Dietary fat increases solid tumor growth and metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells and mortality in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice

Kim, Eun Ji,Choi, Mi-Ran,Park, Heesook,Kim, Minhee,Hong, Ji Eun,Lee, Jae-Yong,Chun, Hyang Sook,Lee, Ki Won,Yoon Park, Jung Han BioMed Central 2011 Breast cancer research Vol.13 No.4

<P><B>Introduction</B></P><P>High-fat diets (HFDs) are known to cause obesity and are associated with breast cancer progression and metastasis. Because obesity is associated with breast cancer progression, it is important to determine whether dietary fat <I>per se </I>stimulates breast cancer progression in the absence of obesity. This study investigated whether an HFD increases breast cancer growth and metastasis, as well as mortality, in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>The 4-week-old, female BALB/c mice were fed HFD (60% kcal fat) or control diet (CD, 10% kcal fat) for 16 weeks. Subsequently, 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected into the inguinal mammary fat pads of mice fed continuously on their respective diets. Cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis, and immune cells in tumor tissues, proteases and adhesion molecules in the lungs, and serum cytokine levels were analyzed with immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). <I>In vitro </I>studies were also conducted to evaluate the effects of cytokines on 4T1 cell viability, migration, and adhesion.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Spleen and gonadal fat-pad weights, tumor weight, the number and volume of tumor nodules in the lung and liver, and tumor-associated mortality were increased in the HFD group, with only slight increases in energy intake and body weight. HF feeding increased macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, the number of lipid vacuoles and the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, cyclin D1, cyclin A, Ki67, CD31, CD45, and CD68 in the tumor tissues, and elevated serum levels of complement fragment 5a (C5a), interleukin (IL)-16, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, leptin, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1. Protein levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, ICAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were increased, but plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were decreased in the lungs of the HFD group. <I>In vitro </I>assays using 4T1 cells showed that sICAM-1 increased viability; TREM-1, TIMP-1, M-CSF, and sICAM-1 increased migration; and C5a, sICAM-1, IL-16, M-CSF, TIMP-1, and TREM-1 increased adhesion.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Dietary fat increases mammary tumor growth and metastasis, thereby increasing mortality in obesity-resistant mice.</P>

Shigella flexneri에 의한 집단발병의 역학적 양상

기현균,김선희,기혜영,서진종,하동룡,김은선,정재근,김성한,이복권 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

배경 : 국내에서 Shigella flexneri에 의한 감염으로 인한 집단발병은 2000년도에 국립보건원에 집단발병례가 보고된 이후 보고되지 않았으나 최근 저자 등은 S. flexneri에 의한 대규모 집단발병을 경험하여 역학적인 양상을 기술하였다. 방법 : OO회사의 직원 및 구내식당을 이용한 사람 및 가족들을 대상으로 증상여부 및 2002년 12월 23일 이후 식당이용 여부와 취식음식에 대하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며 검체를 확보하여 미생물학적 검사를 실시하였다. 결과 : 조사대상 총 258명 중 총 110명에서 증상이 발생하였으며 증상발생일의 분포는 단일정점을 보였다. 확진자는 82명으로 이중 81명은 OO의 식당을 이용한 사람이었고 1명은 식당에서 직접 조리과정에 참여한 사람이었다. 식사여부와 증상여부의 관계를 분석한 결과 특히 24일의 취식여부의 상대위험도가 가장 높았다(RR=6.46, 3.56≤95% CI≤11.75). 항균제 내성 양상은 ampicillin 내성균주가 82균주(100.0%) ampicillin-sulbactam 내성균주가 55균주(67.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid에 대한 내성균주가 62균주(74.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 내성균주가 82균주로 나타났다(98.8%). 분리된 균주간의 연관성을 보기 위하여 실시한 PFGE 결과 본 집단발병에서 확인된 균주는 동일한 양상을 보였으나 비슷한 시기에 분리된 균주와는 서로 다른 양상을 보였다. 결론 : 본 집단발병은 국내에서 발생한 S. flexneri에 의한 집단발병 중 가장 대규모 집단발병이었다. 본 집단발병에서 확인된 균주간의 PFGE양상이 동일하였으나 기존에 국내에서 분리된 균주의 PFGE양상과는 다른 양상을 보였다. 따라서 이러한 상황을 감안한다면 S. flexneri 및 설사환자에 대한 감시체계를 강화해야 할 것이다. Background : Most of the shigellosis outbreak in Korea was caused by Shigella sonnei since late 1990's. In contrast, outbreak by Shigella flexneri were rare since late 1990's. Currently. we experienced the shigellosis outbreak by S. flexneri and described the results of investigation. Methods : We recruited employees from company "A" who had a meal at least once at the company's cafeteria from Dec 23th, 2002 to Dec 26th, 2002. We surveyed the symptoms, food items, and history of travel of eligible persons and their family members. For the microbiological examination, we collected specimen from eligible persons and their family. Collected specimens were cultured for bacteriologic agents and viruses. Epidemiological relationship among the isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results : Among the eligible persons, one hundred ten were symptomatic (110/258, 42,6%). Eighty-two were confirmed bacteriologically. Day of symptom onset showed a unipolar pattern. Diarrhea was the most common symptom among the symptomatic patients (110/110, 100%). The other symptoms included abdominal pain (81.8%), tenesmus (70.0%), headache (63.6%), nausea (61.8%), febrile sense (59.1%), and vomiting (24.5%). Lunch on 24th Dec was the most significant risk factor of the outbreak (RR=6.46, 3.56≤95% Cl≤11.75). All isolates of the outbreak has the same pattern on PFGE analysis and the PFGE pattern was not similar compared with other S. flexneri isolates from Korea. Conclusion : This is the largest and unique outbreak by S.flexneri since 2000 in Korea. The outbreak has the same origin according to the PFGE pattern and epidemic characteristics. Considering rarity of S.flexneri among shigellosis in Korea, surveillance for S.flexneri should be enhanced.

FET형 반도체 마이크로센서 개발(Ⅲ)

손병기,이흥락,박이순,조진호,이성필,최평,서화일,박재윤,송경은,김창수 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1995 연차보고서 Vol.1995 No.-

현재 의료진단, 화학공정의 모니터링이나 환경공학적 감시 및 제어 등의 분야에서 사용되고 있는 기존의 센서는 고가이며 용적이 클 뿐만 아니라 분석시간이 길고 사용하기 까다로운 것 등 여러 가지 문제점이 있다. 또한 측정환경에 영향을 주지 않을 만큼 충분히 작으며 빠른 분석시간을 가진 센서를 필요로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 센서들의 난점을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 형태의 FET형 전해질(electrolyte : H^+, K^+, Ca^2+, Na^+)센서소자 및 분석 시스템, 용존가스(O_2, CO_2)센서의 개발을 중점적으로 추진하였으며, FET형 압력센서, 습도센서 둥의 개별 FET형 센서에 관한 기초연구도 병행하였다. The conventional sensors have many problems such as high cost, large dimension, long analysis time and troublesome handling to apply to the fields of medical diagnosis, monitoring of chemical process and environmental monitoring/control. The main objects of this research are to develope a new FET type electrolyte(H^+, K^+, Ca^2+, Na^+)sensors, analysis system, and dissoved gas(O_2, CO_2)senors that can overcome the problems of the conventional sensors, and parallel basic researches on FET. type sensors such as pressure and humidity are also in progress.

일개 중소도시에서 PC방을 이용하는 중·고등학생의 인터넷중독과 VDT증후군

박성은,이동욱,이인구,배재익,성낙진,박기흠 대한보건협회 2003 대한보건연구 Vol.29 No.1

Background : It is one of the important daily activities for Korean students to use the Internet, and most of them go to FC bang. However, students uncontrolled Internet use causes compulsive Internet use, so called the Internet addiction. So we investigated the relationship between students internet use pattern and their Internet addiction. And also examined how internet addiction causes VDT syndrome. Method: We conducted survey with self-registered questionnaires for 1 months, from January to February 2000. On the questionnaire, we asked Internet use pattern to students in suburban area. To test the Internet addiction, this research adopted Dr. Young s Internet addiction self test, and also major 8 symptoms of VDT syndrome were tested. Results : There was not much difference in computer using time between at home and at PC bang, and among student s grade. We found 30.1% of the objects addicted to the internet, however, there was no relationship between Internet addiction and student s grade. We found statistically significant relationship between Internet addiction and VDT syndrome (p<O.o5) except ocular symptoms and dry mouth. Conclusion : As a result, we found that Internet adhction is related with the spending time on computer use, although there is no relationship between Internet addiction and student s grade. There are significant correlations between internet addiction and VDT syndrome. So internet addiction is not only social and psychiatric problem but a physiologic dsorder whch affect student s health.

방위에 따른 속리산과 오대산의 산림군락 구조분석

유재은,이정호,권기원 명지대학교 자연과학연구소 2004 자연과학논문집 Vol.23 No.-

본 연구는 방위에 따른 속리산 및 오대산 삼림식생을 분석하고자 하였다. 속리산 조사구와 오대산 조사구를 방위에 따라 출현하는 주요 종의 중요치를 살펴보면 속리산의 경우 북향에서는 쇠물푸레, 벚나무, 개옻나무, 굴피나무, 참회나무 등 8종에 중요치가 높게 분포하고 있음을 볼 수 있고, 동향에서는 소나무, 고로쇠나무, 산초나무, 소태나무, 작살나무 등 6종이, 남향에서는 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 생강나무, 물푸레나무, 짝자래나무 등 13종이, 서향에서는 신갈나무, 당단풍, 쪽동백나무, 노린재나무, 철쭉 등 13종에 중요치가 높게 출현한다. 오대산의 경우를 보면 북향에서는 당단풍, 까치박달, 거제수나무, 음나무, 잣나무등 18종이 중요치가 높게 분포하고 있음을 볼 수 있고, 동향에서는 전나무, 소나무, 느릅나무, 산벚나무, 들메나무 등 5종이, 남향에서는 신간나무, 물푸레나무, 철쭉, 진달래, 개벚지나무 등 7종이, 서향에서는 피나무, 고로쇠나무, 난티나무, 쪽동백나무, 황벽나무 등 10종이 중요치가 높게 출현함을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 속리산에서는 남향과 서향이 각각 13종씩 26종으로 북향과 동향의 14종 보다 배에 가까운 많은 수의 나무들이 중요치가 높게 출현하고 있는 것에 반하여, 오대산에서는 북향과 동향이 각각 18종과 5종씩 23종으로 남향과 서향의 17종 보다 월등히 많게 출현함을 알 수 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 속리산과 오대산이 정반대의 현상으로 속리산이 해발고가 낮고 난온대성 수종의 우위를 점하는 것에 비하여 오대산은 해발고가 높고 냉온대성 수종이 우위를 차지하고 있는데서 오는 현상으로 보여진다. This study was to research environment of the forest vegetation structure according to the directions in Mt. Sokri and Odae. According to direction, the importance value of 8 species of Fraxinus sieboldiana, Prunus serrulate var. spontanea, Rhus trichocarpa ect. appeared highly on the north, 6 species of Pinus densiflora, Acer mono, Zanthoxylum schinifolium ect. highly appeared on the east, 13 species of Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Lindera obtusiloba ect. highly appeared on the south, 13 species of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, styrax obassia ect. highly appeared appreared on the west in Mt. Sokri. The importance value of 18 species of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Betula costata ect. highly appeared on the north, 5 species of Abies holophylla, Pinus densiflora, Ulmus dabidiana var. japonica ect. highly appeared on the east, 7 species of Quercus on the south, 10 species of Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Ulmus laciniata ect. highly appeared on the west in Mt. Odae

메이크업 시 사용되는 퍼프의 사용기간에 따른 오염도에 관한 연구

류재기 ; 김은주 ; 장철수 김천대학교 2010 김천대학교 논문집 Vol.31 No.-

The purposes of this study are to investigate the level of bacteriological contamination of puffs which are used most frequently for touch ups during the day as a makeup tool, and to compare the degree of contamination before and after washing puffs with a neutral detergent. A total of 40 powder puffs that were used for six months to three years have been collected since May, 2005. The collected puff samples were cut into the size of lem by a sterilized scissor, and were put into a sterilized test tube that contained 5ml of DW (distilled water). Then the tube was strongly agitated. Supernatants (100ml) con-taining bacteria was applied to TSA (Trypticase Soy Agar), MacConkey agar, and SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) plates, respectively. The TSA (Trypticase Soy Agar) and MacConkey agar plates were incubated at 37C for 24-48 hours. The SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) plates were incubated at 28 C for 7-14 days. As a result of the level of contamination of puffs used over a certain period of time, there was no significant difference cxcept aerobic bacteria. Staphylococcus was not detected. Aerobic bacteria was detected from the puffs older than one year and the colony count increased sharply. The puffs used for more than two years had three times more colony count than the one-year old puffs. In particular, out of 10 puffs older than two years, two were found with 500CFU/ml exceeding the limit of microbiology of cos-metics. Also, the puffs older than two years had 31,1% less microbiology after washing with a PH neutral detergent than before washing. Therefore, as the period of using puffs is longer, thorough checks of their hygiene are needed; as the number of using times increase or the length of using times is longer, frequent washing is inevitable. Since this study restrained the number of puffs to 40,7 would be problematic for generalization and a secondary experiment would be necessary for precise identification of cultured germs.

교정용 선재의 직경 증가를 위한 전기도금법과 무전해도금법의 비교연구

김재남,이기헌,황현식,성영은 전남대학교 치의학연구소 2002 구강과학 Vol.14 No.3

The purpose of this study was to evaluate electroless plating as a method to increase diameter of an orthodontic wire through comparison with eletroplating. After pretreatment for plating to the stainless steel orthodontic wire of 0.016 inch. the electoless plating was done under the condition of 90'c until the diameter of the wire was increased to 0.018 inch using Hessonic-Gr® which was sold by Shin-Pung metal. On the process of electroless plating the diameter of wire was measured every 5 minute to examine the increasing ratio of the wire's diameter per time unit. And to examine the uniformity, the diameter of each 3 points of the electroless-plated orthodontic wire was measured. An X-ray diffraction test was performed to analyze the nature of the plated metal and physical property test was made. Through the comparison with electroplating, following results were obtained. 1. In stiffness. yield strength, and ultimate strength of electroless plating wire group showed higher tendency than those of electroplated wire group, and in stiffness and ultimate strength there was statistically significant difference between two groups. 2. In the electroless plating wire group. the increasing ratio of the diameter was 0.O0461±0.00003 mm/5min (0.O0092 mm/min). In the electroplated wire group, that was 0.O0821±0.O0015 mm/min. 3. The results of uniformity test to measure the diameter of each 3 points showed a tendency of uniformity in all the two plating method. The results of this study suggest that the electroless plating wire is more close to the ready-made wire than electroplating wire in terams of the physical property. On the other hand. the length of plating time should be solved for the clinical application of electroless plating.

직류 서보계의 오차신호 보상을 위한 신경망 제어기의 구성

고태언,이황재,남기봉 東義大學校産業技術開發硏究所 1998 産業技術硏究誌 Vol.12 No.-

The servo system requires faster and more accurate dynamic response. In many control techniques for servo system, the P-I control is mainly used to obtain precious response. But in the response-characteristic of the position control system controlled by the P-I controller, the transient response is more increased and settling time get longer. This paper proposed an algorithm using neural network for compensating error signal in the P-I controller. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the computer simulation is performed to mathematical model of DC motor.

서울의 PPNG 발생 빈도(1991-1992)

김재홍,윤기범,박평원,김영진,전경민,김영태,김중환,곽호,구상완,송민석,유옥,지혜구,김동원,문상은,박영립,정승호,성범진,성순제,엄주용,황정열,이기홍,이주협,전태진 대한화학요법학회 1994 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The prevalence of PPNG among pretreated gonorrhea cases isolated at the STD clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul has been studied and reported annually since 1981. In 1991, 123 strains of N.gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 58(47.1%) were PPNG. In 1992, 98 starains of N.gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 51(52.0%) were PPNG. In all, 109(49.3%) strains were found to be PPNG among 221 strains isolated between 1991-1992. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul showed increased tendency till 1989, thereafter, it has been stationary or slightly decreasing.

강관 기둥의 베이스플레이트 설계법 제시

김은화,김원기,이승준,이명재 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2(구조계)

Base plates for tubular columns have been proposed in AISC Design Guide Series (1991), which have been developed for wide flange columns. Therefore, 1) Base plate must be designed by considering external cantilever model and internal simple supported slab model, when base plate is loaded by normal load. 2) Base plate is designed by more economical method between internal cantilever model and design method of 1), when base plate is loaded by light load. But, this study is proposed design method of 1) except 2), and it will demonstrate using design examples of table2,3.