FFT Algorithm and Nonharmonic Fourier Series

Rhee, Jung Soo 정보과학연구소부산외국어대학교 2001 情報科學論集 Vol.3 No.-

In the spectral analysis, Fourier coefficients is very important to give an information for the original signal f on the finite domain, since it recovers f (see [12]). Also Fourier analysis has extension to wavelet analysis for the whole space R (See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], [11]). Various kinds of reconstruction theorems are main subject to analyze signal functions in L^2(R) (See [6],[9], [10], [13], [14], [15], [16]). By recovering f properly, there are many applicationsin Digital Signal Processing and Image Processing. We have already demonsruction theorem in L^1(R^n) using the Fourier coefficient which is called a Modified Fourier Series expansion(nonharmonic Fourier series expansion) in the Rhee's previous paper(see[18]). In this paper, we present computationally efficient procedures as an application of FFT algorithm for practical importance in calculating the nonharmonic Fourier coefficients. Also we introduce new synthesis and analysis equations like the discrete Fourier transform(DFT) pair.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

농촌지역 노인들의 인지기능 장애와 사망과의 관련성

선병환,박경수,나백주,박요섭,남해성,신준호,손석준,이정애,Sun, Byeong-Hwan,Park, Kyeong-Soo,Na, Baeg-Ju,Park, Yo-Seop,Nam, Hae-Sung,Shin, Jun-Ho,Sohn, Seok-Joon,Rhee, Jung-Ae 대한예방의학회 1997 예방의학회지 Vol.30 No.3

60세이상 노인인구를 대상으로 '농촌지역 노인들의 우울 및 인지기능 장애에 관한 연구'를 한 이정애와 정향균의 연구대상 558명에 대해 농촌지역 노인들의 인지기능 장애와 사망과의 관련성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 3년동안 동안 전체 대상자의 사망률은 558명중 57명인 10.2%이었으며 353명의 정상 인지기능군 중 사망자는 30명으로 사망률 8.5%, 126명 의 경도 인지장애군중 사망자는 14명으로 사망률 11.1%, 79명의 중증 인지장애군중 사망자는 13명으로 사망률 16.5% 이었다(표 3). 2) 3년동안 전체 연구 대상자의 생존율은 0.91이었으며 정상, 경도, 중증 인지기능 장애군의 3년 생존율은 각각 0.92, 0.90, 0.86이었다. 로그 순위 검정법으로 인지기능 정상군과 경도 및 중증의 각 인지기능 장애군의 생존곡선을 비교한 결과 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 또한 인지기능 정상군과 경도 이상의 인지기능 장애군간 생존곡선을 비교한 결과도 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) 혼란변인을 보정하지 않는 Cox의 비례위험 회귀 모형의 단변량분석의 결과 95% 신뢰구간(C.I. : Confidence Interval)에서 사망위험도가 유의한 변인은 연령, 월수입, 흡연습관, 신체장애 등이었으며, 인지기능 장애정도를 정상 그리고 경도 및 중증으로 분류한 분석에서는 정상군에 비해 경도 및 중증의 사망위험도가 유의하게 높지 않았으나, 인지기능 점수(MMSEK score)의 증가에 따른 분석 결과 사망위험도가 0.94로 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(표 4). 4) 잠재적 혼란변인들의 영향을 보정한 Cox의 비례위험 회귀모형의 다변량 분석의 결과 인지기능 장애정도 및 MMSEK 점수증가에 따른 사망위험도는 어느 모형에서도 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 위험도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(표 5). 5) 남녀별로 각각 인지기능 장애와 사망위험도와의 관계를 알아보기 위해 다변량 분석을 시행한 결과 인지기능 장애정도 및 MMSEK 점수 증가에 따른 사망위험도는 어느 모형에서도 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 위험도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(표 6, 표 7). 이상 본 연구는 농촌지역 노인들에서 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였지만, 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 영향을 통계적으로 유의하게 고찰하지 못하였다. The purpose of this study was to examine the mortality risk associated with cognitive impairment among the rural elderly. The subjective of study was 558 of 'A Study on the Depression and Cognitive Impairment in the Rural Elderly' of Jung Ae Rhee and Hyang Gyun Jung's study(1993). Cognitive impairment and other social and health factors were assessed in 558 elderly rural community residents. For this study, a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSEK) was used as a global indicator of cognitive functioning. And mortality risk factors for each cognitive impairment subgroup were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. At baseline 22.6% of the sample were mildly impaired and 14.2% were severely impaired. As the age increased, the cognitive function was more impaired. Sexual difference was existed in the cognitive function level. Also the variables such as smoking habits, physical disorders had the significant relationship with cognitive function impairment. Across a 3-year observation period the mortality rate was 8.5% for the cognitively unimpaired, 11.1% for the mildly impaired, and 16.5% for the severly impaired respendents. And the survival probability was .92 for the cognitively unimpaired, .90 for the mildly impaired, and .86 for the severly impaired respondents. Compared to survival curve for the cognitively unimpaired group, each survival curve for the mildly and the severely impaired group was not significantly different. When adjustments models were not made for the effects of other health and social covariates, each hazard ratio of death of mildly and severely impaired persons was not significantly different as compared with the cognitively unimpaired. But, as MMSEK score increased, significantly hazard ratio of death decreased. Employing Cox univariate proportional hazards model, statistically other significant variables were age, monthly income, smoking habits, physical disorders. Also when adjustments were made for the effects of other health and social covariates, there was no difference in hazard ratio of death between those with severe or mild impairment and unimpaired persons. And as MMSEK score increased, significantly hazard ratio of death did not decrease. Employing Cox multivariate proportional hazards model, statistically other significant variables were age, monthly income, physical disorders. Employing Cox multivariate proportional hazards model by sex, at men and women statistically significant variable was only age. For both men and women, also cognitive impairment was not a significant risk factor. Other investigators have found that cognitive impairment is a significant predictor of mortality. But we didn't find that it is a significant predictor of mortality. Even though the conclusions of our study were not related to cognitive impairment and mortality, early detection of impaired cognition and attention to associated health problems could improve the quality of life of these older adults and perhaps extend their survival.

齒根囊腫에 關한 臨床 및 統計學的 硏究

李春根,金圭植,南日祐,河正洙 中央醫學社 1967 中央醫學 Vol.12 No.1

We have studied on clinical and statistical studies of periodontal cysts developed from 46 patients. The results were obtained as follows, 1) Periodontal cysts are more frequent in females (52.17%) than that in males (47.83%). 2) Predominant ages are third decade (34.78 % ), fifth decade (23. 91 % ), second decade and fourth decade (each other 17.39%) and sixth decade (6.52 %) in the orders. 3) In the etiological teeth of periodontal cysts, the upper central and lateral incisors, lower first and second molars are prevalent. 4) periodontal cysts are more frequent in maxilla (70 %) than that in mandible (30%). The predominant region of periodontal cysts are anterior region of maxilla and molar region of mandible. 5) The 46 periodontal cysts have been treated by means of direct enucleation technique of cyst walls in 43 cases and apicoectomy in 3 cases.

Cesaro 算術 平均을 이용한 信號分析

이정수,김대희 정보과학연구소부산외국어대학교 1999 情報科學論集 Vol.1 No.-

In this paper, we will present a reconstruction theorem of L¹-function using Cesaro's method of summation and demonstrate its applications.

전치부 개교를 동반한 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합 환자의 악교정 수술 후 교합평면의 변화와 안정성에 관한 연구

신수정,황병남,이정근,이승훈 대한치과교정학회 1999 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.29 No.1

악골의 골격적 부조화를 가진 환자의 교정치료는 악교정 수술을 필요로 하고, 악교정 수술에 의해 교합평면각은 변화된다. 특히 전치부 개교를 동반한 III급 부정교합 환자에서 치아안면 기형을 치료하기 위한 교합평면각의 변화에 대하여 많은 논란이 있어 왔다. 교합평면각을 증가시키는 하악골의 시계 방향 회전(clockwise rotation)은 전치부 개교에 대한 적절한 치료법으로 추천되어 왔고 하악골의 반시계 방향의 회전(counterclockwise rotation)은 하악지 고경을 증가시키는 방향으로 하악골을 회전시킨다는 개념으로 인해 재발(relapse)을 유발하는 불안정한 수술 방법으로 인식되어 왔다. 본 연구는 전치부 개교를 동반한 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합 환자에서 교합평면의 반시계 방향회전을 동반한 하악지시상분할 골절단술 시행 후 교합평면각의 변화와 술후 안정성과의 관계를 평가하고자 하였다. 하악지 시상분할 골절단술과 rigid fixation으로 치료받은 환자 25명(평균연령 20.6세)을 대상으로 하여 수술 작전(T1), 술후 2주내(T2), 그리고 술후 6개월 이후(T3)에 촬영한 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진을 통계분석한 결과 (Paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis), 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 악교정 수술 후 (T2) 하악평면각은 2.9° 감소하였고 SN평면에 대한 하악 교합평면의 각도는 2.7°감소하였다. 술후 6개월경과 후 (T3)후안면 고경의 감소로 인해(P<0.01) 하악 평면각은 1.0° 증가하였으나 하악 교합평면의 경사도는 변화되지 않았다. 2. 악교정 수술 후 시간 경과(T3)에 의해 발생한 수평적 개발은 하악골의 전방 이동량이 B점에서 1.6mm로 수술시 전체 후방 이동량의 약 22%였다. 전안면 고경에서는 수직적 재발이 발생하지 않았으나, 후안면 고경은 감소하였다(P<0.01). 3. 수평적 재발과 상관관계를 보이는 항목은 하악평면각 이었고(P<0.01) 수술 6개월경과 후 후안면 고경의 감소와 상관관계가 있는 요소로는 수술시 하악골의 후방 이동량(P<0.01), 하악지 고경의 증가량(P<0.01), 그리고 하악평면각의 감소량(P<0.01) 등이 있었다. 4. 수술시 하악 교합평면 경사도의 변화량과 술후 재발과는 상관관계가 없었다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stability of counterclockwise rotation of mandible by sagittal split ramus osteotomy to correct the skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion with anterior open bite. Twenty five skeletal Class Ⅲ open bite patients(mean age 20.6 years) who were treated by the sagittal split ramus osteotomies with rigid fixation were examined in this study. Cephalometric radiographs were taken for each patients preoperative (T1), early postoperative(T2), and late postoperative period(T3). Mean postoperative period was 8.0 months. Cephalometric analysis was done and data from T1, T2, T3 were analyzed statistically by Paired t-test and Pearson correlation analysis. The following results were obtained. 1. Mandibular plane angle decreased 2.9° and mandibular occlusal plane angle related to SNplane decreased 2.7° after orthognathic surgery(T2). At 6 months after orthognathic surgery(T3), mandibular plane angle increased 1.0°, but mandibular occlusal plane angle did not changed. 2. The amount of horizontal relapse long time after orthognathic surgery(T3) was 1.6mm at B point and it was 22% of the total posterior movements. There was no vertical relapse in the anterior facial height. 3. The related factor with horizontal relapse at late postoperative period was mandibular plane angle(p<0.01). The related factors with decreasing posterior facial height were amount of mandibular setback(p<0.01), increasing of mandibular ramus height(p<0.01), and decrease of the mandibular plane angle during operation(p<0.01). 4. There was no relationship between the amount of changes in mandibular occlusal plan angle during operation and the amount of relapse after surgery.

산업장 근로자의 표준체중치

정종학,강복수,김석범,사공준,이정길,한구웅 大韓産業醫學會 1989 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.1 No.1

산업장 근로자의 건강증진과 노동력보존에 기여할 목적으로 경상북도 구미시에 소재하는 구미공단내의 20-29세 산업장 근로자 10,407명(남자 6,201명. 여자 4,206명)을 대상으로 1985년의 정기 신체 검사 자료로 부터 성별. 연령별 평균신장, 평균체중 및 신장과 체중간의 상관관계와 회귀방정식을 구하고 이들을 이용하여 신장별 표준체중과 이상체중의 범위를 구했으며 신장과 체중으로 BMI를 산출하였다. 20대 근로자의 평균신장은 남자가 168.2±5.61cm였고 여자는 155.9±5.26cm였고 평균체중은 남자가 61.4±6.56kg, 여자는 52.4±6.00kg이었다. 신장과 체중간의 상관계수는 남자의 경우 +0.541이었고 회귀방정식은 Y(체중)=0.637Ⅹ(신장)-44.975였으며 여자는 상관계수가 +0.559였고 회귀방정식은 Y(체중)=0.637 Ⅹ(신장)-46.898 이었다. 신장별 표준체중은 신장이 155cm일때에 남녀 각각 53.0kg, 51.8kg 이었으며 165 cm 일때는 59.3kg, 58.2kg이었고 175cm일때에 65.6kg, 64.6kg이었고, 정상체중의 범위는 신장이 155cm일때에 남자는 47.5-58.5kg, 여자는 46.9-56.8kg, 165cm일때는 남자는 53.8-64.8kg, 여자는 53.2-63.2kg, 175cm일때에 남자는 60.1-72.1kg, 여자는 59.6-69.6kg으로 평가되었으며, 비만은 신장이 155cm 일때에 남자는 64.1kg이상, 여자는 61.8kg이상, 165cm일때는 남자는 70.3kg이상, 여자는 68.2kg이상, 175cm일때에 남자는 76.7kg이상, 여자는 74.5kg 이상으로 평가되었다. 성별. 연령별 BMI는 남자가 21.7±1.95였고 여자는 21.6±2.05였고 Garrow의 BMI 분류방식에 따른 desirable range에 속하는 근로자는 남자가 75.9%였고, 여자는 71.3%였다. To contribute to promotion of health and preservation of labor power of Korean laborers, the body height and body weight were measured for 10,407 workers(6,201 male, 4,206 female) in the age group of 20-29, engaged in manufactures in the Gumi industrial complex, Gumi city, Kyungpook province. The above data were extracted from the 1985 periodic examination chart for calculation of the mean body weight, mean body height, correlation coefficient and regression equation between weight and height, standard body weight, body mass index(BMI) and distribution of laborers within Garrow's classification of BMI by age and sex group. Mean body height of 20-29 age group was 168.2±5.61 cm for male and 155.9±5.26 cm for female. Mean body weight of 20-29 age group was 61.4±6.56 kg for male and 52.4±6.00 kg for female. Correlation coefficient and regression equation of 20-29 age group were +0.541 and Y(Wt)=0.632X(Ht)-44.975 for male and +0.559 and Y(Wt)=0.637X(Ht)-46.898 for female. Standard body weight of 20-29 age group was 53.0 kg at 155 cm, 59.3 kg at 165 cm, 65.6 kg at 175 cm for male and 51.8 kg at 155 cm, 58.2 kg at 165 cm at 64.6 kg at 175 cm for female. Range of normal body weight of 20-29 age group was 47.5-58.5 kg at 155 cm, 53.8-64.8 kg at 165 cm, 60.1-72.1 kg at 175 cm for male and 46.9-56.8 kg at 155cm, 53.2-63.2 kg at 165 cm, 59.6-69.6 kg at 175 cm for female. Range of obesity of 20-29 age group was 64.1 kg and over at 155 cm, 70.3 kg and over at 165 cm, 76.7 kg and over at 175 cm for male and 61.8 kg and over at 155 cm, 68.2 kg and over at 165 cm, 74.5 kg and over at 175 cm for female. Body mass index(kg/m²) of 20-29 age group was 21.7±1.95 for male and 21.6±2.05 for female, 75.9% of male laborers and 71.3% of famale counterparts fall in the desirable range of BMI by Garrow's classification.

그루지아 민가의 전통 발효유에서 분리한 유산균의 이화학적 특성

신승이,최기춘,김종현,박정수,이영환 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1999 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.34 No.-

그루지아의 전통 발효유로부터 유산 생성과 항균성이 우수한 3주의 균주를 최종 분리, 선발하고 각각 Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L bulga G82), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acid G86), 그리고, Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermo G90)로 동정하였다. 이들 유산균을 starter로 요구르트를 제조하여 이화학적 특성을 조사한 결과, pH는 4.0∼4.5의 범위를 보였으며, pH 4.0으로 L. acid G86 균주가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 또한 0.1N HCl에 대한 완충능은 4.50∼5.12ml, 0.1N NaOHdp 대한 완충능은 3.74∼4.98ml의 범위를 보였고, 3 균주 중 L acid G86 균주가 산-염기에 대하여 가장 높은 완충능을 나타내었다. 산도는 0.95∼1.16%, 점도는 1,984∼2,232 cps 그리고 생균수는 1.4x109∼3.0x109으로 조사 되었다. in vitro에서의 콜레스테롤 저하 정도는 L. acid G86 균주가 약 35%로 가장 높은 저하 정도를 보였고, L. bulga G82와 S. thermo G90 균주는 각각 약 32%, 24%이었다. Three strains of inhibitory lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic microorganism were isolated from traditional fermented milk of Georgia, and than, identified to be Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L bulga G82), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L acid G86) and Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermo G90), respectively. These strains were used to starter for yogurts. So, we made yogurts, and evaluated their phyco-chemical properties. The range of pH value was 4.0∼4.5, and L. acid G86 strain was the lower pH value for 4,0. The buffer capacity against 0.1N HCI and 0.1N NaOH were 4,50~5.12ml and 3.74~4.98ml. The acidity, viscosity and viable cell counts of yogurt were 0.95∼1/16%, 1.984∼2,232 cps and 1.4x109∼3.0x109, respectively. Among the three strains, L. acid G86 strain was have the best ability of lowering cholesterol level in vitro, the value were about 35%. The L. bulga G82 and S. thermo G90 were around 32% and 24%, respectively.

폴록사머 및 프로필렌글리콜을 이용한 클로트리마졸 고형 좌제의 물리화학적 특성

현경희,오유경,김정애,공경환,김지현,양준호,배명수,김호동,이종달,장현욱,용철순,최한곤 한국약제학회 2005 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.35 No.2

To develop a clotrimazole-loaded solid suppository with poloxamer and propylene glycol, the melting points of various formulations composed of poloxamer 188 (P 188) and propylene glycol were investigated. The dissolution study of clotrimazole delivered by the suppository composed of P 188 and propylene glycol was performed. The mixtures composed of P 188 and propylene glycol were homogeneous. Propylene glycol affected the melting points of poloxamer mixtures. In particular, the mixture [P 188/propylene glycol (70/30%)] with the melting point of about 32°C was a solid form at room temperature and instantly melted at physiological temperature. Furthermore, propylene glycol affected greatly the dissolution rates of clotrimazole from the suppository. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the dissolution of clotrimazole was proportional to the time. Our results indicated that the solid suppository with P 188 and propylene glycol would be a candidate of rectal dosage form for clotrimazole.

F-122 Is Inhaled corticosteroid associated with less exacerbation in subjects with mild to moderate airflow limitation?

( Soo Jung Kim ),( Jin Hwa Lee ),( Yon Ju Ryu ),( Jung Hyun Chang ),( Chin Kook Rhee ),( Kyungjoo Kim ),( Kwang Ha Yoo ),( Ki-suck Jung ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2016 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.121 No.-

Background: It has been unclear whether inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) clinically benefit patients with early-stage of COPD. Nevertheless, in the real world, ICS have been prescribed to patients with FEV1 ≥60% predicted. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ICS was associated with reduced exacerbations in patients with FEV1 ≥60% predicted. Methods: A retrospective cohort was constructed from the combination of data from both the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the national health insurance reimbursement databases during 2007-2012. Patients aged ≥20 years with a pre-bronchodilator FEV1 ≥60% predicted and FEV1/FVC <0.7 were included. Acute exacerbations requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and emergency room (ER) visits were evaluated. Results: Among 365 patients with FEV1 ≥60% predicted, ICS were prescribed for 88 patients (24%). ICS users showed lower FEV1 and higher household income compared to non-users. Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, FEV1, and household income, use of ICS was not associated with decreased risk of acute exacerbation. However, ICU use was associated with increased risk of hospitalization due to pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.86; 95% CI 1.39 to 6.04), but neither ICU admission nor ER visits. Additionally, ICS use was not associated with increased medical cost. Conclusions: In patients with FEV1 ≥60% predicted, ICS may not reduce acute exacerbation, but increase the risk of hospitalization due to pneumonia. Therefore, prescribing ICS to these patients requires careful consideration.