markets showed higher rates of divestment, but those investing in highly growing markets recorded lower rates of divestment. In conclusion, in order to divest foreign operations, Korean firms are likely to consider factors relating to the economic environment of host countries more than those relating to parent or child firms. It seems to be because they are less experienced and/or less competent compared to those from advanced regions.

피부근염에 이환되었던 환아의 Henoch-Schonlein 자반증 증례 1예

홍상훈,김성환 동의대학교 한의학연구소 2002 동의ㆍ경산 한의학 학술대회 Vol.6 No.-

Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory cutaneo-muscular disease of unknown etiology, characterized by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and typical dermatologic manifestation. Henoch-Schonlein purpura is most common in children. In Korea, dermatomyositis or Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with herbal medicine has not been reported. The subject patient is a seven year-old girl diagnosed with dermatomyositis in August, 1999 and Henoch-Schonlein purpura in January, July, 2001. There were symptoms of dermatomyositis such as headache, arthralgia, eruption, itching and abdominal pain. I think the herb-prescription compsed or Radix astragali(Huangqi), Herba agrimoniae(Xianhecao), Fructus jujubae(Dazao) had an ameliorating effect on Henoch-Schonlein purpura by decereasing these symptoms.(J Korean Oriental Med 2002;23(2):225-230)

《苦戀》의 자리

洪尙勳 한국중국어문학회 2000 中國文學 Vol.33 No.-

大多中國現代文學史家把白樺. 彭寧兩人所共著《苦戀》, 근鄭義《楓》. 金河《重逢》. 王亞平《神聖的使命》. 張弦《쟁不斷的紅絲線》等一些作品一起, 籠統地歸入于代表所謂 '傷痕文學' 的作品. 其實, 這種分類흔容易怒略這篇作品的又重要又複雜的幾個問題. 首先, 考慮《苦戀》問世時點就是1979年9月(于北京的)《十月》第3期), 那應, 我們應當把詹聯緊于 '反思文學' . 第二, 在形式面, 《苦戀》흔緊密地影響于 '電影文學' - 現代中國獨特的一種藝術樣式. 可是, '傷痕文學'這個分類只是根據于作品的情節, 或者于內容上一些特點, 却忽略這篇作品的全體藝術成就 - 票少타開創了半文學半電影的一個特珠的樣式. 我們不能把《苦戀》作品水平本身擁戴而上在時代冠群的位置. 雖然如此, 타在 '新時期' 中國文學從 '傷痕文學' 到 '反思文學' 的過渡期, 不但預示了-種先進的. 可能被包括在 '人間學' 的文學前兆, 而且타可能作爲先驅地反映了西方現代主義的-種最顯明的例子. 西方現代主義在改革. 開放的潮流中乘機流入到中國以後, 深刻地刺激了文學. 藝術創作摸索根本變化. 其實, 我們可以說, 《苦戀》也在一方面爲了現代中國所謂 '第5世代' 電影發揮美學的映像提供了一個充實的基盤, 영一方面開創了80年代中葉以後興盛的那種意識流小說的前途. 可是, 80年代初葉中國的社會. 政治. 思想界還處于向現代化的萌芽階驗, 所以, 相對的激進《苦戀》不可避免被抑麗了.

전통시기 강남지역에서 독서시장의 형성과 변천 : 소설 작품의 생산과 유통을 중심으로 On the Case of the Production and Trade of xiaoshuo小說 works

洪尙勳 韓國中國語文學會 2004 中國文學 Vol.41 No.-

基本上一切文學是有結合"作家-作品-讀者"三개因素的文化體, 其中小說這一類乃是最敏感于包括經濟條件和余閑, 識字能力在一身的讀書階層. 爲了考察小說樣式的形成和轉變, 不但需要檢討作家的力量和作品本身的文學特性, 而且必須考慮근타相關的영一개因素 - '市場'. 可是大多旣成硏究好象一直忽視這충因素, 片面괴張所謂作家力量和他們對社會的責任感. 至少在萌發階段, 人們可能把創作小說認爲了一충又新又有望的事業. 那요, 我們當然可以猜透一般的市場原理決不能无關于小說這一충商品的諸般形式以及告戰略. 根据這樣的理解, 筆者要把小說看做"作家-作品-讀者"有机體系上的一개文化因素, 進行考察. 但是, 本槁的硏究范圍基本限于中國江南地區的궤개城市 - 特別是南京和蘇州. 因爲在中國歷史上, 至少從南宋到淸中협, 大多書坊一直集中于南京, 蘇州, 杭州, 宇波等所謂江南地區的大城市. 所以, 本稿綜合性考察了這地區內刻書業的萌發和遷移, 書商(書林)的活動情況, 讀者階層(卽購書階層)的形成和演變等궤개問題. 總之, 我們可以학認了郡江南地區具有可以領導新文化潮流的充分條件. 在那里, 市民階層已具有了富裕的經濟條件和相當高的文化水平. 他們爲了消閑解悶, 積겁買到了小說. 但是, 因爲당時書价較高, 所以能去書坊買書的老顧客必竟限于比較富貴的人和他的家人了. 因此, 當時不少小說生産者 - 包括作家, 編訂人, 評論家和書商在內 - 也不得不考慮這些'高級讀者'的要求而改變小說的質量. 所以, 大多話本小說和章回小說的文章脫胎換骨而稍帶'文人化'傾向. 而又美麗又典雅的文체和結구比以前更突出了. 其結果, 他們給朴素的民間文藝賦予了有点雅正的品格, 終于成立了小說這一충又新又精彩的文學樣式.