한국 음운론 연구(1995-2014) 관찰

김선회 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.2

This study explores the characteristics and trends of academic research in phonology over a period of twenty years in Korea, quantitatively investigating 435 articles published in Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology from 1995 to 2014 by The Phonology- Morphology Circle of Korea. The investigation focuses on the words and phrases contained in the article titles. Their occurrence frequencies are counted and their co-occurrence networks are analyzed with measurements of meaningful index values such as degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and edge weight. The study shows that the trends and directions of academic research in phonology in Korea have changed not radically but steadily and dynamically. While Optimality Theory-related words and phrases occurred frequently in article titles and played an important role in the network structure of co-occurring words and phrases before the period of 2010-2014, during this period Optimality Theory gave way to English-Korean inter-language studies of perception and production, an area towards which academic interest has steadily increased since 2000.

한국어 기식음의 모음 앞 약화 현상에 대한 음운론적해석

박재익(Park, Jae-Ick) 한국음운론학회 2014 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.3

The purpose of this study is to provide the results of the survey on aspiration lenition phenomenon found in Korean speakers and to try to give a phonological theoretic explanation for the characteristics of the results. The results come from the speech data of 120 people from Cholla, Kyungsang and Seoul dialects, male and female, and in two generations. The findings of the survey were: (1) There is a meaningful difference among the aspirated consonants of four different places of articulation, (2) The combination of a noun and a case marker produces more lenition than the combination of a verb and an ending, (3) Lexically aspirated consonants are more likely to weaken to unaspirated than phonologically driven aspirated consonants by coalescence, (4) Verbs with complex coda tend to lose their aspiration more than verbs with the coda of a single consonant, (5) The older generation produces more aspiration lenition than the younger generation. The explanation for the findings is provided in terms of a possible engagement of VOT difference, analogy, the status or frequency of the morpheme boundary, generation difference and perspectives of the aspirated consonants. The implications of the aspiration lenition are also supported by synchronic and diachronic evidence such as emphatic forms with aspiration, spirantization, and spelling errors and hypercorrection. With regards to theoretical approach on the aspiration lenition, the serial derivational rules can derive most of the variants found in the survey, but they cannot account for the forms made by the revival of aspiration after neutralization at the morpheme boundary. Traditional optimality theory selects the most optimal form as an output, but since individuals and groups of people uttered various output forms from the same input, the theory should be adjusted to accommodate all acceptable candidates.

한국어 후두자질 공기 제약의 통계적 학습과 적형성 판단

박나영 한국음운론학회 2020 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.26 No.1

This study explores Korean phonotactic grammars, focusing on laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. This paper is composed of two main parts. In the first part, using a Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactic Learning (Hayes and Wilson 2008), I ran a learning simulation for Native and Sino-Korean lexicons. Based on the statistical patterns of each lexicon, phonotactic constraints were created with their own weights, the magnitude of which reflects their gradient strength. Especially, the constraints of laryngeal marked features were learned. The resulting native grammars include laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. On the other hand, Sino-Korean grammars include constraints with the tense feature. The latter part of this study concerns the psychological validity of laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. A well-formedness judgment test was conducted with native speakers of Korean. The test results suggest that Korean speakers are aware of most laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions and the constraints with the tense feature which are part of the learned grammars. It is also shown that native and Sino-Korean grammars make independent contributions to explaining speakers’ judgments found in the present experiment. In sum, this research shows that Korean phonotactic grammars can be learned from the lexicons of Korean, and that at least some important parts of the learned grammars are psychologically real.

초점 발화시 한국인 화자와 일본인 학습자의 한국어 모음 포먼트 실현

김희성(Kim Heesung),송지연(Song Jiyeon),김기호(Kim Kee-Ho) 한국음운론학회 2006 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.12 No.3

  The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the formant characteristics of Korean monophthong vowels spoken by Japanese learners in focused words and to compare the characteristics of vowels by Japanese with those by Korean native speakers. The data are eight Korean vowels without focus and same vowels with focus. In this study, formant frequencies of the vowels were measured by Wave Surfer. The results of this study showed that for the Koreans, the F1 rising ratio of focused vowels, which is closely correlated with the degree of mouth opening at the lips, was getting significantly higher than that of unfocused vowel. That is, the lower the vowels are, the higher F1 rising ratio are. However, F2 ratio of focused vowels, which is correlated with the frontness of the tongue, was not affected by the focus at all. For the Japanese learners of Korean, the F1 of a focused vowel was getting higher in the rising ratio but, it was not significantly different in the statistics, and F2 did not show a certain tendency. As a result, F1 was the one that shows the crucial difference between Korean native speakers and Japanese Korean learners in focused word.

한국어 모음조화의 약화 현상에 대한 정보이론 기반 분석

박선우(Park, Sunwoo) 한국음운론학회 2016 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.22 No.3

This study investigates the declination of vowel harmony in Korean from the 15th century to the 18th century. Between the 15th and the 18th century, restructuring of the vowel system resulting from vowel shift brought about diachronic declination of palatal vowel harmony between front and back vowels. Since the 15th century, vowel harmony in Korean has been in steady decline. Noting this, the present paper examines the frequencies of vowel harmony from the 15th to the 18th century. To do so, it analyzes a historical Korean corpus from the perspective of Information Theory, measuring the quantitative analysis index of vowel harmony by the information-theoretic notions of ‘positive logarithm’ and ‘mutual information.’ Mutual information (MI) between the vowels in autosegmental tiers leads to two findings about the declination of vowel harmony in Korean. Firstly, there were two sharp declines of vowel harmony in the historical Korean corpus. There was first a declination between the 15<SUP>th</SUP> and 16<SUP>th</SUP> centuries, and the second declination occurred between the 17<SUP>th</SUP> and 18<SUP>th</SUP> centuries. Secondly, the prohibition of non-harmonic vowels is more effective than the preference for harmonic vowels in Korean vowel harmony.

폐쇄음으로 시작하는 영어 자음 연쇄의 한국어 차용

오미라(Oh, Mira) 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.1

Many studies claim that loanword adaptation is perceptual mapping (Silverman 1992, Peperkamp et al. 2008) and relies crucially on fine-grained acoustic similarity (Kim and Curtis 2001, Boersma and Hamann 2009). By investigating loanword adaptation of stopinitial clusters from English into Korean with respect to vowel epenthesis, this paper aims to answer two questions. First, can the perceptual approach proposed by many researchers fully account for vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation? Second, are the stop-initial clusters from English loaned in the same way into Korean regardless of their morphological structure? Close examination of loanword adaptation of stopstop and stop-nasal sequences of English into Korean reveals three findings. Firstly, not all vowel epentheses result from perceptual epenthesis. Secondly, the recoverability of source sounds pushes the adapters away from application of native phonological processes, which are prevalent in native phonology, in the direction of epentheses, in which the identity of the preconsonantal stop is better encoded in loanwords. Thirdly, morphological structure of a source word plays a role in segmental mapping in loanword adaptation. (Chonnam National University)

한국어 초성-중성 결합의 분포적 특성 및 모음의 군집분석 연구

김미란,최재웅,홍정하 한국음운론학회 2014 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.1

Native speakers’ sensitivity to type and token frequency has been well recognized in many linguistic studies and is now known as frequency effects. In this study, we provide frequency information on the sequences of onset and nucleus by analyzing the complete lexical entries (510,032) listed in the Standard Korean Language Dictionary (2008). The frequency information has been extracted from a total of 1,761,214 syllables as they are represented in the dictionary. In addition to the frequency information, we provide a hierarchical cluster analysis of vowels referring to the frequency of individual onsets combined with individual vowels. Three main findings are reported in this paper. Firstly, diphthongs and monophthongs are clustered separately by hierarchical clustering with a characteristic that diphthongs are combined with a more restricted set of onsets when compared to monophthongs. Secondly, the two vowels ‘ㅚ/ø/, ㅟ /y/,’ which are still being debated about regarding to whether they are monophthongs or diphthongs, are similar to a diphthong cluster with respect to the frequency information of combining onsets. Finally, the two vowels ‘ㅔ/e/, ㅐ/æ/’, whose surface forms are undergoing a merging process in modern Korean, show different sets of onsets that they combine with. The use of a large language resource allows us to explore empirically existing patterns, which may otherwise remain undiscovered or unpredicted by any theory that describes only the permissible combinations.

한국어의 어휘계층과 음운론적 복잡성

박선우,홍성훈,변군혁 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.2

This paper explores the structure of the Korean lexicon based on the notion of "Phonological Complexity (PC)." The Korean lexicon is composed of three lexical strata: native and Sino-Korean words, and loanwords. For this study, we obtain 500 most frequent nouns for each class from the word list compiled by Kang and Kim (2004). We then calculate the PC values of the selected nouns using the bigram model proposed by Goldsmith (2002). A comparison of the PC values reveals that the average PC value is highest for loanwords, and lowest for Sino-Korean. The average PC value of native nouns is placed in the middle, and in fact, the PC values of native vocabulary are distributed widely from low to high values. The distribution of native nouns is in contrast with the distributions of loanwords and Sino-Korean, which are biased toward high and low PC values, respectively. Considering the relation between PC and markedness, we assert that Sino-Korean vocabulary is clustered around the unmarked portion of the lexicon, while loanwords are predominantly placed in the marked portion of the lexicon. Native vocabulary, on the other hand, is distributed in both marked and unmarked parts of the lexicon. (Hanshin University and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

모음탈락과 모음축약의 음운론적 상관성

김종규(Kim, Jong-Kyoo) 한국음운론학회 2010 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.16 No.3

The main purpose of this paper is to elucidate the phonological relation between vowel deletion and vowel coalescence, focusing on the interaction among phonological features. In the previous segment-based research on hiatus resolution, vowel deletion and vowel coalescence have been generally analyzed as different phonological processes, even though they conspire with other processes such as glide formation, glide insertion, and diphthogization in regulating a vowel sequence without an intervening consonant or glide. The present study, however, argues that vowel deletion and vowel coalescence are virtually identical processes, sharing the same phonological motivation of realizing phonologically active features in Korean. As phonologically active features, features such as [-back], [-high], and [+round] are selected in phonetic outputs over features such as [+back], [+high], and [-round]. In this respect, this study emphasizes the importance of selecting the accurate phonological unit in the analysis of phonological phenomena and capturing phonologically-significant co-relations among phonological processes. Based on the analysis of this study, it can be argued that the segmental difference between vowel deletion and vowel coalescence is a merely epiphenomenon of feature faithfulness. In addition, the traditional division of hiatus-related phonological processes into vowel deletion and vowel coalescence can be regarded as a theoretical residue of segment-based phonological research.

한국 음운론 연구(1995-2014) 관찰

김선회(Kim, Sun-Hoi) 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.21 No.1

This study explores the characteristics and trends of academic research in phonology over a period of twenty years in Korea, quantitatively investigating 435 articles published in Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology from 1995 to 2014 by The Phonology - Morphology Circle of Korea. The investigation focuses on the words and phrases contained in the article titles. Their occurrence frequencies are counted and their co-occurrence networks are analyzed with measurements of meaningful index values such as degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and edge weight. The study shows that the trends and directions of academic research in phonology in Korea have changed not radically but steadily and dynamically. While Optimality Theory-related words and phrases occurred frequently in article titles and played an important role in the network structure of co-occurring words and phrases before the period of 2010-2014, during this period Optimality Theory gave way to English-Korean inter-language studies of perception and production, an area towards which academic interest has steadily increased since 2000.