다층구조 신경망에서 비선형 시그모이드 함수의 Taylor 시리즈 근사화에 의한 랜덤잡음의 비선형 변환

정동규,정규범 우석대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 自然科學硏究論文集 Vol.1 No.-

It is well known that multi-layer feedforward neural networks have the capability of function approximation and pattern recognition through a series of weighted sums and nonlinear transformations. The capability of the network depends upon the set of weights and the characteristics of nonlinear processing units. For the estimating output perturbation in the implementation of the network, it is important to understand the nonlinear transformation of the Sigmoid function. In this paper we analyze the nonlinear transformation of the weighted sum error fed to the function. An approximation of the nonlinear Sigmoid function with nth Taylor series is introduced for the analysis of the statistical noise model. Based on the analysis, the error of the Sigmoid output to the weighted-sum error has been derived. It is assumed that the error in the weighted sum are due to perturbations of the weights and that inputs to the network are statistically independent. The results obtained are expressed with the expectation and variance of output error. And it is applicable to both digital and analog feedforward neural networks with a large sized network, a network with many neurons per layer exception for output layer. For the verification of the derived results computer simulations have been performed, resulting in good agreement between the numerical results and the results of the Taylor approximation of the Sigmoid on the wide range of the weighted sum error.

동종 골수이식 후 만성 이식편대숙주질환과 동반되어 신증후군으로 발현된 IgA 신병증 1예

정철권,김현수,박준성,정성현,조도연,최진혁,남동기,임호영,김명성,신규태,임현이,김효철 대한조혈모세포이식학회 1999 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.4 No.2

동종 골수이식 후 발생하는 신기능부전은 원인이 다양하여 감별에 어려움이 있다. 만성 GVHD는 흉선의 기능저하에 따른 면역관용의 실패로 발생되는 자가면역현상에 의해 발생되는 것으로 알려져 있으며 드물게 신장을 침범하여 신증후군을 일으키기도 한다. CaA의 용량을 줄이거나 투약중지 후 발생한 만성 GVHD에 동반된 신증후군의 경우 조기에 신조직검사를 시행하여 감별진단하고 CsA의 용량을 증량하거나 재투약하여 좋은 치료 결과를 보일 것으로 기대된다. 저자들은 문헌고찰을 통해 동종 골수이식 후 발생된 신증후군이 유사한 임상양상을 보이며 발생기전에 만성 GVHD와 자가면역현상이 연관되어 있음을 확인하였으며 동종 골수이식 후 신증후군의 임상양상을 보이는 환자에서 병리조직학적으로 lgA 신병증을 진단하고 이러한 lgA 신병증이 발생기전에 만성 GVHD와 자가 면역현상이 연관되어 있을 가능성을 최초로 확인하였으며 CsA를 이용하여 성공적으로 치료한 경험을 하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Renal insufficiency is occasionally encountered in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and its cause is difficult to ascertain. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) related to thymic dysfunction is immune-mediated and involves autoreactivity of T-lymphocytes derived from donor marrow to recipient's major histocompatibility complex(MHC) minor antigens. The clinical mainifestations of chronic GVHD are similar to those of autoimmune disease but kidney involvement is rare. Few cases of nephrotic syndrome with membranous nephropathy or minimal change nephrotic syndrome have been reported to be associated with chronic GVHD in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient especially after cyclosporine A(CsA) withdrawal, and these cases have responded well to CsA. Therefore, it is prudent to differentiate the cause of post-transplant renal insufficiency using renal biopsy and to start CsA in a case of nephrotic syndrome associated with chronic GVHD as early as possible. We report a case who had a massive proteinuria during the post-allogeneic marrow transplantation period. The cause of nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed as IgA nephropathy by renal biopsy. The patient was successfully treated with reintroduction of CsA.

가열처리에 의한 단감의 이화학적 특성

손규목,김광호,성태수,김종현,신동주,정지영,배영일 한국식품영양학회 2002 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

단감의 기능성 소재 및 기호성이 우수한 부원료로서의 이용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 단감새옥를 전처리별 즉, 열처리 온도 (25℃, 75℃ 및 95℃) 에서 NaCl (0, 1, 3%) 농도별로 침적 (1, 5분) 하여 동결건조한 시료구를 대상으로 탄닌, 비타민 C, 색도 및 조직감 등을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 탄닌 성분은 열처리 온도, NaCl 농도 및 침적시간이 증가할수록 탄닌함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 특히, 대조구 (420 mg%) 에 비해 95℃에서 1% 및 3% NaCl 농도에 5분간 침적시 각각 228 및 198 mg%로 감소하였다. 비타민 C 함량은 대조구 (122.4 mg%)에 비해 95℃에서 3% NaCl 농도에 5분간 침적시 75.8 mg% 로 감소하였고, 색도는 열처리 온도, NaCl 농도 및 침적시간이 증가할수록 L(명도) 및 b(황색)값이 뚜렷하게 증가한 반면, a(적색도) 값은 감소하였고, ??E 값은 증가하여 처리조건이 가중될수록 색의 변화가 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 단감껍질과 전처리한 시료 (95℃, 1% NaCl, 5 분)의 flavonol 함량은 껍질에 myricetin(2.0 ㎍/g), quercetin (34. 5 ㎍/g) 및 kaemferol (1.1 ㎍/g) 성분이 검출되었고, 전처리한 시료는 myricetin (9.5 ㎍/g), quercetin (5.5 ㎍/g)이 검출되었다. 조직감은 대조구에 비해 전처리 (95℃, 1% NaCl, 5분) 한 시료에서 부서짐성, 응집성, 점성 및 씹힘성이 우수하였다. 관능검사는 95℃에서 1% NaCl에 5분 및 3% NaCl 농도에 1부간 침지한 시료가 좋은 평가를 받았다. Sweet persimmon were tested in order to identify their use as secondary material which is excellent in function and taste as food. Samples were soaked for 1 and 5 min with NaCl concentration (0, 1 and 3%) at a certain heating temperature (25, 75 and 9r℃), and then tannin, vitamin C, flavonol, color intensity, sensory test and textural properties were analyzed. The results of the analyses were as follows. Tannins were decreased as heating temperature, NaCl concentration and soaking time were increased, especially, that the control was 420 mg% but decreased 228 and 198 mg% at 95℃ (1 and 3% NaCl concentration) for 5 min, soaked in each. Vitamin C content also decreased more in higher temperature and NaCl concentration than control (122.4 mg%). Color intensity showed higher value in L and b than in heating temperature, NaCl concentration and soaked time longer remarkably, but a value decreased. The peel of sweet persimmons was analyzed myricetin (2.0 ㎍/g), quercetin (34.5 ㎍/g) and kaemperaol (1.1 ㎍/g), but in pre-treatment sample ( 95℃, 1% NaCl concentration and 5 min, soaked ) was showed higher myricetin (9.5 ㎍/g) and quercetin (5.5 ㎍/g). Textural properties were good in pre-treatment sample ( 95℃, 1% NaCl concentration and 5 min, soaked) such as brittleness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. In sensory analysis, the pre-treatment samples (95℃, 1% NaCl concentration and 5 min, soaked and 95℃, 3% NaCl concentration and 1 min, soaked) were showed higher point than others.

뉴로 컴퓨팅 시스템 시뮬레이션 언어 개발 및 응용환경의 구축

홍규완,김정수,이수동 울산대학교 1995 공학연구논문집 Vol.26 No.1

대부분의 신경망 시뮬레이션 프로그램은 기존의 언어(C,PASCAL,FORTRAN등)로 구현되었다. 기존의 언어들은 신경망구조와 신경망의 동적행위를 제어하는 데 적합한 자료구조와 문장들을 가지고 있지 않기 때문에 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 작성하거나 모델의 변경에 어려움이 많다. 본 논문에서는 신경망 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 작성하는데 적합한 언어를 설계하였다. 특히 제안된 언어는 신경망 구조를 쉽게 표현할 수 있고 신경망의 동작행위를 효율적으로 기술하기 위하여 층마크로 정의 개념을 도입하였다. 언어는 두개의 DIVISION으로 구성되었다. 하나는 망구조를 기술하기 위한 NETWORK STRUCTURE DIVISION이고 다른 하나는 신경망의 행위를 제어하는 PROCEDURE DIVISION이다. Most of neural network simulation programs have been implemented with the conventional computer languages. It is difficult to implement simulation programs and is various to build neural network, because the languages have not data structures and statements suitable for expressing neural network structures and controlling neural behaviors. This paper describes a neural network simulation language, specifically designed for the development and modeling of neural network applications. It has a layer macro definition concept to express the arbitrary network structures and dynamic neural behaviors easily. It consists of the two divisions. First division describes the network structures. Second division controls the network behaviors.

신경섬유종증-제 2형의 진단과 치료 : 16례의 임상경험 Experience of 16 Cases

김정은,백선하,김종수,이상형,오창완,김동규,정희원,김현집,조병규,한대희,최길수 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.12

Neurofibromatosis type 2(NF-2) is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by the occurrence of bilateral acoustic neurinomas and the frequent association of other central nervous system tumors. We present a retrospective review of 16 patients with NF-2 who were treated at our hospital from 1984 to 1995 in 13 cases, the diagnoses of Nf-2 were based on the criteria developed at the Consensus Development Conference of National Institute of Health in the United States, and in another 3 cases. the criterias of NF-2 were not fully satisfied, but the diagnoses of NF-2 were highly suspected. The average age of the patients was 27.6 years, ranging from 13 years to 56 years. The most common symptom was hearing difficulty : intervals between symptom onset and deafness ranged from 8 months to 6 years(mean : 2.9 years) One family of NF-2 was documented consisting of a sister a brother and their mother. Nine patients underwent operations on unilateral acoustic neurinomas : these were subtotally removed in eight patients and totally in one patient Among these patients five were deaf on the ipsilateral side at surgery. Among the other four patients with useful hearing before surgery, hearing was preserved to preoperative status in two patients. Four patients with diagnoses of meningioma, received operations to relieve mass effect with subtotal removal in two patients and total removal in the other two. Early diagnosis and treatment are the most important in the management planning of patients with NF-2 for reasons of early manifestation and rapid progression of the disease.

生物敎科書에 나오는 植物種類와 鎭海市 初·中·高等學校 庭園樹木과의 比較

姜東萬,鄭宇珪,成敏雄 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1989 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.5 No.-

학교 정원의 교재원화를 위한 기초조사로써 1984년 3월부터 1988년 10월까지 국민학교 자연, 중학교 과학, 고등학교 생물 교과서에 출현하는 관다발식물과 진해시내 19개 초·중·고등학교의 정원에 식재되어 있는 수목의 종류와 빈도 등을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 생물 교과서에 출현하는 전체 관다발 식물은 91과 182속 192종 21변종 1품종 총 214종이었다. 이들 중에는 국민학교 33종 중학교 63종 고등학교에 208종이 포함되었다. 생물 교과서에 나오는 목본 식물은 전체 37과, 58속, 68종, 8변종 1품종 총 77종이었고 이들 중에는 국민학교 8종, 중학교 22종, 고등학교에 73종이 포함되었다. 2. 생물 교과서에 나오는 관다발 식물의 총빈도는 1576이고 국민학교 238, 중학교 268, 고등학교 1074였다. 종당 평균 출현회수는 전체 74회, 국민학교 7.2회, 중학교 7.2회 고등학교 2.5회였다. 3. 진해시내 19개 학교 정원에 식재되어 있는 수목은 전체 53과 96속 126종 33변종 6품종 총 165종이었고 10개 국민학교에 139종, 4개 중학교에 77종, 5개 고등학교에 114종이 식재되어 있었다. 4. 10개교에 식재된 종의 총빈도는 1019이고 종당 평균빈도는 6.2였다. 전체 학교에 식재된 수목은 개입깔나무, 가이쓰카 향나무, 둥근향나무, 장미, 회양목, 무궁화, 사철나무, 개나리의 8종이고 은행, 편백, 서리화백, 측백, 두꺼운 잎유카, 버짐나무, 왕벚나무, 꽝꽝나무, 단풍나무, 동백, 아왜나무 11종이 빈도 80%이상이었다. 5. 19개교의 총개체수는 24531주, 학교당 평균 개체수는 1291주, 국민학교 1562주, 중학교 1445.5주, 고등학교 625.8주였다. 종당 평균 개체수는 전체학교에서 148.7주, 국민학교 112.4주, 중학교 75주, 고등학교 27.4주였다. 1000주 이상 식재된 수목은 측백(4075), 개나리(1986), 사철나무(1915), 연산홍(1730), 무궁화(1509), 편백(1295), 둥근향나무(1112), 회양목(1043)이었고 이들 8종이 전체의 43.2%를 차지하였다. 나자식물이 종수에 있어 21.2%, 개체수에 있어 43.0% 였고 상록수가 종수에 있어 43.0%, 개체수에 있어 74.2%였다. 6. 19개교의 총종수는 165종이고 학교당 평균 종수는 53.4종이었고 국민학교 59.8종, 중학교 37.2종 , 고등학교 53.6종이었다. 가장 종수가 많은 학교는 진해 고등학교로 84종이었고, 가장 적은 학교는 진해종합고등학교로 21종이었다. 7. 진해시 학교 정원에 식재된 수목 165종중 생물 교과서에 나오는 수종은 46종으로 관다발 식물의 21.0%, 수목의 59.7%였다. 그러나 생물 교과서에 나오는 식물중에서 학교 정원에 식재되어 있는 학교당 평균 종수는 국민학교 4.6종, 중학교 3.2종, 고등학교 12종이었다. 이 수치는 생물 교과서에 나오는 목본식물의 수에 각각 57.5%, 14.1%, 16.4% 였고, 관다발식물의 수에 비해 각각 13.9%, 5.1%, 5.8%에 해당하였다. 8. 진해시 학교 정원에 식재된 수목은 교육적 기능보다는 관상 위주로 식재되었고 침엽수와 상록수가 지나치게 많이 식재되어 적절한 조정이 필요하다. This paper was carried out to investigate the kinds of vascular plants and their frequencies appearing in the books of the elementary school; "wise life" and "nature". in the books of the high school; "biology". These investigations were compared the kinds of the garden trees and their frequencies of 10 elementary. 4 middle. and 5 high schools and total 19 schools in chinhae city and the vasular plants writtern in the biology text books as a basic research for the teaching gardenization of school gardens from March. 1984 to August. 1988. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The biology text books appeared total 214 kinds of the vascular plants. According to classification, they were 91 families, 182 genera, 192 species, 21 varieties , and 1 forma. These consisted of 33 kinds in the books of the elementary school; "wise life" and "nature " , 63 kinds in the books of the middle school; "general science", and 208 kinds in the books of the high school; "biology". In all the biology text books the woody plants were total 77 kinds or 37 families, 58 genera, 68species, 8 varieties, and 1 form. Among them, the woody plants of 8 kinds in the elementary school, 22 kinds in the middle school, and 73 kinds in the high school were contained. 2. Total frequency of vascular plants appearing in the biology text books was 1576 times. Among them, the vascular plants of 238 times in the elementary school, 268 times in the middle school, and 1074 times in the high school appeared. Average frequency per species was 74 times in total species of all the biology text books, 7.2 times in the wise life and nature text books of the elementary school, 7.2 times in the general science text books of the middle school, 2.5 times in the biology text books of the high school. 3. The woody plants in school garden in Chinhae city were 165 kinds. According to classification, they were 53 families, 96 genera, 126 species, 33 varieties, and 6 forma in the gardens of total 19 schools. The woody plants of 139 kinds in the gardens of 10 elementary schools, 77 kinds in the gardens of 4 middle schools, and 114 kinds in the gardens of 5 high schools were planted. 4. Total frequency of kinds planted in 19 schools and average frequency per species was 1019 times 6.2 times. The woody plants appearing in the garden of schools were 8 kinds of Cedrus deodara, Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, J. chinensis var. globosa, Rosa hybrida. Puxus microphylla var, koreana, Hibiscus syriacus, Euonymus japonca, and Forsythia koreana, 11 kinds of Ginkgo biloba, Chamaecyparis obtus, C. pisifera var. squarrosa, Thuja orientalis, Yucca recurrifolia, Platanus orientalis, Prunus yedoensis, Ilex crenata var. microphylla, Acerplantanum var. palmatum, Camella japonica, and Viburnum aieabuki were 80% or over in frequency appearing in the gardens of 19 schools. 5. Total individuals appearing in the gardens of 19 schools were 24531 trees. Average individual number per school was 1291 trees in all the schools, 1562 trees in the elementary schools, 14455 trees in the middle schools, and 625.8 in the high schools. Average individual number per species was 148.7 trees in all the schools, 112.4 trees in the elementary schools, 75 trees in the middle school and 27.4 trees in the high schools. The greatest individual number among 19 schools in Chinhae city was 3994 in Daeya elementary school. The smallest individual number among 19 schools in Chinhae city was 271 in Chinhae comprehensive senior high school. 6. The woody plants appearing 1000 trees or over in the gardens of 19 schools were T. orientalis(4075), F. koreana(1986), E. japonica(1915), Rhododendron obusum(1730), H.syriacus(1509), C. obtus(1294), J.chinensis var. globosa(1112), and P. microphylla var. koreana(1043). These 8 species were 43.2% of total individual number. The ever green trees appeared 43.0% in the species numbers and 74.2% in the individual number. 7. The woody plants in all the school garden were 165 species in total. Average species number in each school were 53.4 species in total schools, 59.8 species in the elementary schools, 37.2 species in the middle schools, and 53.6species in the high schools. The greatest species number among 19 schools in Chinhae city was 84 species in Chinhae senior high school. The smallest species number among 19 schools was 21 species in Chinhae comprehensive senior high school. The woody plants appearing in the biology text books among 165 species growing in the school gardens in Chinhae city were 46 species. These species numbers were under 21.0% of vascular plants and 59.7%of woody plants appearing in the biology text books. These species number of the woody plants growing in 19 school gardens among the woody plants appearing in the biology text books were 4.6 species in the elementary schools, 3.2 species in the middle schools, and 12 species in the high schools. These species numbers were under 57.7%, 14.1%, and 16.4% in the numbers of woody plants of the biology text books and 13.9%, 5.1% and 5.8% in the number of vascular plants of the biology text books. 8. The authors could find out that the plants planted in the school garden were not suitable to use for the teaching material plants because of planting only the woody plants of school garden for landscape rather than plants for teaching materials. Therefore some of the improvement for the teaching material garden of school were issused in the discussion.

해양 갈조류를 생물흡착제로 이용한 납흡착 특성 연구

서정호,감상규,오영희,이동환,이민규 동의대학교 기초과학연구소 1998 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Lead sorption performances by biomass of nonliving, dried marine brown algae Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, and Sargassum fulvellum used as biosorbent materials were investigated. As the amount of biosorbent materials added was increased, the lead removal by biosorbent materials increased but the lead biosorption capacities decreased. However, with increasing initial lead concentration the lead biosorption capacities by the biosorbent materials increased but lead removal efficiencies decreased. In the range of initial lead concentration(C_0) 10-500 mg/L the lead biosorption capacities and removal efficiencies by the biosorbent materials increased with increasing pH. Among the biosorbent materials used in this study, the lead biosorption capacities decreased in the following sequence: U. pinnatifida $gt; H. fusiformis $gt; S. fulvellum. The lead biosorption by biosorbent materials were expressed by the Langmuir isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The biosorption rate could be expressed by the first order reaction rate equation for initial lead concentration like that r_ad = 0.288C_0 for U. pinnatifida, r_ad = 0.255C_0 for H. fusiformis, and r_ad = 0.161C_0 for S. fulvellum.

개선된 리커런트 신경망을 이용한 등화기

박정규,서동신,최한고 國立金烏工科大學校附設生産技術硏究所 1997 産業技術開發硏究 Vol.13 No.-

An adaptive equalizer in digital communication has been used to reduce intersymbol interference(ISI) and noise via radio and telephone channels. The problem of equalization can be viewed as a classification problem, which seeks to classify an observed channel output into one of the finite symbol points in the data. This paper presents the nonlinear adaptive equalizer using the modified recurrent neural networks(RNNs). The RNN structure used in this paper differs from Jordan's and Elman's RNNs with respect to feedback paths. Comparing with the conventional LMS and the feedforward neural network equalizers, the results of the RNN based equalizer show superier performance in terms of mean square error.

열공형과 비열공형 피질하 혈관성 치매에서 위험인자의 차이에 관한 비교 연구

배희준,정지향,유경호,나덕렬,김상윤,최경규,양동원,손의주,이상도,김재우,박경원,김응규,이재홍,박미영,한일우,함동석,최문성,하충건,최성혜,이애영,이병철,한설희 대한치매학회 2003 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.2 No.2

Backgrounds and Objectives: Vascular dementia is a group of dementing disoders arising from various stroke syndrome. Among these. subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) is regarded as a relatively distinct clinical entity. However, MRI patterns of SIVD are not homogenous. In some patients, lacunes are dominant, and in others, subcortical white matter changes are. This study was designed to compare risk factor profiles between SIVD with and without multiple lacunes. Methods: We divided 47 subjects (22 males, mean age. 68 years) recruited from VADAPET (Multicenter Trial For Evaluation Of The Changes In the PET Images Of Subcortical Vascular Dementia Patient) study into two groups one with more than 5 lacunes in deep gray matter (lacune group) and the other with 5 or less(non-lacune group) Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of two groups were compared. Results: Nineteen of 47 patients (40%) belonged to the lacune group. The lacune and non-lacune groups d d not differ in the following variables: age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia heart disease, history of stroke or TIA, history of trauma or major surgery, family history of hypertension stroke, or dementia, age at diagnosis of dementia, body mass index, white blood cell count, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, hemoglobin A1C, total cholesterol. LDL cholesterol creatinine, proteinuria, glucosuria, and microhematuria. However, male sex, smoking alcohol. hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol were possibly associated more with lacune group SIVD than with non-lacune group (p<0 1) Multivariate analyses revealed that smoking, hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol were independent predictors of SIVD with multiple lacunes Conclusion: Our study suggests that SIVD with multiple lacunes may be significantly different in smoking habits hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol from SIVD without multiple lacunes.

특수교육교사 양성대학의 실무중심 교육과정 개선을 위한 재학생 및 현장교사 요구 분석

김형일,김희규,정동훈,채희태 나사렛대학교출판사 2007 지성과 창조 Vol.- No.10

본 연구는 대학의 교육이념과 특성화를 구현하면서 실무능력을 갖춘 특수교육 전문 인력을 배양하기 위하여 현재 특수교육과에 재학 중인 학생들과 현직 교사들을 대상으로 현행 교육과정에 대한 실태와 문제점을 파악하고 개선을 위한 요구를 조사하여 특수교육전공 교육과정을 개선하는데 그 기초적인 자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 개선된 교육과정을 통하여 예비특수교육교사 양성의 질을 높이고 교육과정을 보다 효율적이고 현장실무중심으로 운영할 수 있는 방안을 마련하고자 하였다. The present study surveyed the demands of 120 students of the department of special education and 70 field teachers to order to identify problems in the curriculums of the Department of Special Education and improving the curriculums for educating special teachers based on the opinions of field teachers and students at the Department of Special Education. The improved curriculums are expected to enhance the quality of education for the candidates of special education teachers and to be executed more effciently and practically in the field of education.