Expression of the Na⁺-HCO₃⁻cotransporter and its role in pH_iregulation in guinea pig salivary glands

Li, Jingchao,Koo, Na-Youn,Cho, Ik-Hyun,Kwon, Tae-Hwan,Choi, Se-Young,Lee, Sung J.,Oh, Seog B.,Kim, Joong-Soo,Park, Kyungpyo American Physiological Society 2006 American journal of physiology, Gastrointestinal a Vol.291 No.6

<P>Patterns of salivary HCO3<SUP>−</SUP>secretion vary and depend on species and gland types. However, the identities of the transporters involved in HCO3<SUP>−</SUP>transport and the underlying mechanism of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in salivary glands still remain unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of the Na<SUP>+</SUP>-HCO3<SUP>−</SUP>cotransporter (NBC) and its role in pHiregulation in guinea pig salivary glands, which can serve as an experimental model to study HCO3<SUP>−</SUP>transport in human salivary glands. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and pHimeasurements from BCECF-AM-loaded cells were performed. The amiloride-sensitive Na<SUP>+</SUP>/H<SUP>+</SUP>exchanger (NHE) played a putative role in pHiregulation in salivary acinar cells and also appeared to be involved in regulation in salivary ducts. In addition to NHE, NBC also played a role in pHiregulation in both acini and ducts. In the parotid gland, NBC1 was functionally expressed in the basolateral membrane (BLM) of acinar cells and the luminal membrane (LM) of ducts. In the submandibular gland, NBC1 was expressed only in the BLM of ducts. NBC1 expressed in these two types of salivary glands takes up HCO3<SUP>−</SUP>and is involved in pHiregulation. Although NBC3 immunoreactivity was also detected in submandibular gland acinar cells and in the ducts of both glands, it is unlikely that NBC3 plays any role in pHiregulation. We conclude that NBC1 is functionally expressed and plays a role in pHiregulation in guinea pig salivary glands but that its localization and role are different depending on the type of salivary glands.</P>

프리셉터 경험이 간호업무수행과 직무만족에 미치는 영향 연구

류언나,송혜숙,장은희,서효신,추연화,김인선,나명주,지성애,박경숙 중앙대학교 간호과학연구소 2001 중앙간호논문집 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate how preceptor experience has an effect upon preceptor nurses. This study was so designed that it could compare the difference between clinical performance and Job satisfaction of preceptor nurses and those of nonpreceptor nurses. Study subjects were sampled out from those nurses who worked with two university hospitals where preceptor programs were implemented. The number of subjects totaled to 134, including 69 preceptor nurses and 70 nonpreceptor nurses. The score of preceptor nurses' clinical performance and job satisfaction revealed a higher value than that of nonpreceptor nurses. A similar result was also shown in the subdomains. However these difference were not statistically significant. Among all of the preceptor nurses, the highest number of preceptor experience was just one time. Except for five times in preceptor experience, the more the number of times of preceptor experience, the higher score in clinical performance. It was manifested that the number of preceptor experience was not related to job satisfaction. The score of preceptor nurses' clinica1 performance and job satisfaction revealed a higher value than that of nonpreceptor nurses. A similar result was also shown in the subdomains. However these difference were not statistically significant. The reward that preceptor nurses wished most was a reduction of the work load assigned to them. Currently preceptor nurses are only receiving a small quantity of financial reward related with their preceptor role. Most of preceptor nurses (96.8%) were not satisfied with their existing reward. Almost half of the preceptor nurses(43.5%) did not want to play a role as preceptor again. The reason why the scores of clinical performance and job satisfaction were low might be attributed to the inadequate preceptor training program and reward system. Appropriate knowledge and clinical skill are expected to enhance the level of preceptor nurses' clinical performance and appropriate internal and external reward to elevate the level of preceptor nurses' Job satisfaction. Therefore, it is needed for us to develop more effective preceptor education program, financial reward, support of colleague nurses and nursing managers, and adjust workload for the purpose of more effective preceptor programs.

칼슘제 수관살포가 참다래의 과실 품질과 저장에 미치는 영향

임경호,나양기,임동근,마경철,조윤섭,김월수,이상현,박용서 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 2001 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.36 No.-

This study were carried out to improve Kiwifruit quality and storage life. Three kinds of calcium compound were sprayed and calcium content of fruits, weight loss during fruit storage and fruit quality were investigated. Calcium contents within leaves and fruit were lower in Clef-non treatment than that of control. The calcium content in fruit pericarp of Kalk-H and CaCl2 was 0.04 to 0.05% higher than that of control. Fruit weight and soluble solids content at harvest was a little higher but acidity and fruit hardness was lowered. Fruit weight loss of Kalk-H and CaCl2 treatment was 1.39 to 1.53% lower than that of control during storage. The soluble solids of ripen fruit was 1.0 to 1.3% higher in all treatment and 0.8% higher in Kalk-H treatment in 120 of after storage. Fruit hardness of control fruit was higher at harvest but that of CaCl2 treatmented fruit was 0.39㎏/φ 5㎜ higher in 120 days of storage.

Functional maturation of lamina propria dendritic cells by activation of NKT cells mediates the abrogation of oral tolerance

Chang, Jae-Hoon,Lee, Jung-Mi,Youn, Hyun-Jun,Lee, Kyoo-A,Chung, Yeonseok,Lee, Ah-Young,Kweon, Mi-Na,Kim, Ho-Youn,Taniguchi, Masaru,Kang, Chang-Yuil WILEY-VCH Verlag 2008 European journal of immunology Vol.38 No.10

<P>We previously showed that although systemic administration of α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) or agonistic anti-CD40 induced functional maturation of dendritic cells (DC) in mesenteric lymph nodes, only the former treatment succeeded in breaking the induction of oral tolerance. In this study, we looked for the essential factor responsible for the disruption of oral tolerance. We found that lamina propria (LP)-DC was responsible for the oral OVA presentation and that Peyer's patch was not essential for the induction of oral tolerance. Therefore, we investigated the role of LP-DC. Treatment with αGalCer but not with anti-CD40 induced the full maturation of LP-DC at an early time point. This functional activation of LP-DC was mediated by strong activation of NKT cells that reside abundantly in the small intestinal lamina propria (SI-LP) and interferon-γ partially contributed to the LP-DC activation. LP-DC isolated from αGalCer-treated OVA-fed mice induced the differentiation of naïve CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells into Th1 and Th2 and was associated with the reduced Foxp3<SUP>+</SUP> population. In contrast, LP-DC isolated from anti-CD40-treated OVA-fed mice failed to generate Th cell differentiation but induced more Foxp3<SUP>+</SUP> CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Our results demonstrate that triggered by NKT cells in SI-LP, functional maturation of Ag-capturing DC from SI-LP is necessary for the abrogation of oral tolerance induction.</P>

Food allergen sensitization in young children with typical signs and symptoms of immediate-type food allergies: a comparison between monosensitized and polysensitized children

Kim, Na Yeon,Kim, Ga Ram,Kim, Joon Hwan,Baek, Ji Hyeon,Yoon, Jung Won,Jee, Hye Mi,Baek, Hye Sung,Jung, Yong Ho,Choi, Sun Hee,Kim, Ki Eun,Shin, Youn Ho,Yum, Hye Yung,Han, Man Yong,Kim, Kyu-Earn The Korean Pediatric Society 2015 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.58 No.9

Purpose: The clinical interpretation of children sensitized to allergens is challenging, particularly in children with food allergies. We aimed to examine clinical differences between children with monosensitization and those with polysensitization to common food allergens and to determine risk factors for polysensitization in young children <10 years of age with immediate-type food allergies. Methods: The study included children <10 years of age with signs and symptoms indicative of immediate-type food allergies. Serum total IgE level was measured, and ImmunoCAP analysis for food allergens was performed. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was $1.6{\pm}1.6$ years (75 boys and 51 girls). Thirty-eight children (30.2%) were monosensitized and 88 children (69.8%) were polysensitized. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the development of polysensitization to common food allergens was positively associated with a parental history of allergic rhinitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-22.13; P=0.004), season of birth (summer/fall) (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.10-8.79; P=0.033), and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of age (aOR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.20-10.25; P=0.022). Conclusion: We found significant clinical differences between children with monosensitization and those with polysensitization to common food allergens and identified risk factors for the development of polysensitization in young children with immediate-type food allergies. Clinicians should consider these clinical risk factors when evaluating, counseling, treating, and monitoring young children with food allergies.

Complete sequence-based screening of TPMT variants in the Korean population

Kim, Hyun-Young,Lee, Soo Hyun,Lee, Mi-Na,Kim, Jong-Won,Kim, Young-Ho,Kim, Mi Jin,Lee, Yoo Min,Kang, Ben,Choe, Yon Ho,Lee, Na Hee,Kim, Dong Hwan,Yoo, Keon Hee,Sung, Ki Woong,Lee, Soo-Youn,Koo, Hong Hoe Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 2015 PHARMACOGENETICS AND GENOMICS Vol.25 No.3

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs and its activity is largely influenced by polymorphisms of the TPMT gene. To date, more than 35 TPMT variants are known to be associated with reduced enzyme activity, but most studies on the TPMT genotype have included only common nonfunctional variants, such as TPMT*2 and TPMT*3. In this study, we carried out a complete sequencing analysis to screen all TPMT variants in Korean patients. A total of 900 Korean patients were genotyped for TPMT and 30 patients (3.3%) had the known TPMT variant alleles. TPMT*3C was found in 25 patients (2.8%): 24 patients with TPMT*1/*3 and one with TPMT*3/*3. Rare TPMT variants including TPMT*6, TPMT*16, and TPMT*32 were detected in five patients (0.6%) and a novel variant, TPMT*38 (c.514T>C, p.S172P), was identified in two patients. This is the first complete sequence-based screening study evaluating all TPMT variants in Asian populations.

팝업북 읽어주기 활동이 만 2세 영아의 언어적 이해 및 반응에 미치는 영향

김유나 ( Kim You-na ),김영실 ( Kim Young-sil ),윤진주 ( Youn Jin-ju ) 한국아동교육학회 2017 아동교육 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 교사의 팝업북 읽어주기 활동이 만 2세 영아의 언어적 이해 및 반응에 미치는 효과를 알아보는데 있다. 연구대상은 전북 W군에 위치한 S어린이집과 M어린이집의 만 2세 영아 30명으로, 실험집단 15명, 통제집단 15명이다. 실험집단에는 팝업북을 읽어주는 활동을 주 1회 8주 동안 총 8회기 실시하였고, 통제집단에는 표준보육과정에 따른 교육을 실시하였다. 영아의 언어적 이해 능력 측정은 Ireton(1992)의 Child Development Inventory(CDI)를 김정미, 신희선(2006)이 국내 타당화한 Korean Child Development Inventory(K-CDI)를 사용하였고, 영아의 언어적 반응 유형 측정은 Whitehurs(1988), Whitehurst와 Valdes-Menchaca(1992)의 언어적 반응 분석 기준을 수정·보완하여 사용한 김금주(1999)의 도구를 본 연구의 목적에 적절하게 수정하여 사용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 팝업북 읽어주기 활동은 만 2세 영아의 언어적 이해 능력에 긍정적인 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 팝업북 읽어주기 활동은 만 2세 영아의 언어적 반응을 보다 효과적으로 이끌었으며, 특히 응답하기, 요청하기, 자발적 대화에 관련된 언어적 반응이 활발히 이루어졌다. 이러한 연구결과는 만 2세 영아의 언어적 발달 특성에 적합한 문학 활동을 모색하는데 있어서 교수매체로서 팝업북의 적절성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 교사가 팝업북을 활용한 교수방법을 고안할 때 실제적인 근거자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The objective of this study is to find out the effects of teachers` reading pop-up books on two-year-old children`s linguistic understanding and response. The study was conducted for 30 two-year-old children of S and M day care centers located in W-gun, Jeollabukdo. Half of them were in experimental group, and the rest were in control group. In experimental group, the activity of reading pop-up books was conducted 8 times, once a week for 9 weeks, while standardized child care curriculum was conducted in control group. To measure children`s linguistic understanding ability, Korean Child Development Inventory(K-CDI) into which Kim Jung Mi and Shin Hee Sun(2006) adapted Ireton(1992)`s Child Development Inventory(CDI) for Korean domestic circumstances was used. And to measure the types of children`s linguistic response, Kim Keum Joo(1999)`s scale that Kim Keum Joo(1999) made by revising and complementing Caufeld(1987), Valdes-Menchaca(1998), and Whitehurst(1992)`s linguistic response analysis standard was used properly. The results of the study are as follows. First, reading pop-up books had positive effects on two-year-old children`s linguistic understanding ability. Second, reading pop-up books led their linguistic response more effectively. Especially, linguistic responses related to answering, asking, and conversing spontaneously were made actively.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

국내 항생제의 생산 실태와 변화 추세(IV)

김윤정,이승환,강유나,김원철,김상일,위성헌,김양리,강문원 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.5

목적 : 2003년에 국내에서 생산된 항생제의 생산액과 생산량을 알아보고 이를 1980년도 이후의 자료와 비교하여 20여년간 국내 항생제 생산 실태와 변화 추세를 통해 항생제의 적절한 사용에 참고가 되고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 한국 제약 협회에서 발간하는 '의약품 등 생산 실적표'를 토대로 하여 국내에서 생산된 항생제를 성분명에 따라 분류하여 각계열별로 생산액과 생산량을 산출하였다. 이 결과를 생산액은 1981년, 1988년, 1993년, 1998년의 자료와, 생산량은 1983년, 1988년, 1993년 그리고 1998년의 자료와 비교하였다. 결과 : 2003년 항생제의 총 생산액은 13,059억원이고 생산량은 965 톤으로 1980년 이후 계속 증가하는 추세이다. 전체 생산액 중 cephalosporin이 5,951억(45.6%)으로 가장 많이 생산되었으며 생산량 또한 cephalosporin이 252톤(26.2%)으로 가장 많이 차지하였다. Cephalosporin세대별 생산액은 2세대 cephalosporin이 2,384억원으로 가장 많았고, 생산량을 보면 1세대 cephalosporin이 가장 많이 생산되었다. 그러나 전체 cephalosproin 중 1세대와 2세대가 차지하는 비율은 점차 감소 추세이며 대신 3세대와 4세대 cephalosporin이 차지하는 비율이 점점 증가하고 있다. 두 번째로 생산량이 많은 것은 penicillin계이나 1998년과 비교하여서는 25% 감소하였다. Penicillin 계는 예전과 마찬가지로 aminopenicillin이 차지하는 비율이 가장 커서 전체 penicillin 생산액의 96%, 생산량의 97%를 차지하였고, 이 중 특히 beta-lactamase inhibitor 복합제가 가장 많았으며 이는 1988년 이후 꾸준히 증가 추세이다. Aminoglycoside의 생산액은 1,187억원으로 1998년과 비슷한 수준이나, 생산액은 20.3톤으로 감소하였다. Quinolone 계의 생산량이 크게 증가하여 1998년 대비 생산량은 641%, 생산액은 31% 증가하였고 이 중 ciprofloxacin이 생산액의 36%를 차지하였다. 항진균제와 glycopeptide계, carbapenem계 또한 증가하고 있다. 결론 : 2003년도에 전반적으로 항생제 생산액과 생산량이 증가 추세이나, 2000년 이후 증가율은 좀 둔화되었으며, 새로운 고가의 항생제들이 점차 많이 사용되는 양상이다. Background : It is difficult to know the actual situation of antibiotic usage in Korea. We investigated the trend of antibiotic production every five years from 1981 to 2003 by using two parameters : the cost and the amount of antibiotics produced in Korea. Materials and Methods : We analysed the data from "Annual Products of Medicine" published by Korea Pharmaceutical Manufactures Association. All antibiotics were classified into generic names, and the cost and the amount of antibiotic produced were compared with the results from previous years. Results : The total production cost and the amount of antibiotics increased since 1980 and by 2003, it was 1,306 billion won and 965 tons respectively. However, the increasing rate of production cost has slowed down since 2000. Among all antibiotics produced in Korea, cephalosporins recorded the highest production cost, reaching 595 billion won (45.6%) in 2003. Cephalosporins made the largest portion of the total amount : 252 tons (26.2%). Both 3^(rd) and 4^(th) generation cephlosporins have increased gradually. The second most frequently produced antibiotics in terms of amount were penicillins, although it decreased by 25% since 1998. Aminoglycosides showed similar production cost, but the production amount decreased compared to that of 1998. The production amount of quinolones had skyrocketed to 641% from 1998. Tetracyclines, lincosamides, and chloramphenicols insignificantly decreased in both production cost and amount. Conclusion : There seems to be an increase of antibiotics in production cost and amount in Korea, but the overall increasing rate of the cost has slowed down since 2000. The newer and more expensive antibiotics have grown in production.