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김원장,권창희,한승봉,이우석,강준원,안정민,이종영,박덕우,강수진,이승환,김영학,이철환,박성욱,박승정 대한의학회 2016 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.31 No.6
Current guidelines recommend that coronary artery calcium (CAC) screening should only be used for intermediate risk groups (Framingham risk score [FRS] of 10%-20%). The CAC distributions and coronary artery disease (CAD) prevalence in various FRS strata were determined. The benefit to lower risk populations of CAC score-based screening was also assessed. In total, 1,854 participants (aged 40-79 years) without history of CAD, stroke, or diabetes were enrolled. CAC scores of > 0, ≥ 100, and ≥ 300 were present in 33.8%, 8.2%, and 2.9% of the participants, respectively. The CAC scores rose significantly as the FRS grew more severe (P < 0.01). The total CAD prevalence was 6.1%. The occult CAD prevalence in the FRS ≤ 5%, 6%-10%, 11%-20%, and > 20% strata were 3.4%, 6.7%, 9.0%, and 11.6% (P < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting, not only the intermediate and high risk groups but also the low risk (FRS 6%-10%) group had significantly increased odds ratio for occult CAD compared to the very low-risk (FRS ≤ 5%) group (1.89 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.09-3.29] in FRS 6%-10%; 2.48 [95% CI, 1.47-4.20] in FRS 11%-20%; and 3.10 [95% CI, 1.75-5.47] in FRS > 20%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the yield of screening for significant CAC and occult CAD is low in the very low risk population but it rises in low and intermediate risk populations.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Early Experience in Korea
김원장,김영학,Jong-Young Lee,박덕우,강수진,이승환,이철환,김대희,송종민,강덕현,송재관,김준범,정성호,주석중,정철현,이재원,심지연,최인철,박성욱,박승정 대한심장학회 2012 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.42 No.10
Background and Objectives: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was recently introduced in Korea. The present report describes the experience of early TAVI cases. Subjects and Methods: Between March, 2010 and October, 2011, 48 patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) were screened at the Asan Medical Center to determine their suitability for surgical intervention. Of these, 23 were considered unsuitable and underwent TAVI. Procedural success rates, procedure-related complications, and clinical outcomes were evaluated in the TAVI patients. Results: Transfemoral (n=20) or transapical (n=3) TAVI was performed. The mean age of patients was 75.9±5.4 years and 57% were fe-males. The mean logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation was 25.6±5.1%. Implantation was successful in 22 pa-tients (19 transfemoral, three transapical). After successful implantation, the mean aortic valve area increased from 0.68±0.14 cm 2 to 1.45±0.33 cm 2 . There were no procedure-related complications or mortality. The patients showed no paravalvular aortic regurgitation with ≥ moderate degree and remained stable without progression during follow-up. During follow-up (interquartile range, 1.1-12.9), all pa-tients were alive without any occurrence of valve failure. Conclusion: TAVI procedure is feasible in patients with inoperative symptomatic AS leading to hemodynamic and clinical improvement. With accumulation of experience, proper patient selection and development of device technologies, TAVI should decrease adverse events and expand the indications in the near future.
이상적인 자기 상관 특성을 갖는 이진 시퀀스의 Trace 함수 표현에 기초한 부울 함수 표현
원장식,정근열,박진수 청주대학교 산업과학연구소 1998 産業科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-
Pseudorandom sequences of period N(=2^(m)-1) with ideal autocorrelation apply to spread spectrum communication systems, radar systems and CDMA systems and some of well-known examples are m-sequences. These sequences(m-sequences, GMW sequences, Legendre sequences, Hall's sextic residue sequences, and so forth) are best described in terms of trace functions Generally, binary sequences of period N(=2^(m)-1) are expressed as Trace function on the GF(2^(m), but Trace function representation is so difficult that we can't find properties of sequences. By the way, binary sequences of period N(=2^(m)-1) can be expressed as the combination of m-variable Boolean function, f(x_(l) ,x_(2), ,x_(m)) In this case, properties of sequences can be found easily. So I implemented the Boolean function representation for above mentioned the family of sequences with relation that the property of Trace function. So far, the study to find binary pseudonoise sequences with ideal autocorrelation property is being done so we need the procedure to transform sequences into Boolean function.
치매의 등급척도인 전반적퇴화척도(Global Deterioration Scale)의 등급판정 알고리듬 개발 및 타당도 조사
원장원,백종우,박기정,김상윤,박건우,이동우,한상태 대한노인병학회 2011 Annals of geriatric medicine and research Vol.15 No.2
Background: The Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) is a useful tool for staging dementia; each stage is described by spe- cific characteristics. However, one should not rely on the presence or absence of a single symptom in determining the stage. There is a need for a systematic computerized program to enable untrained doctors to easily assess dementia. This study aimed to generate an algorithm to help stage dementia. Methods: Items were drawn from each stage and sorted out into questions adequate for the caregiver and questions adequate for the patient. Subjects recruited were 50 years or older and had visited the neurologic and/or psychiatric clinic at any of the university affiliated hospitals with symptoms of memory impairment. Structured questionnaires with 20 questions were administered to the subject-informant dyads. Psychometricians or well-trained nurses then assessed the remaining 10 items and decided the overall stage. Classification tree analysis was accomplished by using SPSS Answer Tree 3.0 software. Results: 182 subject-informant dyads were included in the analysis. The mean age was 74.5 years; 112(61.5%) were female. Among the 30 predictors, the item ‘get lost when travelling’ was the most important predictor of GDS score(χ2= 96.6, p=0.0000). The classification tree algorithm begins with the item ‘get lost when travelling’ and includes 13 predicting variables. The most probable GDS predicted scores are presented in the final nodes of the algorithm. Risk estimate, pro- bability of misclassification in the developed model, was 35.2%. Conclusion: A classification tree algorithm for GDS staging was developed to narrow down the range of choices when staging cognitive impairment. The algorithm is yet to undergo validity and reliability tests.
이성훈,원장원,백학순,박기정,김병성,최현림,홍영호 대한가정의학회 2008 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.29 No.9
Background: Dementia is the most important factor affecting everyday life of the elderly and there have been studies on the relationship between dementia and social withdrawal or loneliness. However, there is a lack of investigations on the relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in the elderly living alone. Methods: Ninety five community-dwelling elderly people registered to Sungbook elderly welfare center in Seoul, who were living alone, were enrolled in the study. Personal visits by three pre-trained researchers were made during April 2006. One year later, 11 elderly dropped out, and 84 elderly were interviewed in the same way. They were interviewed based on loneliness scale, social support, Hasegawa dementia scale, instrumental activities of daily living, and depression. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 78.3 years. Most of them were women (90.5%) and education level was low (no schooling in 69%). The loneliness scale did not change much during one year (P=0.63), but the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) score had worsened from 10.5 to 11.2 (P=0.002) The mean Hasegawa dementia scale score decreased from 23.2 to 21.0 during one year (P<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis for the one-year difference in Hasegawa Dementia Scale revealed loneliness was a significant factor after adjusting for age, the level of education, social support, IADL score, and depression (regression coefficient=−0.712, P=0.02). Conclusion: Loneliness was associated with a decline in cognitive function in the elderly people living alone. In contrast, social withdrawal and depression had no effect on changes of cognitive function during one year. 연구배경: 노인들의 일상생활에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것이 치매이며, 사회적 고립이나 고독감이 치매 발병과 연관이 있다는 연구들이 있다. 독거노인은 외로움의 고위험군이며 독거노인에 대한 외로움과 인지기능의 상관관계에 대한 국내 연구는 없었다. 방법: 서울시 성북구 노인 복지관에 등록되어 있는 노인가구 중 독거노인 95명을 대상으로 2006년 4월에 방문조사하고, 1년 후 탈락한 11명을 제외한 84명에 대해 다시 방문 조사를 하였다. 교육받은 3명의 연구원들이 연구에 맞게 고안된 설문지를 이용해 인구학적 특성, 외로움 척도검사, 사회적 지지도, 하세가와 치매척도, 도구적 일상생활활동평가, 우울증 선별검사를 시행하여 초기 조사시와 추적조사시의 치매 선별검사 점수의 변화와 다른 요인들 간의 연관성을 조사하였다. 결과: 조사 대상자들의 평균 연령은 78.3세의 고령으로 대부분이 여성노인(90.5%)이었고, 저학력(무학; 69%)의 특징을 나타냈다. 외로움 척도 점수는 초기조사와 추적조사에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며(P=0.63), 도구적 일상생활 척도 점수는 평균이 10.5점에서 11.2점으로 악화되었고(P=0.002), 하세가와 치매척도의 점수는 평균이 23.2점에서 21.0점으로 감소하였다(P<0.001). 치매선별검사의 점수 변화와 다른 변수간의 연관성을 보기위해 시행한 다변량 회귀 분석에서 연령, 교육정도, 사회적 지지도, 우울증상을 통제하고도 외로움이 1년간의 하세가와 치매척도의 차이와 유의하게 관련성이 있었다(회귀계수 -0.172; P=0.02). 결론: 이 연구는 독거노인의 단기간의 인지기능의 변화에 사회적 고립이나, 우울 등보다 외로움이 더 중요한 요인이라는 것을 밝혔다. 향후 인지기능과 그것에 영향을 주는 요인간의 관계를 더 객관적으로 설명할 수 있는 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.