논문 : 북한 “수령형상문학”의 역사적 변모양상 -1960∼1990년대 북한 서정시를 중심으로

김경숙 ( Kyeong Suk Kim ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2013 민족문학사연구 Vol.51 No.-

북한문학의 역사는 1960년대 중반을 기점으로 크게 변화한다. 이전에는 마르크스-레닌주의에 의거한 사회주의리얼리즘문학이 중심을 이루었으나, 이후에는 주체사상에 의거한 주체문학으로 변모했다. 그런데 주체문학에서 문학적으로 형상화할 것이 요구되는 첫 번째 대상은 바로 ``수령형상창조``이다. 왜냐하면 북한문학은 인민대중을 교화하고 선전·선동하는 사상적 무기로 기능하는데, 북한의 체제원리인 주체사상에서 제1원칙은 ``수령에 대한 충실성``이기 때문이다. 사회정치적인 변화와 요구를 적극적으로 반영하는 북한문학에서는 ``수령형상창조``라는 동일한 주제를 다루더라도 당 문예정책의 변화에 따라서 각각의 시기에 시인들이 형상화하는 중심 내용은 바뀌게 된다. 첫째, ``수령의 위상 세우기``(1966∼1972) 시기에는 김일성의 숭고한 풍모와 혁명적 가정을 통하여 ``김일성의 위대성``을 형상화하였다. 둘째, ``혁명적 수령관 공고화하기``(1972∼1989) 가운데 (1) ``혁명의 주체 이원화하기``(1972∼1978) 시기에는 ``수령의 위상``과 ``당 중앙의 영도``를 형상화하였다. 또한 ``김일성의 혁명적 가정``으로서 특히 ``김정숙``을 형상화하였다. (2) ``혁명의 대(代) 형성하기``(1978∼1985)시기에는 ``수령의 혁명역사``와 ``김정일의 현명한 영도``를 형상화하였다. 또한 ``김일성의 혁명적 가정``으로서 특히 ``김정일``을 형상화하였다. (3) ``혁명의 후계자 세우기``(1985∼1989) 시기에는 ``후계자를 통한 혁명전통의 계승``과 ``김정일의 위대한 업적과 인간 풍모``를 형상화하였다. 셋째, ``혁명적 대가정(大家庭) 완성하기``(1989∼1994) 시기에는 ``김정일의 위대성을 절대화``하여 형상화하고 ``3위 1체의 원칙에 맞는 수령의 모습``을 형상화하였다. 북한 ``수령형상문학``의 역사적인 변모양상을 추적한 결과 필자는 다음과 같은 결론과 의의를 발견하였다. 첫째, 북한의 조선노동당이 당파성과 당성 간의 변증법적 발전과정을 통하여 사회주의·공산주의 건설과제에 매진하지 못하고 권력승계 문제에 집중하게 된 근본적인 이유는 남북한이 서로 다른 체제를 지향하면서 상호대치하고 있는 상황 속에서 무엇보다 시급한 과제는 ``체제유지``라고 여겼기 때문이다. 둘째, 주체문학 시기의 북한 시에서 ``시적 대상``이 주로 ``자연물화``하고 ``시적 형상화의 방식``이 극도로 ``단순화``하는 이유는 문학적 상상력이 소실되었기 때문이다. 셋째, 주체문학 시기의 북한문학사에서 당파성을 드러낸 시가 존재하지 않거나 유통되지 않는다는 사실은 당성의 ``폐쇄성``과 ``교조성``을 반증하는 것이다. The history of North Korean literature greatly changes from the mid-1960s. Although socialistic realism literature based on Marxism-Leninism was at the center, soon the center was changed to Juche literature based on Juche ideology. Yet, the first subject to be embodied in literature from Juche literature is “Chief-shape literature” because North Korean literature functions as an ideological weapon that edifies and agitates North Korean people, and because the first principle of Juche ideology, the principal system of North Korea, is “loyalty toward the Chief”. In North Korean literature that actively reflects social, political transition and demand, although the same topic of “Chief-shape creation” is treated, the core contents embodied by poets are changed in each period depending on the transition of the policy of literature and arts of the party. First, during the period of “establishing prestige of the chief” (1966∼1972), they embodied “greatness of Kim Il Sung” through noble royalty and revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung. Second, within the overall period of “publicizing revolutionary aspect of the chief”(1972∼1989) (1) during the period of “dualizing revolutionary Juche”(1972∼1978), “prestige of the chief” and the “central leader of the party” were embodied. Especially, “Kim Jong Suk” was used to embody the “revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung”. (2) During the period of “forming the line of revolution”(1978∼1985), “revolutionary history of the chief” and the “wise leadership of Kim Jong Il” were embodied. Especially, “Kim Jong Il” was used to embody the “revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung”. (3) During the period of “raising a successor of revolution”(1985∼1989), “succession of Kim Il Sung`s revolutionary tradition through a successor” and the “great achievement and human presence of Kim Jong Il” were embodied. Third, during the period of “completing the great revolutionary family”(1989∼1994), the “greatness of Kim Jong Il was absolutized” and embodied, and the “feature of the chief fit for the principle of trinity” was embodied as well. As a result of tracing historical transition of “the Chief-shape literature” of North Korea, the author discovered the following conclusion and meaning. First, the fundamental reason for Korean Workers` Party in North Korea to concentrate on the problem of power succession while they could not establish further socialism and communism through the step of dialectical development between partisanship and loyalty to the party was because they considered that the “maintenance of the system” was the prime task within the confrontation between the South and the North with different systems. Second, the “poetic object” was mainly “naturalized” and the “method of poetic embodiment” was extremely “simplified” in North Korean poems within the period of Juche literature because literary imaginations disappeared. Third, the fact that there is no poem reflecting partisanship within the history of North Korean literature in the period of Juche literature is a counter evidence of isolation and dogmatism of the loyalty to the party.

생체분해성 망막압정을 이용한 망막고정에 대한 실험적 연구

김용백,민병무,김창식,박근성,김승영,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Biodegradable retinal fixation devices obtain mechnical fixation of the retina with desirable chorioretinal scarring and with the potential for local, sustained release of antimetabolites and steroids to inhibit proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack with barb that was designed in order to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy for retinal fixation and the capability for sustained release of drugs with a newly designed biodegradable retinal tack Biodegradable retinal tacks were made of polymers of glycolic acids and were designed with barbs in a shape to prevent the disinsertion. Biodegradale retinal tacks are divided into 3 parts, a conical portion that is inserted into the sclera, a cylinder portion that remains in the vitreous, and a neck portion between the pin and the cylinder. The tapered conical end was manufactured to allow easy insertion through the retina and choroid into the sclera. A cylinder portion was manufactured with a tapered angle that fixes firmly into the orifice of 19 gauge spinal needle. A neck portion, 0.4 mm in diameter, was designed to prevent disinsertion from following implantation of retinal tack. The applicator was a 19 gauge spinal needle and its orifice was prepared to 15°angle to accept the tapered cylinder portion of the retinal tack. The retinal tacks, secured in the needles, were passed through the formed vitreous and inserted into the retina, choroid, and sclera and were released by pushing the internal needle, usually within 2-3mm of the medullary ray of the posterior rabbit retina A retinal tack was placed in each of 8 pigmented rabbit eyes. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography were performed periodically from 1 day to 8 weeks after surgery. Eight eyes were enucleated and studied by light microscopy at 8 weeks. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the animals revealed edemas adjacent to the retinal surfaces immediately after insertion of the biodegradable retinal tacks in all the animals. These edemas disappeared after 1 week. The first noticeable change in the size of retinal tacks was shown after 2weeks. The size of the retinal tacks gradually got smaller, decreasing to about one-half at 4 weeks and about one-third at 8 weeks. All retinal tacks remained in inserted places without any movement for an 8 week period. On light microscopy, epiretinal proliferations were seen to extend into the vitreous cavity. Cellular capsules that lined the inner aspect of the scleral defect caused by tack insertion were found. However the adjacent retina had a normal cytologic appearance and architecture in all specimens. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack that is designed to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. All biodegradable retinal tacks reduce in size with time, but no retinal tacks extruded from the inserted place. The newly designed biodegradable retinal tack can be used for retinal fixation and may be used as a vehicle for the introduction of pharmacologic agents to prevent the cellular events that promote proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

생체분해성 고분자를 이용한 사시수술용 제형개발 및 효용성에 대한 연구

민병무,김용백,김승영,김창식,박근성,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

A new device, muscle clamping system was developed to facilitate exact quatifying technique A strabismus surgery, and reduce the risk of complications. The device is composed of a lower fixing body with three jaws and an upper supporting body. They are used to clip an extraocular muscle and fix it to the sclera with a single bite. Superior rectus recession on 16 rabbit eyes were performed with this new device. Conjunctival injection, muscle adhesion strength, and light microscopic findings were examined at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The Conjunctival injection were minimal, adhesion power ranged from 420 to 600 gram gravity, which is sufficient in withstand the normal pull of human extraocular muscle. In microscopic exam, some Inflammatory cells and fibrosis were found. The new device was technically easy, fast, and accurate, so it may be useful in stabismus surgery.

영상분석 시스템 구현(Ⅰ)

김동욱,한한수,김석경,이중,하영호,김희수 內務部 國立科學搜査硏究所 2001 國立 科學 搜査 硏究所 年報 Vol.33 No.-

가사노동의 에너지 대사에 관한 연구 : 작업대 높이를 중심으로 On the basis of the height of Work Surface

김미현,김영숙,신경원,이미선 효성여자대학교 가정대학 학도호국단 1986 家政大論集 Vol.5 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 동일 작업대에서 가사노동시 작업자의 신장과 에너지 대사와의 관계를 분석하는데 있다. 실험은 가사에 경험이 있는 자로서 신장별로 A(152㎝), B(159㎝), C(172㎝)를 피실험자로 하여 Respilyzer를 이용한 간접열량 측정법을 이용하였다. 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 각 작업의 R. M. R. 평균은 설겆이 작업 0.64, 고구마 채썰기 0.77, 고구마 볶기는 0.42였다. 2. 개수대 작업에서 신장별에 따라 R. M. R.은 피실험자 C. A. B.의 순으로 키가 큰 사람이 (C) 1.16으로 에너지소모가 가장 많았다. 3. 준비대 작업에서 신장별에 따라 R. M. R.은 피실험자 A. B. C의 순으로 나타났으나 그 차이가 타작업에 비해 근소하였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 현재 시판되고 있는 작업대 높이에서 주부가 가사노동할 경우 표준신장에 가까운 사람에 비해 신장에 차이가 있는 사람은 개수대, 준비대에서의 작업시 에너지소모가 많다는 것을 알 수 있다. 생활수준의 향상과 더불어 신장도 증가하는 일로에 있으나 가사노동하는 주부의 체위는 다양하다. 이러한 점을 고려할 때 기업체에서는 시판 작업대 제작시 높이를 평균 키에 맞추어 단일화시킬 것이 아니라 작업자의 체위를 고려하여 적어도 상, 중, 하의 높이의 형으로라도 되어질 것이 요구된다고 하겠다. The purpose of present research is to analyze the relation of the height of homeworker and the Energy- Metabolism when welted on Sink Center, Mix Center andRange . Experiment was used indirection - calorimetry with Respilyzer and subjects wereclassified into A(152cm), B(158.6cm) and C(172cm) according to height. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The average of R. M. R. in each homeworking was 0.64 in dishwashing (Sink Center), 0.77 in sweet potato slicing (Mix Center) and 0.42 in sweet potato Panbroiling (Range). 2. In dishwashing, R. H. R. according to height was the highest in the subject Cin order of C.A. B. 3. In sweet potato slicing, R. M. R. according to height was the hightest in thesubject A in order of A. C. B. 4. In sweet potato pan-broiling, R. M. R. according to height was high in orderof the subject A. B. C but the difference of R. M. R. among A. B. C was a few ascompared with dishwashing and sweet potato slicing.

敎育大學 科學敎育의 內容構成에 관한 硏究

金炳業,金在慶,孫錫洛 大邱敎育大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1984 과학·수학교육연구 Vol.9 No.-

<Summary> The paper attempts to construct the contents of science subject of teacher's college in order to train students as competent elementary science teachers. Within the current curiiculum, we gave proceeded this study. The conclusions we have come to are as follows. 1) The objective of the scieuce education in teacher's college shoule have students acquire high level scientific literacy and competent teaching method through the conclusive understanding of science. 2) The competence and ability science teacher must acquire are the undertanding about the nature of science, having the inquiry attitude and the method of teaching elementary science. 3) In the construction of the contents avout the science subject in teacher's college the following considerations should be needed. ① "The natural science" subject in the liveral arts course. The contents of this subject should include the fundamental concepts and the inquiry method of science centered on the nature subject in the elementry school. At the same time the learning should be proceeded along with the way these concepts are formed by human thought. ② "The nature subject education" in the major course. This subject is divided into two sub-subjects which call for "the teaching method" and " the sutdy of teaching materials". In the current curriculum, the nature and contents of these two sub-subjects are not prescrived clearly. This paper attempts to prescribe these nature and contents. The teaching method should be the general rules and theories concerning all the elementary science including the nature subject. The study of teaching material should be done according to the curriculum and textbook of the individual elemenary science, the nature subject.

유전 알고리즘을 이용한 거리 정보의 추출

김용석,도경훈 東西大學校 1997 동서논문집 Vol.3 No.1

In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based optimization technique for stereo matching is proposed. Stereo matching is the essential process to recover three-dimensional structure of objects. The geometrical difference of left and right images called as disparity is constructed as two-dimensional chromosomes with fitness values inversely proportional to their costs. The cost function is composed of the intensity-difference between two images and smoothness of disparity. The crossover and mutation operators in the two-dimensional chromosomes is described. The operations are affected by the disparities of neighbor pixels. The knowledge-augmented operators is shown to result in rapid convergence and stable result. The genetic algorithm for stereo matching is tested on synthetic and natural images. Experimental results for various images show that the proposed algorithm has good performance even if the image has the unfavorable conditions.

자동생화학 분석기 Hitachi 7180의 평가

신경섭,주대일,김영숙 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 2003 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.13 No.2

연구목적: 저자들은 본원에 응급화학검사기기로 새로 도입된 Hitachi 7180 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan)의 분석 능을 보기 위하여, 정밀도, 직선성, 정확성을 평가하였으며 기존의 화학검사기기인 Hitachi 747 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan)과의 상관성도 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 포도당, 크레아티닌, blood urea nitrogen (이하 BUN), 총단백, 알부민, aspartic transaminase (이하 AST), 나트륨, 칼륨, 클로라이드 등 총 9종목에 대하여 정밀도를 측정하였으며, 포도당, 크레아티닌, BUN, AST에 대하여 직선성 및 회수율을 구하였다. 포도당, 크레아티닌, AST 및 총 빌리루빈에 대하여 Hitachi 747과 상관관계를 평가하였다 결과: 일내 정밀도는 저농도 및 고농도 정도관리 물질에서 3.05% 및 2.02% 이하의 변이계수를 보였으며, 총 정밀도는 각각 4.4%와 2.42% 이하의 변이계수를 보였다. 직선성을 평가한 모든 항목의 결정계수(r²)는 0.999 이상이었다. 회수율은 평가한 4종목에서 100.0에서 103.08% 사이이었다. Hitachi 747과 상관검사에서 측정한 4종목의 상관계수(r)는 모두 0.9986 이상이었다. 결론: Hitachi 7180은 정밀도, 직선성 및 회수율이 우수하였으며, 기존의 기기와 좋은 상관성을 보여 임상검사실에서의 적용에 유용할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: The authors evaluated a recently introduced chemical analyzer, Hitachi 7180 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) for precision, linearity, accuracy and comparability with Hitachi 747 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) to see if it was suitable for the stat analyzer. Material and Methods: The precision, linearity, accuracy and comparison study were performed. For twenty day, the precision was performed for glucose, creatinine, BUN, protein, albumin, AST, sodium, potassium and chloride. The linearity and recovery rates were performed for glucose, creatinine, AST, BUN. The comparison study was performed with Hitachi 747 for glucose, creatinine, AST and total bilirubin. Results: The within-run coefficients of variations (CVs) at low and high concentrations were less than 3.05% and 2.02%, respectively. The total CVs for each groups were less than 4.4% and 2.42%, respectively. The linearity was well maintained in range of medically significant levels(r²≥0.999). The recovery rates were good for all tested items (100-103.8%). In comparison study, coefficients of correlation exceeded 0.9986 for all tests. Conclusion: The precision, linearity and accuracy of Hitachi 7180 were good. The correlation with Hitachi 747 was good. We concluded that its analyzer can be useful for clinical laboratory.

모유영양아와 인공영양아의 피하지방 및 상완위의 성장발육 상태 : 영아의 피하지방 및 상완위 발육상태

최경숙,최혜미,구재옥,임경숙,김주혜,김숙배 동아시아식생활학회 1997 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.7 No.1

One- to three- month-old infants (n=232) were compared their upper arm cumference and skinfold thickness(triceps, subscapular) by feeding methods in cross-sectional study. There were two groups : breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed groups(FF). As reported previously^(7)), weight, length, head and chest circumferences of these infants were good, and overall growth status was not significantly different by feeding methods, but weight, weight velocity and chest circumference of formula-fed infants were higher than breast-feds at 3 month, significantly. Here, the triceps skinfold thickness of infants at 1, 2, and 3 postpartum months were 7.4, 9.5 and 10.5 ㎜, respectively. The triceps skinfold thickness of breast-fed infants were higher than formula-feds at 1 and 2 postpartum month, but at 3 month, that of formula-fed infants was greater than breast-fed infants, insignificantly. The subscapular skinfold thickness of infants were 6.4, 9.2 and 10.6 ㎜ at 1 to 3 postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of infants were 11.7, 13.4, 14.3㎝, and the arm muscle diameter were 34.5, 39.3 and 41.7㎝ at one to three postpartum months, respectively. The upper arm circumference of male infants was higher than females at 2, 3 postpartum months. Overall, there were no significant differences between feeding methods in triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, upper arm circumference and arm muscle diameter. But 3-month-old formula-fed male infants showed bigger significantly in arm circumference than the breast-feds. From this survey, long-term survey on growth and body composition of large scales might be necessary to determine the effect of feeding methods of infants after 3 months and to set proper body composition standard for infant.

유치원 1급 정교사 자격연수에 대한 유치원 교사의 인식

윤기영,김경숙 서원대학교 2004 敎育發展 Vol.23 No.2

The in-service education for kindergarten teachers has been developed rapidly in korea with the recognition of the importance of early childhood education. The quality of teachers could be improved by in-service education during their works in kindergarten. The purposes of this study were to find out their expections, change and problems of in-service education for kindergaten teacher's qualification. And to recommend ideas in order to remedy these problems. As result, 1. about the in-service education for qualification, most kindergarten teachers has been hopeful and rarious expectation. 2. through the in-service education for qualification they were changed in recognition of teachers role, built confidence, enriching reflect thinking etc. 3. it also had many problems, for example, curriculum, lecturer period, offical business costs etc for kinderarten teachers. In conclusion, the in-service education for kindergarten teacher qualification is an important and useful part on developing professional abilities of teacher. There fore to improve the in-service education, more positive supports and efforts are required.