논문 : 북한 “수령형상문학”의 역사적 변모양상 -1960∼1990년대 북한 서정시를 중심으로

김경숙 ( Kyeong Suk Kim ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2013 민족문학사연구 Vol.51 No.-

북한문학의 역사는 1960년대 중반을 기점으로 크게 변화한다. 이전에는 마르크스-레닌주의에 의거한 사회주의리얼리즘문학이 중심을 이루었으나, 이후에는 주체사상에 의거한 주체문학으로 변모했다. 그런데 주체문학에서 문학적으로 형상화할 것이 요구되는 첫 번째 대상은 바로 ``수령형상창조``이다. 왜냐하면 북한문학은 인민대중을 교화하고 선전·선동하는 사상적 무기로 기능하는데, 북한의 체제원리인 주체사상에서 제1원칙은 ``수령에 대한 충실성``이기 때문이다. 사회정치적인 변화와 요구를 적극적으로 반영하는 북한문학에서는 ``수령형상창조``라는 동일한 주제를 다루더라도 당 문예정책의 변화에 따라서 각각의 시기에 시인들이 형상화하는 중심 내용은 바뀌게 된다. 첫째, ``수령의 위상 세우기``(1966∼1972) 시기에는 김일성의 숭고한 풍모와 혁명적 가정을 통하여 ``김일성의 위대성``을 형상화하였다. 둘째, ``혁명적 수령관 공고화하기``(1972∼1989) 가운데 (1) ``혁명의 주체 이원화하기``(1972∼1978) 시기에는 ``수령의 위상``과 ``당 중앙의 영도``를 형상화하였다. 또한 ``김일성의 혁명적 가정``으로서 특히 ``김정숙``을 형상화하였다. (2) ``혁명의 대(代) 형성하기``(1978∼1985)시기에는 ``수령의 혁명역사``와 ``김정일의 현명한 영도``를 형상화하였다. 또한 ``김일성의 혁명적 가정``으로서 특히 ``김정일``을 형상화하였다. (3) ``혁명의 후계자 세우기``(1985∼1989) 시기에는 ``후계자를 통한 혁명전통의 계승``과 ``김정일의 위대한 업적과 인간 풍모``를 형상화하였다. 셋째, ``혁명적 대가정(大家庭) 완성하기``(1989∼1994) 시기에는 ``김정일의 위대성을 절대화``하여 형상화하고 ``3위 1체의 원칙에 맞는 수령의 모습``을 형상화하였다. 북한 ``수령형상문학``의 역사적인 변모양상을 추적한 결과 필자는 다음과 같은 결론과 의의를 발견하였다. 첫째, 북한의 조선노동당이 당파성과 당성 간의 변증법적 발전과정을 통하여 사회주의·공산주의 건설과제에 매진하지 못하고 권력승계 문제에 집중하게 된 근본적인 이유는 남북한이 서로 다른 체제를 지향하면서 상호대치하고 있는 상황 속에서 무엇보다 시급한 과제는 ``체제유지``라고 여겼기 때문이다. 둘째, 주체문학 시기의 북한 시에서 ``시적 대상``이 주로 ``자연물화``하고 ``시적 형상화의 방식``이 극도로 ``단순화``하는 이유는 문학적 상상력이 소실되었기 때문이다. 셋째, 주체문학 시기의 북한문학사에서 당파성을 드러낸 시가 존재하지 않거나 유통되지 않는다는 사실은 당성의 ``폐쇄성``과 ``교조성``을 반증하는 것이다. The history of North Korean literature greatly changes from the mid-1960s. Although socialistic realism literature based on Marxism-Leninism was at the center, soon the center was changed to Juche literature based on Juche ideology. Yet, the first subject to be embodied in literature from Juche literature is “Chief-shape literature” because North Korean literature functions as an ideological weapon that edifies and agitates North Korean people, and because the first principle of Juche ideology, the principal system of North Korea, is “loyalty toward the Chief”. In North Korean literature that actively reflects social, political transition and demand, although the same topic of “Chief-shape creation” is treated, the core contents embodied by poets are changed in each period depending on the transition of the policy of literature and arts of the party. First, during the period of “establishing prestige of the chief” (1966∼1972), they embodied “greatness of Kim Il Sung” through noble royalty and revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung. Second, within the overall period of “publicizing revolutionary aspect of the chief”(1972∼1989) (1) during the period of “dualizing revolutionary Juche”(1972∼1978), “prestige of the chief” and the “central leader of the party” were embodied. Especially, “Kim Jong Suk” was used to embody the “revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung”. (2) During the period of “forming the line of revolution”(1978∼1985), “revolutionary history of the chief” and the “wise leadership of Kim Jong Il” were embodied. Especially, “Kim Jong Il” was used to embody the “revolutionary family of Kim Il Sung”. (3) During the period of “raising a successor of revolution”(1985∼1989), “succession of Kim Il Sung`s revolutionary tradition through a successor” and the “great achievement and human presence of Kim Jong Il” were embodied. Third, during the period of “completing the great revolutionary family”(1989∼1994), the “greatness of Kim Jong Il was absolutized” and embodied, and the “feature of the chief fit for the principle of trinity” was embodied as well. As a result of tracing historical transition of “the Chief-shape literature” of North Korea, the author discovered the following conclusion and meaning. First, the fundamental reason for Korean Workers` Party in North Korea to concentrate on the problem of power succession while they could not establish further socialism and communism through the step of dialectical development between partisanship and loyalty to the party was because they considered that the “maintenance of the system” was the prime task within the confrontation between the South and the North with different systems. Second, the “poetic object” was mainly “naturalized” and the “method of poetic embodiment” was extremely “simplified” in North Korean poems within the period of Juche literature because literary imaginations disappeared. Third, the fact that there is no poem reflecting partisanship within the history of North Korean literature in the period of Juche literature is a counter evidence of isolation and dogmatism of the loyalty to the party.

페미니즘에 나타난 헤어스타일과 복식에 관한 연구

김경숙 ( Kyeong-suk Kim ) 한국미용예술경영학회 2010 미용예술경영연구 Vol.4 No.2

The most interesting and attracting subject for artists from the ancient to the modern times is expression of human body. Hairstyle, with costume, plays an important role in affecting human appearance and delivers personality, age, social position, and perceptive thought, It serves as not only general mode showing appearance but a significant clue forming impression like costume, having been a symbol to deliver something to others. Also, hairstyle reflects a social aspect of the time because it is changed based on culture of the time and desires of human psychology seeking for new thought. Costume, as an environment that is most close expressing both internal characteristics of the wearer and environmental factors surrounding him/her. Throughout the long human history, females had to be inferior to males in order to intensify the male superiority there has been the history of suppression of females in which females has been controlled by males in social institutions, laws, and their behaviors. In the re-evaluation on the existing values in the world at large since 1960s that awakened a sense of sovereignty of women that had been idly bound to the existing interests and created a trend of culture, feminism. In this context, it can be said that hairstyle and costume express the most basic sexuality and self-identity and that feminism and hairstyle is inseparable that cannot be overlooked. in order to understand in feminism, hairstyle, and costume are reflected are reflected in various forms, the author in this study reviewed literature, previous researches, the internet materials, and collection magazine.

장애인의 신체활동 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구

김경숙(Kyeong Suk Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2004 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.21

The main objectives of this research include suggesting ways of formulating policies vis-a`-vis the physical activities program for the differently abled, checking the status and problems, and proposing standards and instructions for developing the program through interviews with experts and teachers of physical activities for the differently abled as well as review of domestic and international records. Technical working groups consisting of four teachers of physical activities from the settlement house for the differently abled, four athletics teachers of special schools, and two professors from the department of adaptive physical activity and exercises were established. Data gathering was done by reviewing literature such as domestic and international volumes and journals on physical activities programs for the differently abled. Finally, focus group discussions with specialists were conducted. Useful information with promotional and educational materials were provided to improve understanding of the development of the program. This research also attempted to draw dynamic support from the government to establish the direction of development and select the central operating body, to improve program quality, and to customize applications according to each individual.

푸드아트테라피(FAT) 집단상담 프로그램이 학습부진 청소년의 학업적 자기효능감에 미치는 효과

김경숙(Kim Kyeong Suk),김미례(Kim Mi Rye) 한국푸드아트테라피학회 2018 푸드아트테라피 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of food art therapy(FAT) group counseling program on academic self-efficacy of underachiever adolescents. The subjects were 20 students of Middle School in Gwangju, Korea. Ten subjects were assigned to the experimental group and ten to the control group. The experimental group received 8 sessions of FAT program(once a week, each session lasted 90 minutes). But there were no treatments for the control group. The data were analyzed with independent sample t-test and corresponding sample t-test. The conclusion of this study was that the academic self-efficacy of experimental group using the FAT group counseling program showed a statistically significant improvement in the post-test scores. On the other hand, academic self-efficacy in the control group was not statistically significant. Based on the finding results, discussion and implication for further research were suggested.

대학생 흡연자와 비흡연자의 우울인지와 건강증진행위

김미옥(Mi-Ok Kim),유미(Mi Yu),주세진(Se-Jin Ju),김경숙(Kyeong-Suk Kim),최정현(Jung-Hyun Choi),김희정(Hee-Jeong Kim) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2013 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.30 No.3

국내 상급종합병원과 종합병원에서의 정맥주입간호실무지침에 대한 태도와 확산정도

은영(Young Eun),구미옥(Mee Ok Gu),조용애(Young Ae Cho),김신미(Shin Mi Kim),정재심(Jae Shim Jeong),권정순(Jeong Soon Kwon),유정숙(Cheong Suk Yoo),정영선(Young Sun Jeong),정인숙(In Sook Jung),김경숙(Kyeong Sug Kim)이선희(Seon Heui Lee 한국근거기반간호학회 2014 근거와 간호 Vol.2 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the level of attitudes to and diffusion of Intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline in advanced general hospitals and general hospitals in Korea. Methods: The subjects were 41 nurses who were in charge of guideline diffusion in 41 advanced general hospitals and general hospitals. Data were collected between September 25 and November 2, 2014 by mail (return rates: 68.3 %). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: The average attitude score of guideline among nurses in charge of guideline diffusion were 3.98±0.38 (range 1~5). The average guideline diffusion score and levels of diffusion was 2.26±1.39 (level of “persuasion of nursing knowledge”) for staff nurses, 3.05±0.86 (level of “use sometimes”) for nurses in charge of guideline diffusion, 2.87±0.78 (level of “use sometimes”) for nurse directors. 41.4 % of nursing divisions in 41 hospitals reviewed the intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline, educated the guideline to nurses, and implemented the guideline in clinical practice for guideline diffusion. Conclusion: Study findings indicate that nurses in charge of intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline in hospitals had positive attitude for guideline. The levels of guideline diffusion in hospitals was “persuasion of nursing knowledge” to “use sometimes”. Therefore, the strategies for promoting the diffusion and implementation of guideline in clinical practice in the level of nursing division is needed. Further study of outcome evaluation of guideline implementation will be needed.

국내 상급종합병원과 종합병원 간호사의 정맥주입간호실무지침의 확산정도

은영(Young Eun),구미옥(Mee Ok Gu),조용애(Young Ae Cho),정재심(Jae Shim Jeong),권정순(Jeong Soon Kwon),유정숙(Cheong Suk Yoo5),정영선(Young Sun Jeong),정인숙(In Sook Jung),김경숙(Kyeong Sug Kim),이선희(Seon Heui Lee),서현주(Hyun Ju S 한국근거기반간호학회 2015 근거와 간호 Vol.3 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the extent of diffusion of Intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline among nurses in advanced general hospitals and general hospitals in Korea. Methods: The subjects were 234 nurses who practice the intravenous infusion in 24 advanced general hospitals and general hospitals. Data were collected between October 5 and November 2, 2015 by mail (return rates: 97.5 %). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/ WIN 21. Results: The average guideline diffusion score and levels of diffusion was 3.39±0.58 (level of “use sometimes”). 44 recommendations (46%) were in level of “use always” and 50 recommendations (53%) were in “use sometimes”. Extent of diffusion were significantly different according to present status (F=2.81, p=.040) and education (F=4.35, p=.014). The facilitating factors to use the guideline were education by department of nursing service, convenient composition of guideline and barrier factors were “no time to use the guideline”, “don’t know the guideline” and “there is no guideline at ward”. Conclusion: Extent of diffusion of Intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline among nurses was moderate level. The strategies for promoting the implementation of guideline in clinical practice is needed. Further study of outcome evaluation of guideline implementation will be needed.

GGH 스케일 분석을 통한 생성 원인 규명

김경숙,이승민,정년호,양석란 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.38 No.6

57만 ㎾급 유연탄 발전소의 배연 탈황설비의 GGH(gas gas heater)스케일의 생성원인을 규명하여 원활한 탈황설비의 운전을 도모하고자 성능시험중인 두 발전소(T와 H로 명명)의 GGH에서 채취한 스케일에 대한 성분분석, 형상 및 결정구조분석을 실시하였다. 우선 저배율 입체 현미경에 의한 외형관찰 결과를 보면, 흡수탑 스케일은 판위에 스케일이 쌓여있는 형상을 보이고 손으로 쉽게 부서지는 반면에 GGH스케일은 직육면체의 덩어리 모양으로 아주 단단하여 강도가 강한 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 EDX 띤 성분분석결과, Si, Al 및 Ca을 많이 포함하고 있으며, XRD에서 mullite와 quartz 결정구조가 관찰되고, SEM에서 크기가 1㎛ 이하로 아주 미세하고 석탄회의 전형적인 구형 모양이 관찰된 것으로 볼 때, 이는 흡수탑을 거치지 않은 미처리된 배가스에서 나온 석탄회일 것으로 추정된다. 그 이외에 SEM과 XRD예서 관찰되는 석고의 크기는 수 ㎛에서 10㎛사이로 일반적인 탈황설비에서 생성되는 석고의 크기인 40㎛에 비해 상당히 작았다. 두 발전소의 스케일의 특성에는 약간의 차이가 있지만 GGH 스케일의 생성원인은 배연 탈황설비 반응기에서 과포화 석고 슬러리가 비산되어 수 ㎛의 액적들이 M/E(mist eliminator)에서 제거되지 않고 GGH설비에 유입되어 습분은 제거되고 포화되어 스케일이 발생하고 여기에 보일러에서 유입되는 미처리된 배가스 중의 석탄회가 엉겨 붙게 되고 습분이 제거되면서 스케일화를 촉진한 것으로 판단된다. During the commission period of flue gas desulfurization(FGD), a considerable amount of scale was formed in GGH at 2 bituminous coal power plants which were named as T and H. Various attempts have been studied to identify the causes of the scale formed in GGH, for example, concentration analysis, surface morphology, and crystal structure of scale, gypsum and ash. According to the results of stereozoom microscopy, GGH scale was severely harder than absorber scale. In addition, Si, A1 and Ca were observed from concentration analysis, and quartz and mullite crystal structure were identified from XRD, and very fine(size: less than 1 ㎛) and spherical-shaped particles were shown from SEM. In addition, the size of gypsum particle observed from XRD and SEM was 1-10 ㎛, and this size was very minute compared to the typical size of gypsum(size: about 40 ㎛) particle produced in FGD process. Although small differences were found between 2 power plants, the causes of scale formed in GGH were deduced that some saturated gypsum shiny was scattered in the reactor of FGD and that the slurry droplets were not eliminated properly in M/E. And then they arrived in GGH water or mist in them was eliminated, and finally formed the scale in GGH. The scale in turn got entangled with coal ash of untreated flue gas from boiler, and so the formation of scale was accelerated.

유치원 1급 정교사 자격연수에 대한 유치원 교사의 인식

윤기영,김경숙 서원대학교 2004 敎育發展 Vol.23 No.2

The in-service education for kindergarten teachers has been developed rapidly in korea with the recognition of the importance of early childhood education. The quality of teachers could be improved by in-service education during their works in kindergarten. The purposes of this study were to find out their expections, change and problems of in-service education for kindergaten teacher's qualification. And to recommend ideas in order to remedy these problems. As result, 1. about the in-service education for qualification, most kindergarten teachers has been hopeful and rarious expectation. 2. through the in-service education for qualification they were changed in recognition of teachers role, built confidence, enriching reflect thinking etc. 3. it also had many problems, for example, curriculum, lecturer period, offical business costs etc for kinderarten teachers. In conclusion, the in-service education for kindergarten teacher qualification is an important and useful part on developing professional abilities of teacher. There fore to improve the in-service education, more positive supports and efforts are required.

Cloning and Expression of Protein-arginine Methyltransferase Ⅰ

Hong, Kyeong-Man,Choi, Yong-Bock,Chang, Yoo-Jung,Kim, Han-Soo,Lee, Sang-Do,Pak, Gun-Suk,Kim, Jeong-Kyu,Rhee, Kang-Ill,Park, Hyun,Kim, Kyung-Suk,Park, Moon-Kee 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1999 圓光醫科學 Vol.15 No.2

Purpose: PRMT I gene was cloned recently, but the biological function of these enzymes has not been clear yet. This study was designed to produce recombinant PRMT1 in Escherichia coli for the future production of monoclonal antibody. Methods: Partial human PRMT1 cDNA was amplified by PCR from human placental cDNA library. The hPRMT1 was cloned to T-vector, again to Trx fusion vector for expression. The transformed bacteria with Trx-hPRMT1 vector were induced. The induced fusion protein was purified with His-bind chromatography and was digested with recombinant enterokinase. Digested proteins were passed through His-bind column to remove TrxA protein. Results: The recombinant fusion protein, Trx-hPRMT1, was expressed in E.coli. And the pure recombinant hPRMT1 was purified from His-bind chromatography and the digestion with enterokinase. Conclusions: The purified recombinant hPRMT1 protein was adequate to use for the ^production of monoclonal antibody.