정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

分蘖型 옥수수에 있어서 Source와 Sink의 關係

李喜鳳,崔鳳鎬,李元九,池熺正 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1993 농업과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

This study was carried out to understand the relationship between sources and sinks in tillering maize hybrid. A non-tillering hybrid was included as check hybrid, The following treatments were imposed on the two hybrids at tasseling stages 1) no leaves removed, 2) all leaves removed, 3) leaves above 1st ear node removed, 4) leaves below 1st ear node removed and 5) only 1st ear removed. The experiment was arranged in a split plot with hybrids as main plots and treatments as sub plots. Results obtained were summarized as follows: Plant heights in control were significantly higher in both hybrids than other treatments, No significant differences of plant height were observed among treatments of leaf' removal in both hybrids, No significant differences of kernel weights of plant were found between locations of leaf removal, But seed weight of tillering hybrids was about 10 to 15% heavier than that of non-tillering hybrid. Stem weight showed the same tendency as the kernel weights. Leaf removal above the ear node lowered kernel weight significantly up to 60% compared with no leaf removal, The leaf removal below the ear node lowered the kernel weight about 40%. The effects of leaf removal on kernel weight was more serious in the non-tillering hybrid than in the tillering hybrid. Contribution of each part to the total dry matter varied with position of leaf removal, When no leaves were removed. contribution of each part to the total dry matter was great in the order of kernel weight. leaf weight and culm weight, When leaves above the ear node were removed, the contribution of each part to the total dry matter was in the order of culm weight. leaf weight and kernel weight. When leaves below the ear node were removed. the contribution of kernel weight was greater than the contribution of leaf and culm weights.

뇌사환자의 갑상선 기능, 전신대사 및 중증도에 관한 연구

이영주,정금희,왕희정,문봉기,한연희,이영석 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1999 아주의학 Vol.4 No.1

Background and Objectives : Brain death may lead to hormonal depletion, metabolic derangement and multiple organ dysfunction. We have carried out present study to examine the effects of brain death on the thyroid function, metabolic indices, and the severity scoring systems. Methods : 13 adults patients admitted for organ donation or brain death evaluation were examined after brain death was confirmed. Thyroid hormones measured were .thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4). The metabolic indices measured were arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR), lactic acid (LA), and base defiat (BD). as for reference to the severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ and multiple organ failure score (MOFS) were assessed on the day of brain death confirmation. Arterial blood was drawn for all measurements. Results : As for the thyroid function, there were significant decreases in T3 (40.48±20.96 ng/dL) and T4 (3.47±2.15 ㎍/dL), but no significant change in FT4 (0.75±0.31 ng/dL) and TSH (1.12±1.37 uIU/mL) compared to the normal range. Significant decreases in AKBR (0.39±0.31) and BD (-9.46±5.83 m㏖/L), and significant increase in LA (2.57±2.46 m㏖/L) In metabolic indices, were shown, as for severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ score (101.54±19.41) and MOF score (9.11±2.57) indicated a high mortality. There were significant correlation between thyroid hormones (r=0.565 -0.781) but no correlation among other indices. Also, significant inverse correlations were shown between base deficit and lactic acid (r=-0.660), APACHE Ⅲ score (r=-0.726) and MOF score (r=-0.604). The highest correlation was observed between APACHE Ⅲ score and MOF score (r=0.851). Conclusions : As for the thyroid function, significant decrease in T3 and T4, and almost normal range of FT4 and TSH imply the euthyroid sick syndrome. Abnormal finding of the metabolic parameters indicates an inhibition of the aerobic metabolic rate of the body as a whole. And the severity scoring parameters are compatible with high mortality.

2자유도 PI 제어기를 이용한 BLDC 전동기의 벡터제어에 관한 연구

이종현,성낙규,이상집,이승환,오봉환,이훈구,한경희 명지대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.20 No.-

This paper describes the speed control method of BLDC Motor using TDOF PI ( Tow-degree of freedom PI ). PI control method generally used has difficulty in efficient speed control because speed response and load torque response interfere each other. It can't decrease the overshoot of motor speed w rm, and shorten the response time of load torque TL, at the same time according to the step alternation of speed reference w rm. Therefore TDOF PI is applied to BLDC Motor in order to supply these weak points of PI control method in this paper. TDOF PI can get the torque characteristic of short response time as well as stable and prompt speed adjustment by separate control for speed response and load torque response. The results from the tests of C program simulation and system construction show that TDOF PI is superior to PI control system in speed adjustment and load torque response.

광중합형 구치부 수복재료의 중합수축량과 중합수축력

박성호,이순영,조용식,김수선,이창재,김영주,이봉희,이광성,노병덕 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.4

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage stress and amount of linear shrinkage of composites and compomers for posterior restoration. For this purpose, linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress were measured. For linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress measurement, custom made Linometer (R&B, Daejon, Korea) and Stress measuring machine was used (R&B, Daejon, Korea). Compositers and compomers were evaluated; Dyract AP (Dentsply Detrey, Gumbh, German) Z100 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, USA) Pyramid (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA) Synergy Compact (Coltene, Altstatten, Switzerland), Heliomolar (Vivadent/Ivoclar, Liechtenstein), and Compoglass (Vivadent Ivoclar/Liechtenstein) were used. 15 measurements were made for each material. Linear polymerization shrinkage or polymerization stress for each material was compared with one way ANOVA with Tukey at 95% levels of confidence. For linear shrinkage ; Heliomolar, Surefil<Synergy Compact, Z100<Dyract AP<Pyramid, Compoglass F (p<0.05) For Shrinkage stress ; Heliomolar < Z100, Pyramid<Synergy Compact, Compoglass F<Dyract AP<Heliomolar HB, Surefil (p<0.05)

한국 주요정신장애의 유병률 및 관련요인 : 2006 전국정신질환역학조사

조맹제,장성만,함봉진,정인원,배안,이영문,안준호,원승희,손정우,홍진표,배재남,이동우,조성진,박종익,이준영,김진영,전홍진,이해우 大韓神經精神醫學會 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.3

Objectives The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in the Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), and to compare those with previous studies. Methods The Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area study Replication (KECA-R) was Conducted between August 2006 and April 2007. The sampling of the subjects was carried out across 12 catchment areas. A multistage, cluster sampling design was adopted. The target Population included all eligible residents aged 181o 64 years. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) based on the DSM-IV (N=6,510, response rate=81.7%). Results A total of 6,510 participants completed the interview. The lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for all types of DSM-IV disorders were 30.0% and 17.3%, respectively. Those of Specific disorders were as follows : 1) alcohol use disorder, 16.2% and 5.6% ; 2) nicotine use disorder, 9.0% and 6.0% ; 3) specific phobia, 3.8% and 3.4% ; 4) major depressive disorder, 5.6% and 2.5% ; and 5) generalized anxiety disorder, 1.6% and 0.8%. Data relating to nicotine and alcohol use disorder revealed a very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among females than males. Conclusion The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders across the country and times were observed.

정신분열병에 대한 Risperidone의 효과 및 안전성에 관하여

신석철,왕성근,지익성,이선우,이규광,이봉희,이진영,황선희,신용재,배경도,김정란 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1997 충남의대잡지 Vol.24 No.1

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 10 patients with chronic schizophrenia were examined for 8 weeks in a silgle-open study. After the wash-out period of 1 week, risperidone was administered. Efficacy was evaluated by means of Positive and Negative syndrome Scale for Schizophernia(PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI). Safety assessment included the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), vital signs, body weight, ECG, and laboratory tests. The results were as follows 1) On the PANSS total score, there was significant improvement of total score after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 2) On the PANSS positive and negative subscal, there were significant improvement of posotive and negative scores after 2 weeks (P<.05) of administration. 3) On the PANSS general psychopatholgy subscals, there were significant improvement of general psychopathologyscores after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 4) On the CGI, there was significant decreasement of clinical impression of severity of schizophrenia score after 2 week (P<.05) of administration. 5) A statistically significant increase in body weight (P<.05) was observed after 8 weeks of administration. 6) EPS reached the peak at the end of the 1st week of administration of risperidone (11.8± 24.25) but they were easily relieved by addition of benztropine and clonazepam. There was not significant change in laboratory tests, vital sign, ECG after 8 weeks of administration. These results suggest that Risperidone is an effective antipsychotics and clinically safe except for increased body weight in chronic schizophrenia.

콩잎 물김치의 숙성과정 중 이화학적 변화

이봉희,김경자 동아시아식생활학회 2003 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.13 No.6

This study was attempted to investigate the physicochemical changes during soybean-leaf water kimchis fermentation by adding wheat flour in cooking water. Soybean-leaf water kimchis with five different levels of wheat flour in cooking water(0%;A, 5%;B 10%;c, 15%;D, 20%;E) were tested for rhological parameters, fine structural changes, sensory evaluations and chemical analysis. The composition of the soybean-leaf was moisture (80.9%), protein(6.8%), fat(0.6%), ash(2.1%) and alkalinity (+14.9). The amount of reducing sugars of sample A and other samples were 0.75% and 1.08~1.4% in the initial fermentation stage, but decreased to 0.3 and 0.43~0.50% in the later fermentation stage, respectively. The pH of sample A decreased from 5.17 to 4.72 during the initial fermentation. On sample B, C, D and E, pH's decreased rapidly during the initial fermentation, but they did not change much in the later fermentation stage. The pectin contents of all samples decreased during 2nd and 4th day of fermentation, then the change was slow. The amount of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in terms of the NDF and ADF were varied from 4 to 33%, but the contents of them did not greatly changed during the fermentation. The sensory evaluation showed that both B and C samples had the good score in sweety taste, roasted nutty taste, and the ease of swallowing measured as chewiness. From these results, the optimum soybean-leaf water kimchis can be prepared when 200g soybean-leaf, 1000㎖ water, 15g garlic, 3% red pepper powder and 5~0% wheat flour were fermented at 20℃ for 2 days.

建築設計敎育의 理論과 方法에 관한 연구

李熙奉 울산대학교 1979 연구논문집 Vol.10 No.2

本 論文은 建築設計敎育의 理論들을 分析하여 現在 우리에게 절실히 필요한 方向과 方法을 크게 5가지 관점(社會性, 一貫性, 歷史와의 관계, 學生經驗 中心, 設計方法論)으로 提案한다. In this study, the theories of education for architectural design are analyzed, and directions and methods needed urgently are proposed at five points of view-socioculture, coherency, history and education for design, student's experience and design method. This study aims at being useful to professors and students in the design course.

형태의 결합에 의한 이미지의 상징성에 관한 연구

이봉희,김인철 한국기초조형학회 2002 기초조형학연구 Vol.3 No.2

인간의 원형에서 출발하는 집단무의식은 신화, 설화, 예술의 모티브가 되어 왔으며, 사회를 유지하는 근원이 되고 있다. 이러한 집단무의식에는 남성에게 내재되어 있는 여성성인 아니아와 여성에게 내재되어 있는 아니무스가 있다. 그리고 사회생활을 할 수 있게 하는 페르소나와 인간의 반사회적 욕망과 내적 공포면서 페르소나와 대변되는 그림자가 있으며, 자기실현과 통합을 위한 자기가 있다. 이러한 집단무의식은 소설이나 영화, 애니메이션 등의 나래이션에서 핵심적인 요소로 작용하고 있다. 형태의 결합에 의해 형성된 이미지는 인간의 꿈과 욕망, 반사회적 욕망인 악과 공포를 표현하는데 있어 그 효과를 발휘하고 있는데 환타지나 SF 또는 온라인 게임에서 많이 활용되어 왔으며, 게임 산업의 발달로 현재 그 활용도가 증대되고 있다. 이러한 이미지를 만들기 위한 한 방법으로 내용적인 측면은 인간의 원형에 근거한 상징과 이를 통한 집단무의식적인 나래이션을 가지면서, 그 방법적인 측면은 이미지가 기본적으로 가져야하는 의미와 형태, 기능, 이름을 갖는 것이라 할 수 있다. 상징은 보편적인 지식에서 형성되는 것으로 이를 잘 활용한다면 에듀테인먼터로서의 효과를 발휘할 수 있을 것으로 보여진다. Originating from human archetype, the collective unconscious has played its role as a motive for myths, legends and arts. Is also has functioned as a driving force for maintaining our society. In this collective unconscious, there are two human images such as Anima (the female nature inherent in male) and Animus (the male nature inherent in female). In addition, all of us have a persona for social relationships, while having a shadow which reveals our antisocial desires and inner terror other than such persona. Of course, we have a self for realizing and integrating ourselves in various ways. This collective unconscious has functioned as an essential element available for novels, movies, animations, etc. Images formed by different combinated shapes have their own effects on expressing our dream and desire as well as our antisocial desires including evil and terror. That is why they have been variously used in fantasy, science fiction(SF) or on-line game. Of course, they have been more and more available owing to ever-developing game industry. In an effort to make these images, we have the following two sides: In terms of content, there are different symbols based on human archetype as well as collectively unconscious narrations. In terms of method, there are meaning, shape, function and name respectively that an image must basically have.In general, the symbol forms from our universal knowledge. Thus, it is expected that our well-applied symbols will have their own effects as a good edutainment device.