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OrthoMTA와 ProRoot MTA의 항미생물 효과 비교
김수영,최남기,박지일,김선미 大韓小兒齒科學會 2012 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.39 No.4
The aim of this study was to compare two commercial root canal medicaments, ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa, USA) and OrthoMTA (Bio MTA, Korea), by assessing the antimicrobial effects on three selected species commonly found in root canals of infected teeth, namely Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colonies of these bacteria were treated with varied concentrations of ProRoot MTA or OrthoMTA over different lengths of time. The results are as follows : 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/mL of ProRoot MTA or OrthoMTA did not completely inhibit the growth of E. faecalis, but a decreased growth rate was evident in comparison to the control (p < 0.05). 50 mg/mL of both materials successfully eliminated F. nucleatum during the first 24 hours. Regrowth of microbes after 24 hours, however, indicated a diminished effect of ProRoot MTA whereas OrthoMTA showed its continuously sustained antimicrobial actions (p < 0.05). 50 mg/mL of ProRoot MTA and 50, 25 mg/mL of OrthoMTA exerted their full antibacterial actions against S. epidermidis during the first 24 hours. Although the regrowth of colony was observed after 24 hours, the rate of growth was significantly decreased, approximating a complete inhibition (p < 0.05). The present study revealed that OrthoMTA, recently developed in Korea, had antimicrobial activity higher than ProRoot MTA. 본 연구의 목적은 현재 많이 사용되고 있는 ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa, USA)와 최근 국내에서 새로 개발된 OrthoMTA (Bio MTA, Korea)의 감염된 근관에서 주로 발견되는 3개의 미생물에 대한 효과를 다양한 농도와 시간에서 비 교하는 것이다. 50, 25, 12.5 mg/mL의 농도로 준비된 ProRoot MTA와 OrthoMTA에 Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum 그리고 Staphylococcus epidermidis를 접종 후 24, 48, 72시간에 항미생물 효과를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 연구결과를 얻었다. E. faecalis의 경우 ProRoot MTA와 OrthoMTA 50, 25, 12.5 mg/mL 농도의 모든 시간대에서 세균을 완전히 억제하지 는 못했지만 양성 대조군에 비해 성장이 조금 감소한 양상을 보였다(p < 0.05). F. nucleatum의 경우 ProRoot MTA 50 mg/mL 농도의 24시간에서 미생물을 억제하였으나 시간이 지남에 따라 세균의 성장을 보인 반면 OrthoMTA의 경우 같은 농도에서 시간이 지나도 계속 세균을 억제하였다(p < 0.05). S. epidermidis의 경우 ProRoot MTA 50 mg/mL, OrthoMTA 50, 25 mg/mL 농도의 24시간에서 억제 효과를 보였으나 시간이 지나면서 세균이 조금씩 성장하였다. 그러나 전체적으로 모든 농도와 시간에서 양성 대조군에 비해서는 억제 효과를 나타냈다(p < 0.05). 본 연구를 통해 국내에서 새로 개발된 OrthoMTA는 기존의 ProRoot MTA보다 항균활성을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.
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건축법(建築法)에서의 건축물(建築物) 높이제한규정(制限規定) - 지표면산정기준(地表面算定基準)을 중심(中心)으로 -
김수영,Kim, Soo-Young 한국디지털건축·인테리어학회 2003 한국디지털건축인테리어학회 논문집 Vol.3 No.1
The articles on building height limitation are very important to form buildings to be. The application of the articles is based on the surface of the building site ground, that is, the definite judgment of ground level should ensure the correctness of building height limitation. This study surveyed the recognition degree of practitioners about the building height limitation regulations by questionnaires, and analyzed its results and compared them to related building laws and letter of reply from the office to practitioners' inquiry on related regulation. The study summarized the results as follows; 1. It is not clear to judge the ground level. Especially in cases of pilotis structure, there would be various interpretations to define its ground level. 2. According to present building regulations, the site would be confused to define by practitioners whether it is stiff or plain. 3. In case of regulation of a right to enjoy sunshine, it is hard to calculate the average horizontal level(ground level) with neighboring sites. 4. If there were a manual with illustrations for judging and calculating the ground level of various cases, civil petitions would be reduced.
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金水暎 단국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.-
Intensive study was given to the possibilities and potentialities of the value-added tax as a substitute or partial replacement for the corporate net income tax. A value-added tax, as the name implies, is based on the value added at each stage of production in manufacturing, distribution, and the service industry. Value added may be measured by all payments to factors of production (except purchases from others subject to the tax) plus profits, or more simply by gross receipts less all purchases subject to the tax. The value-added tax is a turnover tax with an adjustment for purchases to prevent any tax penalty against companies which are not vertically integrated. The value-added taxation has been used in France since 1954 and agreement has been reached that it should be universally adopted in European Common Market. Germany has already put it into effect. One significant feature of the tax is that it falls on all producers in proportion to their use of resources. Since a value-added tax is quite forthrightly an elemeat of cost, it may be rebated on exports under existing international agreements. Furthermore, an equivalent tax can be imposed on imports on an equalizing basis. Such export rebates and countervailing border taxed on imports are regularly used in European countries to their advantage and our disadvantage. To the extent that the United States had a value-added tax-instead of a corporation income tax, Korea could meet international competition more effectively. A value-added tax has certain problems of its own regarding its coverage and its treatment of loss companies and new ventures. But these are no greater, and in many respects less serious than those which have arisen and been solved in one way or another in speace individual and corporation income texation. Any new tax presents some unanticipated problem when first adopted. It is the familiar adage that an old tax is the best tax because any change in the tax system tends to upset the established equilibrium and cause friction and hardship until the equilibrium is re-established. Historically, the general sales taxes ase the turnover taxes, the manufacture's sales tax, the wholesale sales tax, the retail sales tax, and the value-added tax. In its basic form the turnover tax strikes all transfers for a consideration in the production of goods and services. That is taxation of total transactions or gross sales applicable to all sales of commodities by mannfacturers, wholesalers and retailers. A value-added tax might be first applied at a rate of one or two percent, to provide additional revenue or as a substitute for a few percentage points of the corporation income tax. A value-added tax was recommended by the president's council of tax advisers to Korea for the first time and came into effect on guly 1, 1977.
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金水暎 단국대학교 1983 論文集 Vol.17 No.-
This paper has a dual purpose; to describe the British budgetary process and its budgetary system. It is seen that the role of the executive maybe a matter of degree in the consideration of the British budgetary process. In a democracy, and in its inherent cabinet system of government, it is the executive that has the widest range of responsibilities and power. This is exemplified by Great Britain, For example, the prime minister allocates the subordinate cabinet member, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, to prepare and defend his formulation of the government budget to the Parliament. In the event the proposal is not accepted in any substantial from by the executive and his advisors, the Chancellor of the Exchequer will accordingly resign. This systematic procedure focuses the ultimate responsibility and authority to the executive for both the financial planning and its administration. It also minimizes the potentially prolonging deadlocks between the regislative and executive branches. In this paper, it was also seen that the Comptroller and Auditor General, as a crown official independent of the Government, had two functions. The Comptroller General has the duty to ensure that all revenue and other public funds payable to the Consolidated Fund and the National Loan Fund are duly paid and that all payments out of these funds are authorized by statute. Another individual, the Auditor General, has the duty to audit on behalf of the House of Commons the accounts of the transactions of the Consolidated Fund and National Loans Fund and every Appropriation Account. He submits reports on these and other accounts to the Parliament. We seek channels for accomplishing a democratic government and to increase our understanding by studying and describing the various kinds of budgetary processes. This study has made an attempt to show that the budgetary process, as described here, actually works in the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
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