백서 혈관평활근 세포에서 α-Lipoic acid가 PAI-1 발현, 세포의 증식, 주유능 및 신생내막 형성억제에 미치는 효과

신동우,이동욱,이상준,김혜순,강효경,안종덕,이인규 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.6

연구배경:당뇨병의 혈관 합병증의 발생에 있어서 산화스트레스는 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 혈관 평활근세포에서 고혈당은 안지오텐신Ⅱ와 더불어 활성산소족(ROS)을 증가시키며, 산화스트레스에 민감한 전사인자들을 활성화시켜 동맥경화증을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 저자들은 항산화제로 알려진 알파­리포산이 혈관 평활근세포의 증식속도와 이주에 미치는 영향과 PAI­1발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하였고 이와 동시에 백서의 혈관 손상 모델을 이용하여 알파­리포산이 신생내막 증식을 억제시킬 수 있는지를 알아보았다. 방법:In vitro 실험은 백서의 대동맥 평활근세포를 고농도의 포도당(22mM)과 100nM의 안지오텐신Ⅱ로 4시간 배양하였다. 알파­리포산을 처리 후, PAI­1 mRNA의 발현을 보기 위해 노던 블롯을 시행하였고 평활근세포의 유주능과 증식속도에 미치는 영향을 보기 위해 성장속도의 유주능 분석을 시행하였다. 또한 평활근세포의 유주능에 NF­μB 경로가 미치는 영향을 보기 위해 겔 지연 분석과 NF­μB 보고 유전자 분석을 시행하였다. In vivo 실험으로 백서의 혈관손상 모델을 이용하여 알파­리포산 처리 후 혈관의 신생내막 두께를 비교하였다. 결과:In vitro 실험에서 고농도 포도당과 안지오텐신Ⅱ에 의해 유도된 PAI­1 mRNA 발현증가는 알파­리포산 처리에 의하여 용량에 비례하여 억제되었다(p<0.05). 알파­리포산 처리로 혈관 평활근세포의 유주능은 유의하게 억제되었으나(p<0.01),증식속도는 유의하게 억제되지 않았다. 또한 알파­리포산 처리로 NF­μB 발현도 유의하게 억제되었다(p<0.01). In vivo 실험에서 알파­리포산을 주입한 군에서 혈관손상에 의한 신생내막의 증식이 유의하게 억제되는 것을 보여주었다(p<0.01). 결론:알파­리포산은 백서의 대동맥 평활근 세포의 증식속도는 억제하지 못했으나 유주능은 유의하게 억제하였으며, 혈관 손상 모델에서 신생 내막 증식도 유의하게 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 작용은 알파­리포산에 의한 NF­μB 경로의 억제와 연관이 있는 것으로 사료된다. Background : Exposure to large amounts of glucose causes a characteristic dysfunction and morphologic changes of the endothelium by an increased production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in diabetes. The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), which modulates fibrinolysis and cell migration may influence proteolysis and neointimal formation in vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC). Antioxidants have been proposed to inhibit multiple proatherogenic events. This study investigated the effect of α-lipoic acid on PAI-1 expression and VSMC proliferation and migration both in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In the in vitro study, cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells(RASMC) were incubated in a medium containing high glucose (22 mM) and 100 nM angiotensin Ⅱ for 4 hour. After α-lipoic acidtreatment, a -migration and growth assay of the RASMC, and a gelmobility shift assay and reportergene analysis for nuclear factor- иB(NF- иB) and northern blot analysis for PAI-1 were performed. In the in vivo study, the effect of α-lipoic acid on neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid balloon injury model was evaluated. Results : RASMC migration was inhibited significantly by α-lipoic acid (p<0.01), but their prolife ration was not inhibited. The NF-иB DNA binding activity and NF-иB promoter activity was inhibited by α-lipoic acid significantly (p<0.01). α-lipoic acid inhibited PAI-1 mRNA expression by high glucose and angiotensin Ⅱ in dose dependent manner (p<0.05). In the rat carotid artery balloon injury model, neointimal formation was reduced by α-lipoic acid treatment in a dose dependent manner significantly (p<0.01). Conclusion : α-lipoic acid suppresses migration, but not prolife ration in RASMC. α-lipoic acid also reduce neointima formation in a rat carotid balloon injured model. This effect might be related to the blocking of NF-иB which increase the expression of the genes associated with atherosclerosis including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, endothelin-1, MCP-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, tissue factor(J Kor Diabetes Asso 25:446~459, 2001).

Adult invasive pneumococcal disease in the Republic of Korea: Risk medical conditions and mortality stratified by age group

Kim, Jong Hun,Baik, Seung Hee,Chun, Byung Chul,Song, Joon Young,Bae, In-Gyu,Kim, Hyo Youl,Kim, Dong-Min,Choi, Young Hwa,Choi, Won Suk,Jo, Yu Mi,Kwon, Hyun Hee,Jeong, Hye Won,Kim, Yeon-Sook,Kim, Jeong Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>This study aimed to characterize the risk factors for mortality in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) stratified by age groups, after implementation of the national immunization program of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for those aged ≥65 years in the Republic of Korea (ROK).</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Clinical data and pneumococcal isolates from adult patients with IPD (≥18 years of age) were collected prospectively from 20 hospitals through the nationwide surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>A total of 319 patients with IPD were enrolled. Median age was 69 years. Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2%: 17.1% in those aged 18–49 years, 23.7% in those aged 50–64 years, 33.0% in those aged 65–74 years, and 51.0% in those aged ≥75 years (<I>p<</I> 0.001). In particular, early death within 7days of hospitalization accounted for 60.6% (66/109). While old age (≥65 years), higher Pitt bacteremia score (≥4), and bacteremic pneumonia were independently associated with IPD mortality in all age groups, an additional mortality risk factor of immunocompromised status was identified for patients aged 50–64 years. PPSV23 serotypes accounted for 64.4% (122/189) of the pneumococcal isolates serotyped.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study suggests that vaccine-type IPD continues to place a substantial burden on older adults in the ROK, necessitating an effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> National immunization of the elderly with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was implemented in Korea in 2013. </LI> <LI> Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2% for adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and 51.0% for patients ≥75 years of age. </LI> <LI> Mortality risks were older age, higher bacteremia score, and immunocompromised status. </LI> <LI> An effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk of IPD is needed. </LI> </UL> </P>

In-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI admitted during off hours

( Sung-Soo Kim ),( Myung Ho Jeong ),( Jeong Gwan Cho ),( Young Keun Ahn ),( Jong Hyun Kim ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Young Jo Kim ),( Seung Ho Hur ),( In Whan Seong ),( Taek Jong Hong ),( Dong-hoon Choi 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Conflicting results exist on the outcome of off hours PCI in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there were only a few studies that have focused on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of off hours PCI in STEMI. So, we studied the clinical characteristics and hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI during regular hours (weekdays 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM) versus off hours Weekdays 6:01 PM to 8:59 AM, weekends, and holidays) in Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. We analyzed in hospital and one year mortality among 5,665 consecutive ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary PCI between November 2005 to January 2008. Total 2,848 (50.2%) patients were treated during off hours. Baseline finding were similar, although regular hours patients were older. Median symptom to balloon time (304 min, IQR 175 to 750 vs. 270 min, IQR 145 to 551, p=0.001) were longer for regular hours primary PCI. Median door to balloon time (71min, IQR: 48 to 132 vs. 59 min, IQR 39 to 110 min, p=0.001) were longer for off hours pPCI. Also, Cardiac enzyme such as Max CK-MB (212.1±299.3 vs 194.7±303.4, p=0.031) and max TnI (72.6±239.5 vs. 58.9±94.4, p=0.013) were increased in off hours pPCI. However, unadjusted in hospital (6.0% off hours vs. 6.0% regular hours, p=0.946) and one year cardiac mortality (11.3% off hours vs. 11.7% regular hours, p=0.661) were comparable. In multivariate analysis, off hours primary PCI did not predict an adverse outcome. In conclusion, when primary PCI was performed within an appropriate reperfusion strategy, the clinical effectiveness of either off hours or regular hours pPCI is comparable.

실내/외 스모그 챔버에서의 방향족계 탄화수소의 광화학 반응 비교 연구

동종인,안흥순 한국환경과학회 2005 한국환경과학회지 Vol.14 No.2

The number of cases exceeding environmental standards of atmospheric ozone in the major cities in Korea has steadily increased during the past decades. In order to understand and analyze the atmospheric reactions in the atmosphere, especially the secondary photochemical reactions, smog chambers studies have been performed very actively by many research groups worldwide. However, these studies have focused on the mechanism of photochemical reactions in high concentration conditions, not at the ambient levels. Therefore, in-depth studies in these conditions are essentially needed to realize exact mechanism in the atmosphere near the earth surface, especially at Korean atmospheric conditions. In this experiment, the mechanism of photochemical smog was examined through a comparative experiment of smog chambers under sun light and black light conditions. The results of our study indicated that concentrations of ozone, aldehyde, and PAN increased as the radiation of light source increases. Photochemical reaction patterns can be considered quite similar for both black light and sun light experiments. Based on our experiments using toluene as a reactant which is present at significant high levels in ambient air relative to other VOCs, it was found that toluene could contribute notably to oxidize NO to NO₂, this reaction can eventually generate some other photochemical oxidants such as ozone, aldehyde, and PAN. The results of simulation and experiments generally showed a good agreement quite well except for the case of O₃. The restriction of oxidization of NO to NO₂ seems to cause this difference, which is mainly from the reaction of peroxy radical itself and other reactants in the real gas.

성인병에 대한 한방치료법(증치의학과 사상의학)에 관한 연구 : 고혈압에 대한 한방치료법(중치의학과 사상의학)에 관한 연구

박동일,김영균,안창범,이인선,김종원,권정남,장경전,이인선,이성근,장용우,신영민 동의대학교 한의학연구소 1999 동의한의연구 Vol.3 No.-

We had a result of the treatment as below when is devided Korean medicine Tx.. Western medical Tx., Cooperative Tx.. 1) At the improvement of BP control, an average in Korean medicine Tx. (from 170㎜Hg/100㎜Hg to 150㎜Hg/90㎜Hg), an average in Western medical Tr. (from 170㎜Hg/100㎜Hg to 130㎜Hg/80㎜Hg), an average in Cooperative Tx.(from 180㎜Hg/110㎜Hg to 130㎜Hg/90㎜Hg), generally all pars had improvements of BP control. But it is not significant of each case. 2) At the improvement of symptoms by the apologetics, Cooperative Tx. is profitable in cases of 'GanHwa',' DamEum', 'EumYangYangHer', 'EumHer'. Korean medicine Tx. is superior in case of 'GiChe'. 3) At the improvement of symptoms by a questionnaire, Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx., Cooperative Tx. groups had improvements, but each practice group didn't have specific significance. Only it was somewhat profitable to Korean medical Tx. in the 210㎜Hg/110㎜Hg, Western medical Tx. in the 180㎜Hg/110㎜Hg, Cooperative Tx, in the 170㎜Hg/90㎜ Hg. 4) There are the apparent improvements in patients whose BP are over 200㎜Hg of Korean medical Tx. group, whose BP are over 190㎜Hg of Western medical Tx. group and whose BP are over 170㎜Mg of Cooperative Tx. group. There are the improvement of diastolic BP in 110㎜Mg(Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx.) and 90㎜Hg(Cooperative Tx.). 5) At the improvement of Pulse pressure, generally Pulse pressure are decreased. There are similar improvements in all of Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx., and Cooperative Tx.. 6) At the Symptomatic approvement according to ages, Korean medical Tx., Cooperative Tx. are somewhat good for his twentieth, and Western medical Tx. is somewhat good for his forties. 7) the correlation of Obesity-grade and BP, as Obesity-grade is higher as BP is higher, but there are no similarity in the improvement. 8) At the EAV improvements, as examination into correlation with the point of 1~3th, we could get results as below. There are high improvements of DRHTM, DRALM, DLLYM, DLLIM in Cooperative Tx. There are high improvements of DRPASI, DLLARI in the Korean medical Tx. group. There are high improvements of DRFADM in Western medical Tx. group.

혈액에서 연속 분리된 Staphylococcus epidermidis의 항균제 내성 및 Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis 양상

최인옥,정숙인,신동현,박영규,신종희 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.5

목적 : 혈액배양에서 Staphylococcus epidermidis가 분리될 경우 임상적 의의를 판정하기가 쉽지 않으나, 일반적으로 연속해서 분리된 균주가 동일한 유전형을 보이면 균혈증의 원인균일 가능성이 높다고 한다. 재료 및 방법 : 동일한 환자(12명)의 혈액에서 연속 분리된 S. epidermidis 각 2주씩을 대상으로 PFGE를 이용하여 유전형을 분석하여 동일 균주가 분리되는지 유무를 조사하고, 이를 항균제 내성양상 및 균주간의 분리일 간격과 비교하여 보았다. 결과 : 동일인에서 분리된 두 균주간의 PFGE 양상을 비교한 결과, 8명(66.6%)에서 분리된 균주는 동일한 PFGE 양상을 보였으나 4명(33.3%)에서는 서로 다른 양상을 보였다. PFGE 양상이 동일한 8명 중 7명에서는 항균제 내성양상도 동일하였으며, PFGE 양상이 서로 다른 4명에서는 항균제 내성양상도 서로 달랐다. 따라서 동일인에서 연속 분리된 균주에 대한 PFGE와 항균제 내성검사의 일치율은 91.7% (11/12)였다. PFGE 양상은 동일 환자에서 균이 분리된 시간 간격이 4일 이내 일 때 88.9%(8/9)에서 동일하였고, 분리일의 간격이 5일 이상일 때는 모두(3명)에서 서로 다른 PFGE 양상을 보였다. 결론 : 혈액에서 연속 분리된 S. epidermidis 균주의 PFGE 양상은 상당 수 환자에서 서로 달라, 동일 균종일지라도 오염의 가능성도 상당히 높음을 알 수 있었다. 연속 분리된 S. epidermidis 균주의 항균제 내성양상과 분리된 날짜 간격은 유전자형별 검사가 어려울 경우, 동일균주가 연속 분리되었는지 유무를 아는데 도움을 주리라 생각된다. Background : The significance of Staphylococcus epidermidis positive blood cultures is difficult to determine, but repeated isolation of the same organism with the same genotype is suggestive of true bacteremia. Materials and Methods : Two sequential isolates of S. epidermidis from blood cultures of the same twelve patients were genotyped by PFGE. The results were compared with those of antibiotyping and isolation time intervals between the two strains. Results : The two sequential strains from each patient had identical PFGE patterns in 66.6% (8 of 12) of the patients and two different types in 33.3% (4 of 12) of the patients. Antibiotypes of the two isolates from the same patient were different in all 4 patients whose isolates had different PFGE patterns, and they were the same in 7 of 8 patients whose isolates had identical PFGE patterns:the PFGE results were in agreement with the antibiotyping for 91.7% (11/12) of patients. The isolation time interval between the two strains was ≤4 days in 9 cases, 8 of which had identical PFGE patterns. In the 3 cases whose isolates had different PFGE patterns, the isolation time interval between the two strains was ≥5 days. Conclusion : These data showed that two consecutive isolates of S. epidermidis from blood cultures had different PFGE patterns in 33% of patients, suggesting a high prevalence of contamination. In the absence of genotyping measures, both antibiotype and isolation time interval can be alternative and useful tools for determining strain relatedness of sequential isolates of S. epidermidis from blood cultures.

세균독소로 자극시킨 사람 섬유아 세포에서의 Interleukin-6와 Interleukin-8의 생성

정인교,양동규,홍시영,이성근,김욱규,김광혁,김종렬 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1999 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.21 No.4

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production ofIL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS(0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml), SEB (0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml) or LPS (0.1㎍/ml) plus SEB (0.1㎍/ml). Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial demal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concertration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB.IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS(1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitvity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.

편두통 환자의 임상 양상 및 생체전기 자율반응과의 상관성 고찰

이현종,정인태,김수영,이두익,김건식,이재동,이윤호,최도영 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2004 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2004 No.-

Objective : We had a clinical report in headache but didn't in migraine. We have planned this study in order to get the basic data of migraine in oriental medicine. Methods : The patient of 36 in migraine checked sec, age, onset, family history, severity of pain, influences of life, induced cause, clinical pain characteristics, associated symptom, treatment style, and paescription, frequency, using period of analgesics by a questionnaire and differentiated syndromes in migraine and evaluated autonomic bioelectric response recorder(ABR-2000). Results : There are 23.4% in prevalence rate of migraine. The ratio of sex is M: F=1:17. The age of an attack is the highest in thirties. The patient are the most in forties. The mean duration of illness is 12.0±9.9 years. 83.4% had a family history. 61.1% had a moderate grade in severity of pain. 77.8% selected fatigue in induced cause of migraine. 69.4% had tingling sense, nausea and vomiting in the associated symptoms. 91.7% used analgesics for treatment and 51.5% of them used analgesics voluntarily. 61.9% of them take analgesics less than once in a week. 33.6% had the phlegm syncope headache in differentiation of syndrome. In ABR-2000 results, item of graph showed low tendency mostly. Conclusions : We expected that this re port of clinical progress, differentiation of syndromes and ABR-2000 results in migraine would be used basic data by oriental medicine to treat migraine.

관해된 정신분열병과 양극성장애 환자의 언어성 기억 및 학습 기능 비교

우종민,정성심,정인원,김이영,이동수,홍경수 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.4

연구목적 : 본 연구는 관해 상태에 있는 정신분열병과 양극성장애 환자의 언어성 기억 및 학습 기능을 평가하고 이를 정상대조군과 비교하여 기억 요소의 질환별 특성을 분석하고자 실시하였다. 방 법 : 관해상태의 정신분열병 환자 30명과 양극성장애 환자 28명 및 정상대조군 72명을 대상으로 성, 연령, 교육연한, 발병연령, 잔여증상, 추체외로증상, 단순주의력 수준을 통제한 후 한글언어청각학습검사를 실시하여, 초과용량 즉각기억, 기억의 등록, 유지, 인출, 재인, 학습전략, 간섭효과를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 한글언어청각학습검사 결과를 세 집단간 비교한 결과, 정신분열병은 전행성 간섭효과를 제외한 모든 항목에서 대조군보다 유의하게 저하된 기억 수행을 보였으며, 양극성장애에 비해서도 대부분의 회상 시도에서 유의한 저하를 보였다. 특징적으로 학습 전략 활용 능력이 저조하였다. 양극성장애는 대조군에비해 즉각기억, 재인,학습전략에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 반복에 따른 회상과 학습은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 저하되었다. 정신분열병에 비해서는 전반적으로 비슷하거나 우월했지만, 간접자극 제시에 의한 회상 저하는 세 집단 중 가장 크게 나타났다. 환자군에서 검사성적에 대한 임상적 특성의 설명력을 분석한 결과, 정신분열병에서는 BPRS의 무력증 소척도, 유병기간, 입원횟수 등이 유의한 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났고, 양극성장애에서는 우울삽화 횟수가 유의한 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 관해상태의 양극성장애와 정신분열병 모두에서 대조군과 구별되는 언어성 기억 및 학습 기능 저하가 관찰되었다. 이러한 기억 및 학습 기능의 결함은 이들 두 장애의 고유한 질병 특성 표지자일 가능성이 높으며, 향후 이들 질환의 병태생리를 이해하고 치료적 접근 방법을 모색하는 데에 단초가 될 수 있을 것이다. Objectives : This study was to investigate the verbal memory and learning ability in remitted schizophrenic patients and euthymic bipolar patients in order to explore trait-dependent cognitive deficits of each disorder. Methods : Verbal memory was assessed with KAVLT(the Korean version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) in outpatients with remitted schizophrenia(N=30), euthmic bipolar disorder(N=28), and normal control(N=72), KAVLT is made for assessment of immediate supraspan memory, registration, retention, retrieval, recognition, learning strategy, and interference effect. Several confounding factors including age, sex, educational level, attention span, residual psychopathology, and extrapyramidal symptoms were controlled among 3 groups. Patient groups were matched according to the age of onset, duration of illness, and frequency of hospitalization. Results : 1) The performance of bipolar group generally fall between the performance of schizophrenia and normal controls, while being most impaired in retroactive interference. Schizophrenic group showed significant impairment on most variables of KAVLT in comparison with the groups of bipolar disorder and normal control. 2) Within group analysis revealed that residual negative symptoms, duration of illness, and number of admission were highly correlated with the impairment of verbal memory and learning in schizophrenics. Number of depressive episodes and age were negatively correlated with verbal memory and learning among bipolar disorder patients. Conclusions : Both remitted schizophrenia and euthymic bipolar patients showed distinctive impairment in verbal memory and learning compared with controls. These results suggest that apecific impairment of verbal memory and learning in remitted state can be trait-dependent marker in both diseases. These deficits can give clues to the understanding of the pathophysiology and searching for more appropriate therapeutic interventions of mental disorders to improve cognitive deficits in remitted patients.

최근 5년간 응급실을 내원한 구강악안면외과 환자에 대한 임상적 연구

김종렬,정인교,양동규,박봉욱 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2001 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.23 No.2

his is a clinical study on patients who had visitied the Emergency Room of Pusan National University Hospital and then been treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery during recent 5 years, from 1992 to 1996. The results were as follow ; 1. The total number of patients was 2,680 and the ratio of male to female was 1.96:1, The highest monthly incidence was shown in September(12.1%) and October(10.5%) and the age distribution peaks was the third decade(24.3%) , followed by the first(23.1%) and the fourth decade(17.2%). 2. Soft tissue injury group(29. 1%) was the most prevalent, followed by tooth injury group(16. 1%), facial bone injury group (16.0%), toothache group(11.2%), socket bleeding group(11.1%), infection group(9.8%) and TMJ dislocation group(5.9%). 3. The percentage of in-patients and out-patient were 21.6% and 78.4%, respectively. The frequent causes of admission were facial bone fracture(73.8%) , infection(20.8%) and soft tissue injury(4.8%) in order. However, soft tissue injury was the most frequent cause in out-patient, followed by tooth injury(20.5%), toothache(14.3%), socket bleeding(14.2%) and TMJ dislocation(7.6%). 4. In the facial bone injury group, the mandibular fractures(70.6%) showed the highest incidence, followed by zygomatic bone and arch fractures(7.5%), maxillary bone fractures(4.0%) and nasal bone fractures(4.0%). 5. In the mandibular bone fracture, the most common location was symphysis(36.7%), followed by the mandibular angles(33.1%) and the condyles(21.8%) 6. The common causes of facial bone fractures were violence, fall and traffic accident in order. 7. The common causes of soft tissue injury were fall down, fight and traffic accident in order and the highest incidence was observed in infants before the age of 10 years(44.0%). 8. In the group of tooth injury, tooth luxation(38.5%) showed the highest incidence followed by tooth fracture(33.2%) and tooth loss(17.1%). The common causes of tooth injury were fall, fight and traffic accident in order. 9. In infected patients group, the ratio of in-patients to out-patients was 1 : 1.28, Buccal(24,7%) and infraorbital space abscess(23.3%) showed the highest incidence. 10. The pain caused by dental caries(39.0%) and pericoronitis(26.6%) showed high incidence in the toothache group. 11. The high incidence was observed during third(34.0%) and fourth (24.5%) decades in TMJ dislocation group. 12. In the group of socket bleeding patients, 92% was post-operative hemorrhage and 8% was accompanied with other systemic hemorrhagic diseases.