기계적 삭제방법을 이용한 치면열구전색제의 열구 침투도 및 미세누출

김지연,이제호,박기태,김성오,최병재,손흥규 大韓小兒齒科學會 2005 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

교합면 치아우식 예방을 위한 치면열구전색제 도포시 열구내 유기물, 치태, 법랑질 잔사 등을 제거하여 전색제의 유지율을 증가시키고자 기계적 삭제 방법이 소개되었다. 기계적 삭제방법을 사용할 경우 산부식 방법만을 사용하였을 때와 비교하여 치면열구전색제의 열구 침투도 및 미세누출정도의 차이는 임상적인 측면에서 중요하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 기계적 삭제방법(소와열구 삭제 후 산부식)과 산부식 방법을 시행한 후, 각각 unfilled sealant와 filled sealant를 처치하고 이들 치면열구전색제의 열구 침투도와 미세누출 정도를 측정하였다. 교정치료를 목적으로 발거된 사람의 소구치 60개를 실험재료로 사용하였으며 그중 30개는 산부식 처리하고 나머지 30개는 소와열구의 기계적 삭제와 산부식 처리를 시행한 후 각각의 방법에서 15개는 unfilled sealant로 나머지 15개는 filled sealant로 수복하였다. Thermocycling(5℃와 55℃ 1200회)을 시행하고 5% methylene blue 용액에 24시간 보관하였다가 각각의 치아를 근심소와와 원심소와에서 협설 방향으로 절단하여 120개의 절단면을 얻었다. 각 절단면을 Measurescope으로 관찰한 결과, 기계적 삭제 방법은 산부식만을 시행한 경우에 비하여 unfilled sealant와 filled sealant 모두 열구 침투도를 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 기계적 삭제 방법을 사용한 경우 산부식 방법만을 사용하고 unfilled sealant로 수복한 경우에 비하여 미세누출이 적었고(P<0.05), 산부식 방법만을 사용하고 filled sealant로 수복한 경우와는 미세누출에 차이가 없었다. Unfilled sealant와 filled sealant는 기계적 삭제 방법을 사용한 경우와 산부식 방법만을 사용한 경우 모두 열구 침투도나 미세누출에 있어서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 치면열구전색제 도포 시 열구 침투도가 우수하고 미세누출이 적은 기계적 삭제 방법과 물리적 성질이 우수한 filled sealant의 사용이 바람직하다고 생각된다. 그러나 미세누출에 있어 교합력을 고려한 실험이나 장기간의 임상실험이 필요할 것이다. Mechanical preparation has been introduced to provide the sealant retention. The objective of this study was to compare the fissure penetration and the microleakage of pit and fissure sealant using mechanical preparation(mechanical preparation + acid etching) and acid etching only. An additional objective of this study was to compare the fissure penetration and the microleakage of unfilled and filled sealant in both methods. Sixty human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose were selected. Thirty teeth were acid etched alone and remaining thirty teeth were prepared with a ¼ round bur and then acid etched. One-half of teeth in each surface treatment method were sealed with unfilled sealant and the other half were sealed with filled sealant. All of the teeth were thermocycled for 1200 cycles at 5℃ and 55℃ and immersed in 5% methylene blue for 24 hours. Each tooth was sectioned bucco-lingually at mesial pit and distal pit and examined under a Measurescope. In the case of mechanical preparation, fissure penetration of sealant was significantly increased compared with the case of acid etching only(P<0.05). The filled and unfilled sealant using mechanical preparation showed significantly decreased microleakage when compared with the unfilled sealant using acid etching only(P<0.05). No differences were found in fissure penetration and microleakage between unfilled and filled sealant in both methods. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that mechanical preparation and filled sealant are recommended when placing pit and fissure sealant. However, further clinical studies should be performed in regard to microleakage.

건축공사시방서에서의 KS규격의 국제인증방안에 관한 연구

김경식,이재섭,김용수,이규진,조용훈,최완철,전재열,이현수,구재동,이기환 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this research is make out construction specifications for International Construction. Using off-shore products incur cost increase and longer delivery term of construction. and inconvenient on International Construction. Expand the range of additional local products conforming to performance. Life Cycle Cost. maintainability. operability. user's acceptability, etc.. And this study is suggest the standard formats and the techniques for construction specification.

의인성 망막열공 : 발생 빈도 및 수술성적 Incidence and Surgical Results

김용백,강재훈,서병로,민욱기 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1990 충남의대잡지 Vol.17 No.2

We reviewed 61 consecutive eyes recently subjected to vitrectomy to determine the incidence and outcome of iatrogenic retinal tears. Iatrogenic retinal tears occurred in 14 eyes(22%). 14 eyes had 22 iatrogenic retinal tears. The incidence of iatrogenic peripheral tears was 6% and of posterior tears was 16%. Two thirds of tears occurred in the inferior quadrants. 43% of iatrogenic retinal tears occurred in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The overall anatomic success was achieved in 10 eyes(71%), 9 eyes of which were successfully treated with the initial operations. With a combination of intraocular gas tamponade, laser photocoagulation, cryopexy, or scleral bucking, 71% of iatrogenic retinal tears were successfully treated.

랫드에서 단일시험법을 이용한 반하 물추출물의 생식독성시험

이기남,유욱준,백인정,연정민,남상섭,이범준,남상윤,김윤배,강현규,안병우,김대중,황방연,노재섭,홍정섭,성하정,김순선,조대현,윤영원 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2006 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.7 No.1

본문참조

프라즈마 噴射層에서의 操作特性

金炳炫,金勝在,文一植,李基完,堀尾正靭 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1992 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.6 No.-

A plasma spouted bed(PSB) was operated to find operating parameters and their effects. Experiments were performed with a laboratory scale PSB(bed diameter : 50㎜, orifice diameter : 4㎜, gas : Ar, plasma condition : DC 100V, 40A). The bed surface was observed from the top window and operating parameters were tested by changing gas flow rate and additional resistance after generating plasma. Also plasma jet was tested with particle loading and without within minimum spouting condition. Plasma power and electric potential increase with decreasing additional resistance and with increasing gas flow rate, but particle loading have no effect on plasma jet.

진단X선에 의한 성인의 진단행위별 유효선량평가

김우란,이춘식,이재기 대한방사선 방어학회 2002 방사선방어학회지 Vol.27 No.3

몬테칼로 모사를 통해 여러 가지 진단X선 검사를 받는 성인의 유효선량을 평가하는 방법체계를 구축하였다. 피사체 인형팬텀으로서 MIRD5 남성 팬텀과 ORNL 여성팬텀이 이용되었고 사용 X선 스펙트럼은 SPEC78 코드로 생산하였다. 같은 진단절차에 대해 NRPB 평가결과와 비교함으로써 계산체계를 검증하였다. 계산체계를 이용하여 흉곽, 복부, 두부 및 척추의 진단에서 AP, PA, LLAT 및 RLAT 방향으로 입사하는 X선에 대한 장기 등가선량과 유효선량을 평가하였으며, 가장 보편적인 흉곽 PA와 복부 AP의 경우 유효선량이 각각 0.029mSv와 0.44mSv로 나타났다. 흉곽 PA 1회 촬영 시 피폭하는 선량이 전통적 평가치인 0.3mSv(또는 30mrem)보다 매우 작게 나타나는 것은 진단방사선 기술의 발전뿐만 아니라 적요하는 선량개념의 차이에 기인하는 것으로서 여러 방사선 의료절차에 대한 집중적인 환자선량 평가의 필요성을 강조하는 것이다. 여기서 개발된 선량평가 체계는 CT 선량, 임부의 진단으로 인한 태아의 선량, 소아과 X선에 의한 선량 등 다른 방사선 의료절차에도 용이하게 응용될 수 있다. Methodology to evaluate the effective doses to adults undergoing various diagnostic x-ray examinations were established by Monte Carlo simulation of the x-ray examinations. Anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms, the MIRD5 male phantom and the ORNL female phantom, were used as the target body and x-ray spectra were produced by the x-ray spectrum generation code SPEC78. The computational procedure was validated by comparing the resulting doses to the results of NRPB studies for the same diagnostic procedures. The effective doses as well as the organ doses due to chest, abdomen, head and spine examinations were calculated for x-rays incident from AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT directions. For instance, the effective doses from the most common procedures, chest PA and abdomen AP, were 0.029mSv and 0.44 mSv, respectively. The fact that the effective dose from PA chest x-ray is far lower than the traditional value of 0.3mSv(or 30mrem), which results partly from the advances of technology in diagnostic radiology and partly from the differences in the dose concept employed, emphasizes necessities of intensive assessment of the patient doses in wide ranges of medical exposures. The methodology and tools established in this study can easily be applied to dose assessments for other radiology procedures; dose from CT examinations, dose to the fetus due to examinations of pregnant women, dose from pediatric radiology.

경부 림프절 비대의 진단에 있어서 초음파 유도하의 핵 생검의 유용성

김은경,곽진영,유재경,박정수,정웅윤,양우익,오기근 대한초음파의학회 2003 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.22 No.4

솔잎혹파리의 天敵分布 및 飼育에 關한 調査硏究 : Especially in Geangnam province 慶南地域을 中心으로

尹基植,金在生 慶尙大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.25 No.2

1. 慶南地域에 있어서 솔잎혹파리 寄生蟲의 分布狀況과 蟲 形成率을 1980年부터 1984年까지 地域別과 年度別로 調査하여 보았던 바 蟲 形成率은 各 郡別로 보면 晋陽郡이 2.02%, 宜寧郡이 0.87%, 咸安郡이 1.22%, 昌寧郡이 3.78%, 密陽郡이 7.57%, 梁山郡이 12.15%, 蔚州郡이 16.55%, 金海郡이 7.19%, 義昌郡이 1.76%, 統營郡이 5.71%, 巨濟郡이 3.06%, 固城郡이 2.05%, 泗川郡이 4.12%, 南海郡이 9.19%, 河東郡이 3.34%, 山淸郡이 3.17%, 咸陽郡이 1.55%, 居昌郡이 0.97%, 陜川郡이 1.87%로서 이 中 蔚州郡이 16.55%로서 第一 높은 蟲 形成率을 나타내고 있었으며, 한편 天敵寄生率을 郡別로 보면 晋陽郡이 13.96%, 宜寧郡이 14.01%, 咸安郡이 11.34%, 昌寧郡이 16.78%, 密陽郡이 13.48%, 梁山郡이 26.55%, 蔚州郡이 21.75%, 金海郡이 18.31%, 義昌郡이 17.74%, 統營郡이 14.76%, 巨濟郡이 22.95%, 固城郡이 19.09%, 泗川郡이 11.52%, 南海郡이 16.41%, 河東郡이 18.48%, 山淸郡이 13.97%, 咸陽郡이 13.09%, 居昌郡이 6.86%, 陜川郡이 13.82%로서 이 中 居昌郡이 6.86%로서 第一 낮았었다. 2. 이를 全體的으로 보면 蟲 의 形成率은 1983年對比 0.25% 減少되어 가고 있는 편이며, 天敵寄生率로 역시 1.23% 增加되어가고 있어 솔잎혹파리의 被害는 年次的으로 回復되어가고 있는 實情에 있었다. 3. 또한 寄生蜂을 種類別로 보면 솔잎혹파리먹좀벌 보다 혹파리살이먹좀벌이 海岸地域에서 더 많이 分布하고 있는 傾向을 나타내고 있었다. 4. 寄生蜂의 保管은 暗室인 20∼25℃(斃死率 1.2%)에서 保存하는 것이 가장 效果的이었으며, 恒溫 15℃(斃死率 8%) 以下일수록 斃死率이 높아지는 傾向을 나타내었다. 5. 飼育幼蟲의 斃死率은 平均 1.9%이였다. 6. 寄生蜂의 羽化初 은 5月 14日이었고, 羽化의 最盛期間은 혹파리살이먹좀벌은 5月 27日에서 5月30日까지의 4日間이었으며, 솔잎혹파리먹좀벌은 6月 7日에서 6月13日까지 7日間이었고 羽化終了日은 6月 30日로서 솔잎혹파리의 終了日과 같았다. 7. 寄生蜂의 羽化量은 살이먹좀벌이 總羽化量의 25%를 차지하고 있었으며 먹좀벌은 75%로서 먹좀벌이 살이먹좀벌 보다 3倍나 더 많이 羽化되었다. 8. 혹파리살이먹좀벌의 最適羽化 溫度는 1日 平均氣溫이 12℃ 以上이면 잘 羽化될 수 있었고, 솔잎혹파리먹좀벌의 最適羽化溫度는 1日 平均 17℃以上이 되어야 羽化시킬 수 있었다. 9. 寄生蜂은 常溫下에서 크로바 ��잎에 每日 꿀물을 給與하는 것이 15℃의 恒溫器保管보다 2倍나 더 큰 保管效果가 있었다. 1. After studying on the distribution and raising of the parasites of the pine gall midge, especially in Gyeongnam province, the obtained results are as follows; The forming rate of galls was showed 2.02% in Chinyang, 0.87% in Euiryeong, 1.22% in Haman, 3.7% in Changyeong, 7.57% in Milyang, 12.15% in Yangsan, 16.55% in Ulju, 7.19% in Kimhae, 1.76% in Euichang, 5.71% in Tongyeong, 3.06% in Keoje, 2.05% in Koseong, 4.12% in Chachun, 9.19% in Namhae, 3.34% in Hadong, 3.17% in Shancheong, 1.55% in Hamyang, 0.97% in Keochang and 1.87 in Habcheon, and then the forming rate of galls Ulju was the highest among the researched regions. The parastic rate of natural enemy was showed 13.96% in Chinyang, 14.01% in Euiryeong, 11.43% in Haman, 16.78% in Changyeong, 13.48% in Milyang, 26.55% in Yangsan, 21.75% in Ulju, 18.31% in Kimhae, 17.74% in Euichang, 14.76% in Tongyeong, 22.95% in Keoje, 19.09% in Koseong, 11.52% in Shachun, 16.41% in Manhae, 18.48% in Hadong, 13.97% in Shancheong, 13.09% in Hamyang, 6.86% in Keochang and 13.82% in Habcheon, and then the parasitic rate of natural enemy rate of Keochang was the lowest among the researched regions. 2. As a whole, the forming rate of galls was at 0.25% decrease compared with that of 1983 and, on the contrary, that of parasites adults was at 1.23 increase, so that the damages of pine gall midge were being recovered year be year. 3. In view of the kinds of parasites, Platygaster matsutama Y. et. H. tended to be more distrivuted than Inostemma seoulis K0 at the coast. 4. Keeping parasites was the most effective at 20∼25℃ darkroom (dying-rate 1.2%) and dying-rate tended to be higher at below 15℃ (dying-rate 8%). 5. The dying-rate of rearing larvae was average 1.9%. 6. The first day of parasites emergence was May 14, and the most flourishing days of Platygaster matsutama Y. et. H. emergence lasted four days from May 27 to May 30, on the other hand, those of Inostemma seoulis K0 emergence lasted seven days from June 7 to June 13. And the last days of Inostemma seoulis K0 emergence was June 30, which was the same with that of pine gall midge emergence. 7. With regard to the amount of emergence, Platygaster matsutamma Y. et. H. emergence took 25% of the total emergence amount. Inostemma teouli K0 emergence took 75%, as a result Inostemma seoulis K0 was three times as much emerged as Piatygaster matsutama Y. et. H. 8. The most proper emergence temperature of Platygaster matsutama Y. et. H. was above average 12℃ a day, and that of Inostemma seoulis K0 was average 17℃ a day. 9. Daily supply of money liquid of parasites in the clover petal under the normal temperature had twice as much keeping effect as keeping parasites in 15℃ incubator.

신동맥 협착 정도에 따른 도플러 초음파 소견

박재성,이혜경,김대호,최득린,권귀향,홍현숙,임한혁,김기정 순천향의학연구소 1995 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.1 No.2

Renal artery stenosis is the one of causes of hypertension in a small percentage of all patients but is only anatomical cause that can be treated by means of surgery and percutanecous transluminal angioplasty. Angiography is the golden standard for diagnosis of renal artery stenosis, but a little invasive. With the advent of abdominal Doppler ultrasonography, renal artery stenosis could be diagnoed noninvasively. The experienced hands appears to be valuable in the doppler examination, ut some investigators consider it almost useless. The authors studied the effect of stenosis of renal artery on the downstream intrarenal blood flow, a snare was placed around renal artery in 12 rabbits and compressed to create stenosis while Doppler ultraonographic curve and flow index were obtained from main renal and interlobar arteries by means of placement of 10-MHz curved linear tranducer directly on the surface of kidney. The Doppler measurements were compared with the percentage of stenosis on angiograms. The results were as follow: 1. Ten satisfactory angiograms and Doppler ultrasonograms were obtained. 2. Three renal arteries were created stenosis below 70% (Group A), Seven were above 70% (Group B). 3. The ranges of RI (resistance index) were 0.61-0.86 (mean 0.78±0.154) at main renal arteries, 0.57-0.85 (mean 0.77±0.231) at interlobar artery. The range of PS (peak systolic velocity) were 13.1-28.8 (mean 21.65±4.445) m/sex at main renal artery, 5.2-18.1 (mean 11.74±4.095) m/sec at interlobar arteries. The RI of rabbits were higher than those of human (mean 0.58±0.05). 4. The range of RI in stenotic arteries of group B were 0.45-0.74 (mean 0.57±0.143) at main renal artery, 0.52-0.65 (mean 59±0.051) at interlobar arteries. The range of PS were 11.2-21.3 (mean 15.04±3.755) m/sec at main renal arte교, 5.7-11.3 (mean 8.24±2.056) at interlobar artery. The difference were statistical y significant (P=0.0302), but without remarkable change in group A. 5. Doppler ultrasonographic curve during progressive compression of renal artery showed dampened systolic waveform and diagonal upstroke at main renal arteries (71.4%) and interlobar arteries (85.7%) in group B, but without remarkable change in group A. 6. Release of the arterial compression caused higher than normal peak systolic velocity initially, at main renal arteries (42.9%) and interlobar arteries (28.6%). but the curve of all rabbits returned to normal within 5 minutes. The Doppler ultrasonographic index and curve were not changed on follow up Doppler ultrasonogram at 5 min. 10 min. 30 min. and 1 hour. The change of the systolic curves that compressed experimentally is identical to change in the pulsus tardus and parvus waveforms seen in both acute and chronic severe renal artery stenosis in humans, can helpul for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and the effects of treatment by percutaneous tranluminal angioplasty and surgery.

공황 장애 환자의 공황 발작 증상의 특성

임기영,김창기,노재성 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.4

공황 장애가 새로운 질병으로 분류된지 16년이 경과하였으나 공황 발작과 공황장애의 본질과 특성에 관해서는 아직 명확히 알려져 있지 않다. 또한 현재의 DSM-IV 진단 기준 역시 공황 발작과 공황 장애의 정의 및 진단에 대해 상호 모순되는 기술을 하고 있음을 발견할 수 있고 공황 발작의 각 증상에 대해서도 나열에 그치고 있을 뿐 어떤 것이 더 중요하고, 어떤 것이 최초 증상인지 등을 밝혀 주지 못하고 있다. 따라서 저자들은 공황 장애 환자들의 공황 발작 증상의 특성을 보다 자세히 알아보기 위하여 아주대학교 병원 정신과 외래 및 응급실로 내원한 40명의 공황 장애 환자들을 대상으로 공황 발작 설문지, 불안 민감도 검사, 상태-특성 불안 검사, Beck의 불안 검사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 공황 장애 환자들이 공황 발작시 최초로 경험하는 증상들은 대부분 신체 증상(90%)이었으며, 공황 발작의 인지 증상과 신체 증상은 높은 상관관계(0.741, P<0.01)가 있었다. 2) 인지 증상(0.695, P<0.01)과 신체증상(0.599, P<0.01) 모두는 임소공포증적 회피의 정도와 유의한 정적 상관 관계를 나타내었다. 그러나 신체 증상을 통제 변인으로 하여 인지 증상과 임소공포증적 회피와의 부분상관을 구한 결과는 유의한 상관이 있었으나(0.467, P=0.003), 반대로 인지 증상을 통제변인으로 하여 신체 증상과 임소공포증적 회피의 부분 상관을 구한 결과는 통계적으로 의미 있는 상관 관계가 없었다.(0.173, P=0.291). 3) 인지 증상은 ASI상의 불안 민감도 (0.563, P<0.01), STAI상 상태(0.324, P<0.05) 및 특성 불안(0.484, P<0.01), BAI상의 불안(0.456, P<0.01)과 정적 상관을 보였다. 신체 증상은 ASI 상의 불안 민감도(0.528, P<0.01), STAI 중 특성불안(0.411, P<0.01), 그리고 BAI 상의 불안(0.348, P<0.05)과는 정적상관을 나타내었으나, STAI 중 상태 불안(0.171)과는 의미 있는 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 4) 인지 증상과 신체 증상과 신체 증상 각각에 대해 상대 증상을 통제 변인으로 하여 부분 상관을 구해 본 결과, 신체증상은 각종 불안 검사상의 불안 및 민감도와 통제적으로 의미 있는 상관을 보이지 않았지만 인지 증상은 의미 있는 상관을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과들은 공황 발작이 본질적으로 신체증상이 선행되고, 인지 증상이 부수되는 복합현상이며, 인지증상의 정도에 따라 심리적 불안의 정도와 불안 민간도가 높아져서 공황 증세로 진행되고, 역시 인지 증상의 정도에 따라 임소공포증적 회피가 결정됨을 시사한다. 따라서 공황 발작의 13가지 진단 기준 항목은11가지 신체 증상만으로 줄이고, 2가지 인지 증상(죽을 것 같은 공포 및 미치거나 자제력을 잃게 될 것 같은 공포)은 공황 장애의 진단 기준에 포함시키며 이때 공황이 일어난 상황으로부터 벗어나려는 생각을 공황 장애의 인지 증상에 추가하는 것이 보다 정확한 진단 기준이 될 것으로 판단된다. It has been 16 years since panic disorder was first classified as a psychiatric disease entity. However, the nature and characteristics of panic attacks and panic disorder are not fully understood yet. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition(DSM-IV) carries conflicting statements regarding the definitions and diagnostic criteria of the panic attacks and panic disorder. Moreover, the DSM-IV only checks the presence or absence of each symptom, while failing to clarify which of each panic symptom are the earlier or more important symptoms. This study was designed to investigate the nature and characteristics of the panic attack symptoms. Forty outpatients diagnosed with DSM-IV panic disorder criteria were the subjects. All the subjects completed Panic Attack Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Becks Anxiety Inventory. Results were as follows : 1) Majority(90%) of the subjects experienced somatic symptoms as the first symptom of their panic attack, and there was a significant correlation (0.741, P<0.01) between the somatic symptoms and the cognitive symptoms of panic attack. 2) Both cognitive symptoms(0.695, P<0.01) and somatic symptoms(0.599, P<0.01) showed significant correlation with agoraphobic avoidance. However, in partial correlation using somatic and cognitive symptoms as control variables for each other, only cognitive symptoms showed significant correlation with agoraphobic avoidance(0.467, P=0.003). 3) Cognitive symptoms showed significant correlation with the anxiety sensitivity(0.563, P<0.001), state anxiety(0.324, P<0.05), trait anxiety(0.484, P<0.01), and Becks anxiety(0.456, P<0.01). Somatic symptoms also showed significant correlation with the anxiety sensitivity(0.528, P<0.01), trait anxiety(0.411, P<0.01), Becks anxiety(0.348, P<0.05), but not with the state anxiety(0.171). 4) In partial correlation using somatic and cognitive symptoms as control variables for each other, cognitive symptoms showed statistically significant correlation with anxiety sensitivity and anxiety levels, while the somatic symptoms did not show such correlations. These results suggest that panic attack is a complex phenomenon in which the somatic symptoms are "triggers", and the cognitive symptoms are secondary reactions to the somatic symptoms. Psychological anxiety and anxiety sensitivity increase in proportion to the cognitive symptoms of the panic attack, which are important in the clinical process of panic disorder. The severity of cognitive symptoms also determines the development of agoraphobic avoidance. The authors propose to revise the diagnostic criteria of panic attack by the somatic symptoms only, and include cognitive symptoms, such as the desire to escape from the scene of panic attack, as necessary diagnostic criteria for panic disorder.