퍼지집합을 이용한 표적식별융합 기법의 성능

강석훈,구자곤 대전대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 산업기술연구소 論文集 Vol.11 No.2

Multi-sensor data fusion is an emerging technology applied to military applications such as automatic identification, analysis of battlefield situations, and threat assessments. We can obtain more accurate and efficient meaningful information through multi-sensor data fusion that may not be possible from a single sensor alone. Especially, identification fusion is very important in order to estimate and correspond battlefield situation as well as analyze threat assessments. In this paper we present a novel heuristic identification fusion method using fuzzy set theory, because fuzzy set can deal with imprecise concepts mathematically via an extension of boolean set. We adopt desirable properties from not only parametric classification technique but also cognitive-based models in order to meet the realtime processing requirements.

農産物價格變動의 原因에 관한 硏究

白子勳,姜志勇 제주대학교 1983 논문집 Vol.16 No.-

The cultivating conditions of self-sufficiency were dominated in our nation and a policy for increasing out-put was a serious task. But the price of Agricultural production becomes more important because of the decrease in farming population and expanding circulation of out-put in tune with the developing of national economy. By the increasing ratio of commercial farming the change of agriculcultural product price is just Confronted with rise and fall of agricultural income and the most consummers are purchasing their foods via marckets. Terefore the rise and fall of agricultural price that makes the domester expenditure well and badly off is studied by the bureau of economic promotion. So this study is emphasized on the problem and the improverment of agricultural price. With view point of function and peculiar character of that price, which had been unfavororable to both producters and consummers in formation of agricultural price when that price was unstable at past time.

신생아의 저칼슘혈증

이강일,남성지,이원석,이건수,구자훈 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1981 慶北醫大誌 Vol.22 No.2

A clinical study about neonatal hypocalcemia utilizing Q-oTc interval was conducted on 174 sick babies and/or high risk infants from March 1980 to June 1981. Following results were obtained; Out of 43 hypocalcemic infants, 37 (86%) were early neonatal hypocalcemia and 6 (14%) late neonatal hypocalcemia. There was no sex difference noted. Affected rate in premature babies was 43% and low birth weight infants 36%. And in accordance with increasing gestational age and/or birth weight, the rate became gradually fallen. Poor sucking was the most common symptom of hypocalcemia occurring in 15 cases, followed by irritability, jitteriness and abnormal crying in 13, convulsion in 10, and vomiting, cyanosis and RDS in small number of cases. However, 14 hypocalcemic infants showed no symptom at all. The most common associated disorder was low birth weight, followed by "suspected sepsis", jaundice, asphyxia neonatorum, oral thrush, Placental dysfuntion, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, diarrhea, DIC, SIADH and partial type of DiGeorge syndrome, etc. At birth, abnormal maternal condition was seen in about half (48.8%) of the cases, these being toxemia, twin pregnancy, amnionitis, abruptio placenta, polyhydramnios, chronic hypertension and heart disease. Calcium therapy induced prompt response in the majority of cases, as normalization of Q-oTc interval in 50% and clinical improvement in 62% within 24 hours after starting calcium therapy, except 3 cases who expired due to severe complication such as sepsis, pneumonia and RDS.

범게, Orithyia sinica 유생의 생존과 성장에 미치는 암모니아와 아질산의 영향

구자근,김종만,장차환,지정훈,강주찬 한국어병학회 2004 한국어병학회지 Vol.17 No.1

범게, Orithyia sinica 유생을 대상으로 암모니아와 아질산에 대한 생존 및 성장에 관한 실험을 실시하였다. 암모니아 노출 실험구에서 zoea기 유생은 노출 20일후, 대조구가 80%의 생존율을 나타내었지만 10㎎/L 이상의 실험구에서는 37-45%의 생존율을 나타내었고, megalopa기 유생에서도 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 암모니아가 범게 유생의 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, zoea기 유생은 20㎎/L 이상의 농도에서 megaloparl 유생은 50㎎/L 이상의 농도에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. (P<0.05). 아질산 노출 실험에서는 zoea기 유생과 meglaopa기 유생에서 농도와 노출기간에 비례하여 생존율이 감소하였으며, 특히 150㎎/L 이상의 아질산 농도에 노출된 zoea기 유생가 megalopa기 유생은 대조구와 비교하여 유의한 성장 지연을 나타내었다(P<0.05). This study investigates the influence of waterborne ammonia and nitrite on the zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab, Orithyiu sinicu under laboratory condition, focusing on the effects on survival and growth as deleterious responses of toxicant. Survival rate of zoea stage larvae exposed to control levels, and to 5, 10,20 and 50 ㎎/L total ammonia-N, using a continuous flow system for 20 days was 80, 77, 45, 40 and 37%, respectively. Growth rate of zoea stage larvae exposed to 20 and 50 ㎎/L total ammonia was significantly lower than in controls after 20 days (P< 0.05). Survival rate and growth rate of megalopa stage larvae exposed to ammonia also decreased at greater than 10 and 50 ㎎/L, respectively. In the nitrite exposure experiment with zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab, survival rate was decreased in a concentration and exposure period-dependent way. The growth rate of zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab exposed to nitrite decreased at greater than 150 ㎎/L nitrite concentration.

새조개 처리동결 가공부산물을 이용한 페이스트 젓갈의 품질 및 저장안정성

손정호,강훈이,김명희,하정자,강동수,조영철 여수대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.11 No.2

A fermented squeezed-type paste was manufactured for the purpose of effective utilization of cockle shell by-product, and their rheological properties, texture and storage stability were investigated. The contents of moisture, portein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash in the fermented product were 57.7%, 3.2%, 2.4%, 17.6% and 19.3%, respetively. When storage at 90 days, the contents of chemical composition were little changed. During the storage period, pH and salinity were 6.3~6.6 and 20.3~20.65%. And the product was stable for the storage of 60 days at 23±3℃ on bacterial growth. The major free amino acid in the product were glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, valine and aspartic acid. And during the storage period, orders and contents of amino acid composition were not changed compared with 0 day storage. Thus, fermented squeeze-type cockle shell by-product paste were stable that decomposition was not continued at storage period.

小兒 알레르기性 紫斑症

金洪培,孫璨洛,姜德植,具滋薰 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1982 慶北醫大誌 Vol.23 No.2

저자는 1977년 1월부터 1982년 8월까지 5년 8개월간 경북의대 부속병원 소아과에 알레르기성 자반증으로 입원하였던 환아 36예를 대상으로 하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 성별 분포는 남녀 각각 50%로서 차이가 없었고 계절별 분포는 상기도감염이 빈번한 봄, 겨울이 72.2%를 차지하였으며, 선행질환으로서는 상기도 감염이 69.4%에서 인지되었고 알레르기성 병력을 가진 환아는 13.9%였다. 임상증상은 피부병변이 100%, 위장관계 증상이 88.9%, 관절증상이 61.1%에서 나타났었다. 신장침범은 33.3%였으며 현미경적 혈뇨가 1예, 현미경적 혈뇨 및 경도의 단백뇨가 3예, 현미경적 혈뇨 및 심한 단백뇨가 2예였다. 육안적 혈뇨 및 경도의 단백뇨는 1예, 육안적 혈뇨 및 심한 단백뇨는 4예가 있었으며, RPGN이 1예였다. 이중 6예에서 신생검을 시행하였으며, 2예는 경도의 병변을 보였고 나머지 4예는 모두 반월체를 형성하는등 심한 병변을 보였다. RPGN 경과를 취한 1예는 사망하였다. 신침범과 이와 관련된다고 생각되는 인자들, 즉 5세 이상의 연령군, 성별, 위장관증상의 경중, 관절증상의 유무, 재발유무 등과의 관계를 살펴본 결과 신침범을 일으킨 환아에서 심한 위장관증상 및 재발율이 다소 높게 나타났으나, 통계적 처리로서는 특별한 의의가 없는 것으로 나타났다. A clinical observation has been made on 36 children with Henoch-Scho¨nlein perpura who were admitted to pediatric department of KNU hospital from January 1977 to August 1982. Rate of male to female patients was 1:1, and the majority of cases developed illness during spring and winter months. URI was noticed as preceding illness in 69.4% of cases, and allergic history was elicited in 13.9%. Clinical manifestations showed involvement of skin in 100%. GIT in 88.9%, joint in 61.9% and kidney in 33.3%. Out of 12 cases in whom nephritis developed, 1 case showed microscopic hematuria, 3 cases microscopic hematurai with mild proteinuria, 2 cases microspic hematuria with heavy proteinuria, 1 case macroscopic hematuria with mild proteinuria, 4 cases macroscopic hematuria with heavy proteinuria and 1 case RPGN. Percutaneous renal biopsy performed on 6 cases revealed minimal change in 2 cases and severe renal involvement with crescent formation in 4 cases. Relationship between renal involvement and other parameters including age grou over 5 years, sex, severity of GIT symptoms and presence of recurrence showed somewhat high incidence of severe GIT involvement and presence of recurrence in patients with renal involement. However statistical analysis showed no significant difference.

7개 대학 병원에서 조사한 지역사회 폐렴의 원인균

정문현,김성민,강문원,최희정,정희진,이경원,한성우,송재훈,신형식,김의종,최강원,김민자,박승철,배현주,정윤섭,김준명,백경란,신완식,이규만,김양리 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.5

목 적 : 폐렴은 많이 발생하면서 사망률이 크게 줄지 않는 질환이며, 이를 적절히 치료하기 위해서는 원인균의 상대적 빈도, 기저 질환에 따른 변화, 항균제 내성률, 사망에 관련된 인자들을 알아야 한다. 원인균의 빈도는 지역마다 차이가 있고 국내에서는 항균제 내성률이 높아 지역사회에서 발생한 폐렴을 치료하기 위한 경험적 항균제 선택에 도움이 되기 위해 서울 소재 6개 대학 병원과 천안의 1개 대학 병원이 참여하여 위의 사항들에 대해 조사를 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년에 내과에 입원했던 16세 이상 환자를 대상으로 했다. 퇴원 진단명이 폐렴 또는 폐결핵인 병록지을 찾았고, 이중에서 병원 감염을 제외하였다. 특이도를 높이기 위해, 이들 중에서 호흡기 증상이 있고 발열이나 저체온이 있으면서 흉부 X-선에서 이상 음영이 있는 환자만을 대상으로 했다. 폐결핵은 위의 기준에 입원 초기에 항균제 치료를 하고 입원 7일 이후에야 항결핵제가 투여된 경우만을 폐렴의 원인균으로 하였다. 혈액 배양에서 양성, 객담에서 항상균이나 M. tuberculosis가 증명된 경우, 혈청학적으로 항체가가 4배 이상 증가된 경우, 조직에서 원인균이 진단된 경우는 확정(definitive) 원인균으로 하였고, 객담에서 배양된 균이 그람 도말과 일치할때, 항결액제에 대한 반응으로 진단한 폐결핵, 단일 항체가 양성이고 이에 대해 항균제를 사용했을 때는 가능(probable) 원인균으로 정의하였다. 다세균 감염균은 각각 다 른 원인균으로 처리하였다. 임상 조사와 함께 임상병리과에서 S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, mycoplasma, 항상균에 대해 검사 의뢰 건수, 배양 양성수, 항균제 감수성 결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 폐렴의 증례 정의에 부합하지 않은 135명과 폐결핵의 정의에 해당하지 않는 230명을 제외하고 남은 246명의 평균 나이는 58.2세이고 남성이 142명(58.2%) 이었고, 71%의 환자에서 기저 질환이 있었다. 진단 방법의 시행 횟수는 혈액 배양 77.6%, 혈청 검사 18.3%, 기관지경 검사는 4.1%였고, 세균의 항원 검사를 한 예는 없었다. 원인균이 밝혀진 예는 77명(31.3%)이었다. 다세균 감염이 4명에서 있었고, 원인균의 상대적 빈도는 결핵 20명(확정 17, 가능 3: 6개 병원 자료), 폐렴구균 18(확정8 가능 10)명과 폐렴구균이 아닌 Streptococcus 3명 (모두 확정), H. influenzae 11명(모두 가능), 그람음성간균 11명(확정 7, 가능 4) (K. pneumoniae 8건), Mycoplasma 5명(확정 1, 가능 4), S. aureus 4명(확정 2, 가능 2), mucormycosis 1명(확정)이었다. 평균 입원 기간은 19일이고, 중환자실 입원률과 인공 호흡기 사용율은 각각 18%와 9.3%였다. 사망률은 13.8%였고 사망까지 평균 기간은 14.6일 이었다. 다변량 분석에서 사망을 예측할 수 있는 인자는 저체온과 빈호흡이었다. 임상병리과에서 배양되었던 모든 폐렴구균의 Penicillin 내성률은 서울 3개 병원에서 82-88%, 천안에서 72%였다. 폐렴 환자의 혈액에서 배양된 7주는 모두 Penicillin에 감수성이 있었다. K. pneumoniae 8주 모두 cefotaxime과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 후향적 조사이고 병원마다 원인균 진단에 차이가 있지만, 원인이 밝혀진 경우에는 결핵과 폐렴균이 흔하였고, 무균 부위에서 배양된 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성률은 낮았다. 원인이 밝혀지지 않은 경우가 많고, 혈청검사로 진단되는 원인균이 드물며, 분리균주가 적어 항균제 내성 정도를 추정하기 어려워, 이를 밝히기 위한 전향적 조사가 필요하다. Background : Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, but its management is still challenging. The limitation of diagnostic methods to identify etiologic agents rapidly make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore the discovery of new respiratory pathogens and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric regimen. To clarify the factors necessary for the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, such as the frequency of etiologic agents, the attributable rates to death and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community, six university hospitals in Seoul and one university hospital in Cheonan were participating in this study. Methods : medical records of adults (>15 years of age) hospitalized for CAP or pulmonary tuberculosis between April 1995 and March 1996, were reviewed. Patients who satisfied all of the following criteria were included in the study: (1) fever or hypothermia; (2) respiratory symptoms; and (3) pulmonary infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. To exclude cases of pulmonary tuberculosis whose roentgenographic features were so typical that it could be easily differentiated from conventional pneumonia, two additional criteria were required for inclusion: antibiotic treatment during the first week of hospital admission and initiation of anti-tuberculosis medications thereafter. Organisms isolated from sterile body sites, acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum, pathogens diagnosed by a 4-fold rising titer of antibodies to “atypical”pathogens, or pathogens revealed by histopathology were defined as definitive cause of pneumonia; isolates from sputum withcompatible Gram stain, pathogens diagnosed by a single diagnostic titer plus use of a specific antimicrobial agent, or tuberculosis diagnosed by clinucal response to anti- tuberculosis medications were considered probable cause of pneumonia. The records of the clinical microbiology were reviewed for isolates of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Mycobacterium or acid-fast bacilli, and Mycoplasma. Then the frequency of these agents, antimicrobial resistance rates of resiratory pathogens from all body sites, and their clinical significance were evaluated. Results: After excluding 365 patients (230 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 135 with CAP) who were screened for inclusion but did not meet the inclusion criteria,246 persons were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 58.2 years old with slight male predominance (58.2%), and 171(71%) patients had underlying illnesses. Blood cultures were performed on 191 (77.6%) patients and serologic tests on 44(18.3%) patients. The etiologic agents were identified in 31.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was pulmonary tuberculosis (17 definite and 3 probable: data of six hospitals), S. pneumoniae (8 definite and 10 probable), non-pneumococci (3 definite), aerobic gram-negative bacilli (7 definite and 4 probable), Haemophilus spp. (11 probable), mycoplasma (1 definite and 4 probable), polymicrobial infections (2 definite and 2 probable: E. coli and S. agalactiae, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and A. baumannii and K. pneumonias), S. aureus (2 definite and 2 probable) , and mucormycosis (1 definite). Among gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae was the most common agent (8isolates). therates of admission to the intensive care unitand of using assisted ventilation were 18% and 9.3%, respectively. The mortality was 13.8% and logistic regression analysis showed that hypothermia and tachypnea were associated with death. Hospital stay averaged 19 days. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae isolated from all body sites to penicillin ranged from 8% to 28% but seven isolated from blood of patients with pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin. Also all 8 isolated of k> pneumoniae from patients with pneumonia were susceptible to cefotaxime and gentamicin. Conclusion: In Korea, in addition to S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis is an important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. The low incidence of etiologic diagnosis is probably related to infrequent requesting of test "atypical" pathogens and does not represent the true incidence of infections by "atypical" pathogens, which well be answered by a prospective study. The antimicrobial resistance rates of major respiratory pathogens from sterile body sites are low, however, because of a small number of the isolates this result needs confirmation by a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

Identification and characterization of an aquaporin 1 immunoreactive amacrine-type cell of the mouse retina

Kang, Tae-Hoon,Choi, Yeon-Kyung,Kim, In-Beom,Oh, Su-Ja,Chun, Myung-Hoon Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2005 Journal of comparative neurology Vol.488 No.3

<P>Using immunocytochemistry, a type of amacrine cell that is immunoreactive for aquaporin 1 was identified in the mouse retina. AQP1 immunoreactivity was found in photoreceptor cells of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and in a distinct type of amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer (INL). AQP1-immunoreactive (IR) amacrine cell somata were located in the INL and their processes extended through strata 3 and 4 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with thin varicosities. The density of the AQP1-IR amacrine cells increased from 100/mm<SUP>2</SUP> in the peripheral retina to 350/mm<SUP>2</SUP> in the central retina. The AQP1-IR amacrine cells comprise 0.5% of the total amacrine cells. The AQP1-IR amacrine cell bodies formed a regular mosaic, which suggested that they represent a single type of amacrine cell. Double labeling with AQP1 and glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or GAD<SUB>65</SUB> antiserum demonstrated that the AQP1-IR amacrine cells expressed GABA or GAD<SUB>65</SUB> but not glycine. Their synaptic input was primarily from other amacrine cell processes. They also received synaptic inputs from a few cone bipolar cells. The primary synaptic targets were ganglion cells, followed by other amacrine cells and cone bipolar cells. In addition, gap junctions between an AQP1-IR amacrine process and another amacrine process were rarely observed. In summary, a GABAergic amacrine cell type labeled by an antibody against AQP1 was identified in the mouse retina and was found to play a possible role in transferring a certain type of visual information from other amacrine or a few cone bipolar cells primarily to ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:352–367, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

Effect of Isoimperatorin on the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cell Line DU145 Cells

( Ja Hoon Kang ),( Sook Yeon Lee ),( Dong Sool Yim ) 한국응용약물학회 2005 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.13 No.3

The Expression of NMDA Receptor 1 Correlates with Clinicopathological Parameters in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

( Min Ju Kang ),( Jae Hoon Cho ),( Ja Kyung Koo ),( Sun Up Noh ),( Mi Yeon Kim ),( Hoon Kang ),( Shin Taek Oh ),( Hyung Ok Kim ),( Young Min Park ) 대한피부과학회 2009 Annals of Dermatology Vol.21 No.4

Background: Ionotropic glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) type are expressed on keratinocytes and play a role in the proliferation, differentiation, and cornification of keratinocytes. However, the expression profile of NMDAR and its role in cutaneous malignancy is unclear. Objective: We analyzed the expression of NMDAR-1 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and investigated the relationship between NMDAR-1 expression and clinicopathological parameters. Methods: Thirty-two patients with biopsy-proven cutaneous SCC were enrolled in this study. Each patient was analyzed for tumor diameter, location, local recurrence, and metastasis by conducting a chart review. The SCC specimens were histologically divided into differentiated and undifferentiated groups based on Broders` system. NMDAR-1 expression was examined by performing immunohistochemistry, and the relative staining intensity in the SCCs was graded into 5 levels. According to the staining intensity of NMDAR-1, the specimens were categorized into two groups: the higher group and the lower group. Results: Fifteen (88%) of 17 tumors in the higher group were differentiated SCC, whereas 14 (93%) of 15 tumors in the lower group were undifferentiated SCC. In addition, NMDAR-1 expression was inversely correlated with metastasis (p=0.049). Local recurrence was associated with a lower staining intensity, but the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that NMDAR-1 expression in cutaneous SCC is significantly correlated with its differentiation and metastasis. Therefore, it may be a prognostic indicator for cutaneous SCC. (Ann Dermatol 21(4) 382~388, 2009)