한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

흰쥐의 방사선 피폭후 생물학적 지표로서의 혈액효소

김진규,김상복,김국찬,천기정,김인규,박효국,이강석 대한방사선 방어학회 1993 방사선방어학회지 Vol.18 No.2

생물학적 선량평가를 위한 생화학적 지표 연구로서 흰쥐 혈액내 효소활성도의 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Alkaline phosphatase 활성도는 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4 Gy의 방사선 조사후 24시간까지 혈액내 활성도가 증가하였고 72시간 경과시에는 대조군과 비슷한 활성도를 보였다. Creatine kinase는 2, 4 Gy 방사선 조사후 혈액내에서 활성도에서 활성도가 72시간까지 증가하였으나 0.1, 0.25Gy, 0.5 Gy 방사선 조사시에는 커다란 변화를 보이지 않았다. 2) Malate dehydrogenase 활성도는 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 Gy 방사선 조사시에는 커다란 변화가 없었으며 lactate dehydrogenase는 방사선 조사후 활성도가 감소하였다. 3) GOT의 활성도는 선량률 0.1Gy/min.로 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4 Gy 조사후에는 어떠한 변화도 없었으며 선량률 0.5 Gy/sec.로 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7 Gy로 조사후에는 증가현상을 보이고 있다. Acid phosphatase 활성도는 상기의 어떠한 선량에서도 나타나지 않고 있다. 잠재적으로 이러한 효소들은 방사선 피폭의 지표물질로 사용될 수 있으며 생화학적 지식과 기술을 이용한 좀더 나은 지표물질을 찾기 위하여 계속적인 조사가 필요하다. Enzyme activity changes in rat blood as biochemical indicator useful for evaluating exposure dose were experimentally studied. The experimental results obtained are as follows: 1) Alkaline phosphatase activities increased in the blood serum until 24 hours after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2 and 4 Gy irradiation and its activities returned mormal condition after 72 hours of post-irradiation. Creatine kinase activities increased in the blood serum until 72 hours after 2 and 4 Gy irradiation but any significant activity changes were not detected after 0.1, 0.25 Gy irradiation. 2) Malate dehydrogenase activities did not reveal available changes changes after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 Gy irradiation and lactate dehydrogenase activities decreased in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 Gy irradiation. 3) Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity changes were detected in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4 Gy(0.1 Gy/min.) and GOT activities increased after 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7 Gy(0.5 Gy/sec.). Any acid phosphatase activities were detected in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4 Gy(0.1 Gy/min.) and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7 Gy(0.5 Gy/sec.) irradiation. Potentially some of these enzymes can be used as indicator protein for radiation injury. Futher investigation is needed to find better biochemical indicatiors utilizing recent knowledge and techniques of biochemistry.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

신도시 중산층 아파트 지역에서의 하수발생량 및 절수 홍보 효과

金應鎬,許順哲,趙珍奎,黃煥國 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Both pattern of water use and pollutant load were investigated in the apartment area for the middle class of a new town. Especially the analysis of the effect of saving water under public information of saving water was used to search possible quantities of saving water. The results of this survey showed that each household had 3.84 persons with water use rate of 262 L/capitaㆍd on an average. The average domestic loading for COD, BOD, SS, T-N and T-P were 107.5, 49.5, 50.1, 7.7 and 1.6 g/capitaㆍd, respectively. Water used by residential households consists of water for washing clothes, toilets, bath, showers, kitchen, washing up and sweeping. Among above sources toilet water (26%) occupied the largest component of residential water use. Also the reduction of total water use was 12.3% by public information of saving water.

사구체 수의 증감을 비교할 수 있는 기준 개발

김용진,이지은,이국주,최영호,홍정석 영남대학교 기초/임상의학연구소 2001 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.18 No.1

Background: The number of glomerulus has been considered one of the etiologic factors especially for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, glomeruli are too many to calculate them correctly. Although the fractionator method has became convinced, in which they used selected sections, not whole kidney sections, with same intervals, it is also very hard to get good results. Because it is still very time-consuming and laborous work which leads to make big observers' biases. Methods and Materials: We designed the index for glomerular number to estimate the tendency of increase or decrease of the number of it in different kidneys and which was evaluated by other conventional methods including fractionator method. Index was based upon the theory by Nyengaard; "the number of glomerulus correlates with the weight of kidney, which is positively correlated with body weight". Calculating formula is the number of glomeruli/surface areas of cortices, which contain calculacted glomeruli multiplies by kidney weight/body weight. Results: We applied this index to kidneys of FGSKist mouse and those of RFM/Nga mouse. The former is spontaneous glomerulosclerosis model with heavy protein uria and renal faille and the latter is the mother side of FGS/Kist mouse but has no glomerular disease or protein aria. The number of glomerulus of FGS/Kist mouse was decreased by 30% to those of RFM/Nga mouse. Conclusion: This index was useful and reliable for estimating the relative glomerular number between two groups.

요소 기수분해법에 의한 고순도 알루미나 분말 제조

김진국,양현수 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1992 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.7 No.1

In order to (원문이상) the formation mechanism of highly purified alumina by using aluminium sulfate and urea, (원문이상) were done under various reaction conditions. The largest (원문이상) of products and the least amount of aluminium sulfate residue are produced at such conditions (원문이상) the molar ratio of urea to aluminium sulfate is 0.08M, the temperature of water is 60℃ and the (원문이상) time is 110 min. The (원문이상) (원문이상) the synthesized powder at the 1300℃ for 2 hours is appropriate in the respect of the shape and the (원문이상) area of the powder. Alumina powder after calcination reveals high purity of 99.99 wt.% and its (원문이상) size around 0.5㎛.

한국인에서 CC-SIT와 비교한 KVSS Test의 임상적 유용성 평가 : 예비연구 Pilot study

김진국,장현종,임채형,남태욱,심대보 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2003 건국의과학학술지 Vol.13 No.-

Background and Objectives: Sniffin' Sticks test is the test of nasal chemosensory performance based on pen-like odor dispensing devices. KVSS(Korean Version of Sniffin' Sticks) Test was developed as the "Korean olfactory test" using the odorants which are familiar to Korean. Authors evaluated the clinical validity of KVSS Test compared with CC-SIT (Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test) in Korean. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 25 normosmic volunteers who were divided into five groups according to age. Each group was 5 normosmic volunteers. And they consisted of 12 men and 13 women. KVSS Test and CC-SIT were used for the evaluation of olfactory function. Results: Our study showed the negative correlation between age and olfactory function test (CC-SIT score, KVSS Test I score and KVSS Test II score). Normosmia rate of KVSS Test was more higher than that of CC-SIT. Also KVSS Test had more familiar items for Koreans compared with that of CC-SIT. CC-SIT score and KVSS Test score showed showed the positive corrclation. And each test revealed high reliability in test-retest evaluation. Conclusion: The KVSS Test can be used as an olfactory function test for Koreans.

패각류를 함유한 해사 사용 철근콘크리트의 강도특성 및 전단에 관한 실험적 연구

김정섭,조철희,최진석,김민국 朝鮮大學校 建設技術硏究所 2002 建設技術硏究 Vol.22 No.1

This study makes experimental specimen to examine durability of concrete and structural characteristics of reinforced concrete beams such as shear behavior and destruction according to contents of shells in concrete using sea sand containing river sand and shells (8%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and age. evaluates its load, deflection, crack and destruction from load increase and ductility capacity and aims a t supplying the data for applying it to actual structures. The results obtained through material test of concrete and static experiment of members using sea sand containing river sand and shells are as follows; 1. As a result of strength test by shell contents, it is found that compressive strength of specimen using sea sand containing 8% of shells is highest and the more shell contents are, its compressive strength is reduced. 2. The compressive-strength of the specimen used sea sand contained shell by 8% was decreased by 7.8% in the specimen of aged 28 days and 4% in one of aged 365 days compared with the river sand one. 3. In the destruction aspect of shear experiment, the early crack was load 4.94∼21.8lkgf/㎠, yield load 26.17∼37.95kgf/㎠, maximum load 37.95∼53.42 kgf/㎠. 4. In shear test of reinforced concrete beam, it is found that specimen using sea sand containing shells has lower ductility capacity than the specimen using river sand and the more shell contents are, crack is occurred in low load and velocity of deflection of members is faster.

비만세포주에서 Histamine 유리에 관한 연구

김형룡,국윤아,신민,이홍수,원진숙,김형민,이영미,정헌택,이혜숙,안녕형 원광대학교 생명공학연구소 1995 생명공학연구소보 Vol.3 No.1

참치 뼈를 이용한 Hydroxyapatite 세라믹 복합체의 합성 및 생체 친화성(제3보) : 인공체액에서의 Hydroxyapatite 세라믹 복합체간의 결합의 전자현미경 관찰 SEM Photographs of Bonding Properties between Hydroxyapatite Ceramics Composites in the Simulated Body Fluid

김세권,최진삼,이창국,변희국,전유진,이응호,박인용 대전산업대학교 반도체기술연구소 1999 半導體技術硏究所報 Vol.1 No.-

참치 뼈에서 추출한 hydroxyapatite를 출발물질로 여러 가지 세라믹 복합체를 제조하여 인공체액에서의 hydroxyapatite 복합체간의 화학결합을 조사하였다. hydroxyapatite 복합체들은 인공체액에서 4주 후부터 화학 결합성질을 나타내었다. 결합강도는 bioglass가 가장 강하게 나타났으며, 조성에 따른 의존성은 관찰할 수 없었다. 인공체액에서 복합체들은 이들의 경계면에서 불균일 핵생성 및 성장에 의해 화학적 결합으로 이루어졌다. Chemical bonding was investigated in the simulated body fluid of several selected hydroxyapatite-containing composites. The hydroxyapatite-containing composites chemically bonded with each other in the simulated body fluid after 4 weeks. Bioglass was strongly bonded in the simulated body fluid, but bonding strength was not depended on composition. Their composite bodies were chemically bonded by heterogeneous nucleation and growth at the interfaces of the specimens in the simulated body fluid.