Effectiveness of HACCP-based Training on the Food Safety Knowledge and Behavior of Hospital Foodservice Employees

Chang, Hye-Ja,Lee, Jaung-Sook,Kwak, Tong-Kyung The Korean Nutrition Society 2003 Nutritional Sciences Vol.6 No.2

To prevent food-borne diseases and ensure food safety, foodservice operators have been implementing the HACCP system in their facilities. Employees' knowledge of food safety can be improved through training and, as a result, their food safety behavior can be positively changed. A nonequivalent pretest and posttest control group model was designed to investigate the effectiveness of HACCP-based training on hospital foodservice employees' food safety knowledge and behavior, and to determine relationships between food safety knowledge and food safety behavior. The subjects used in this study were 84 hospital foodservice employees, assigned either to the intervention group (n=44) or the control group (n=40). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were computed, while the Student's t-test and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) were used to investigate significant differences between groups, and the Pearson correlation was used to determine significant correlations. There were significant gains in both food safety knowledge and behavior, after the HACCP-based training. However, no significant correlation was found between food safety knowledge and food safety behavior. Based on this study we conclude that HACCP-based training is effective in improving both the food safety knowledge and food safety behavior of hospital foodservice employees.

울형성 심부전증에서 심혈관계 보상기전의 지표로서 저나트륨혈증의 의의에 관한 연구

김경환,김미경,이우형,홍사석,신길자,장일중 대한내과학회 1986 대한내과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

In patient with congestive heart failure, it is well known that the sympatho-adrenal system and the renin angiotensin system are activated to compensate for the reduction of cardiac output and the redistribution of blood flow. Although Lilly, et al. (1984) and Francis, et al. (1985) have insisted that the induction of these circulatory compensation mechanism by pastura1 changes is closely related to the concentration of plama sodium in congestive heart failure, it is still controversial. Thus, in an effort to clarify this hypothesis, present study was designed to determine the relationship between the existing sodium concentration in plasma and the changes of the plasma catecholamine concentration and renin activity during postural alterations in patients with congestive heart fai1ure and normal subjects. Ten patients with congestive heart failure who had been admitted to the Ewha Womans University Hospital from May, 1985 to July, 1985 and five normal volunteers were chosen. Patients with more than one year history of congestive heart failure belonging to class 3 or 4 as the criteria set by the New York Heart Association have been selected for this study. Among these ten patients, 5(3 males and 2 females) had low plasma sodium concentration(below 135mEq/l) and 5(3 males and 2 females) had normal plasma sodium concentration(above 135mEq/l). The observed results are as follows: 1) In the normal subjects, the observed plasma renin activity was 1,2±0.4ng/ml/hr and the concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were 177.5±27 and 150.0±8pg/ml, respectively, at supine position. However, these values were increased by about 2 times by changing to upright position. 2) In patients with hyponatremic congestive heart failure, the values of plasma renin activity and catecholamine levels were significantly higher than those patients having normonatremia. 3) The increase in the plasma renin activity and catecholamin levels induced by upright position were minimal in patients with congestive heart failure having normonatremia. 4) However, in patients with hyponatremic congestive heart failure, the plasma renin activity and the levels of plasma catecholamines were not altered, or rather decreased, by the same postural changes. Based on the results, the levels of plasma sodium concentration in patients with congestive heart failure could provide an index for the induction of circulatory compensation mechaniams and may have important significance in determining the severity and prognosis of the disease. Particularly in the congestive heart failure patients with hyponatremia, as the circulatory compensation mechanism appear to be operating at maximum already, they would not be able to utilize the reflex compensation mechanism inducible with the changes of body position.

갑상선기능저하증에 동반된 가로선백색손발톱(Transverse Leukonychia)

장희선 ( Hee Sun Chang ),한태영 ( Tae Young Han ),이현경 ( Hyun Kyung Lee ),손숙자 ( Sook Ja Son ) 대한피부과학회 2011 대한피부과학회지 Vol.49 No.5

Transverse leukonychia, also termed leukonychia striata, usually occurs in association with trauma, nutritional deficiencies, exposure to toxin, and various combinations of chemotherapy. It also has been reported to be associated with various systemic diseases, including acute infection, myocardial infarction, lymphoma, hepatic failure, renal failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus. A 50-year-old woman with several months` history of nail changes presented with multiple discrete transverse white bands involving the entire width of the nail plates of her fingers. According to the patient`s medical history, she had experienced fatigue, constipation, and cold intolerance for 6 months, and antithyroid antibodies were detected before noticing these nail changes. The patient was diagnosed as having an autoimmune hypothyroidism. Repeated KOH microscopic examination did not demonstrate fungal infection. We diagnosed this case as transverse leukonychia associated with hypothyroidism. This case report underlines the possible association of transverse leukonychia with hypothyroidism. (Korean J Dermatol 2011;49(5):480∼482)

Hydroxycitrate, Carnitine 및 Capsaicin을 함유한 식이 보조제(3D-Relax Diet)의 체중 감량 효과

정은영,정경희,김미자,배윤정,장은재 동덕여자대학교 2004 생활과학연구 Vol.9 No.-

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3D-Relax Diet; a proprietary formation containing hydroxycitrate(233mg/g), carnitine(150mg/g); and capsaicin (150mg/g); on body weight, % body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, Resting Metabolic Rate(RMR), body circumference, skinfold thickness, serum glucose and lipid level. Nineteen female college students participated in this 4 weeks weight control program. All subjects were randomly assigned to the Sang sik(S) group or Sang sik & 3D-Relax(3D) group. Mean energy intake of 3D group was l,523.1±300.2 ㎉(carbohydrate: 66.3%, protein: 18.7%, fat: 15.0%) and S group consumed 1,464.8±142.1 ㎉(carbohydrate: 65.1%, protein: 19.0%, fat: 15.9%) during program. The 3D group lost 3.1±1.3 kg of body weight, 2.5±l.4 kg of fat mass, 0.6±1.2 kg of lean body mass and 16.8±183.3 ㎉/d of RMR and the S group lost 1.8±1.0 kg of body weight, 1.1±1.1 kg of fat mass, 0.8±0.3 kg of lean body mass and 19.1±181.9 ㎉/d of RMR. There was no significant differences in the loss of lean body mass and RMR between two groups, however, the total body weight and the fat mass were significantly decreased in the 3D group compared to the S group(p<0.05). The 3D group experienced a significant reduced hip size, total-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, however, the change of these between groups were not significantly different. There were no differences in the change of body circumference, skinfold thickness, serum glucose and lipid. These results suggest that the intake of 3D-Relax Diet(hydroxycitrate, carnitine, and capsaicin) during the weight control program decreased energy intake, fat intake and total body weight especially fat mass and those effects are presumably linked to the prevention of RMR decline and the inhibitory effects on lipogenesis.

건강신념모델에 근거한 노인 대상 식품안전·영양교육 프로그램 효과 평가

최정화(Jung-Hwa Choi),이은실(Eun-Sil Lee),이윤진(Yoon-Jin Lee),이혜상(Hye-Sang Lee),장혜자(Hye-Ja Chang),이경은(Kyung-Eun Lee),이나영(Na-Young Yi),안윤(Yoon Ahn),곽동경(Tong-Kyung Kwak) 한국식품영양과학회 2016 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.45 No.9

노인은 면역취약집단으로 다른 인구 집단보다 만성질환과 식품매개 질병에 걸릴 위험이 크며 식행동은 오랜 세월 굳어져 왔기 때문에 변화하기가 쉽지 않다. 노인을 대상으로 건강신념모델을 적용하여 식품안전・영양교육 프로그램을 시범 적용하고 그 효과를 평가하였다. 식품안전·영양 시범 교육은 서울 마포, 충북 청주, 경북 의성, 충북 진천의 노인복지관을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 2011년 7월 28일부터 9월 9일까지 총 5주간 매주 1회, 35~40분씩 교육을 시행하였다. 교육 전후 조사가 완료된 최종 연구대상은 교육군이 5회 교육 중 3회 이상 교육에 참여하고 교육 전후 평가를 마친 대상자로 137명, 대조군은 사후 설문조사를 하지 않거나 불성실한 응답자를 제외한 83명으로 총 220명이었다. 교육은 건강신념모델을 적용하여 노인들이 식습관을 변화하지 않을 경우 질병 가능성을 알려 심각성을 인지하도록 하였으며 노인들이 식행동 수정 시 얻게 되는 이들을 알려주고 행동을 실행할 수 있도록 자아효능감을 제공해주고자 하였다. 교육 후 식품안전·영양지식은 모든 항목에서 향상을 보였으며, 식품안전 영역 5문항 중 4문항, 영양 영역 3문항 중 2문항에서는 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 식행동은 교육군에서 ‘고기, 생선류는 조리 시 속까지 완전히 익힌다’를 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 건강신념은 식품안전의 영역에서는 인지된 심각성과 자아효능감, 영양 영역에서는 인지된 민감성, 인지된 장애, 자아효능감에서 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 지식, 식행동, 건강신념 변화량의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 건강신념의 변화량과 식행동의 변화 가능성 간의 유의적인 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.001). 본 연구의 참여 대상자들이 일반 재가 노인보다 복지관에서 봉사하거나 활동하는 노인이었기 때문에 표본의 대표성이 떨어져 결과를 일반화하기에 어려움이 있다. 또한, 교육기간이 5주로 비교적 짧았기 때문에 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 형성된 식행동이 쉽게 변화하거나 개선되기 어려우므로 장기간에 걸친 반복교육이 필요할 것으로 생각한다. 본 연구에서 개발된 교육 프로그램을 향후 보건소나 복지관 등을 통해 지속해서 시행된다면 노인의 식품안전・영양에 대한 인식을 높이고 바람직한 식행동 변화에 긍정적인 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Most elderly have difficulties in managing food safety and nutrition by themselves. Various nutrition educations for the elderly have been developed, but food safety and nutrition education program and educational tools for the elderly are very limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate a food safety and nutrition education program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) for the elderly. Education program was implemented for 220 seniors (137 educated group and 83 control group) aged over 65 years at senior welfare community centers. The intervention study was carried out on a weekly basis during each of 5 weeks, and each session lasted about 35 or 40 minutes. The effectiveness of the program was assessed with a questionnaire before and after education. Education program consisted of a 5 week program, and topics were ‘Dietary changes for the elderly"s healthy life’, ‘Prevention of food poisoning in everyday life’, ‘Safe food handling for my health’, ‘Healthy dietary life to prevent chronic disease’, and ‘Safety! nutrition! healthy dietary life’. Education program materials such as slides, handouts, videos, leaflet, and booklets were developed. As a result, there were score improvements in knowledge, dietary behaviors, and health belief after intervention in the intervention group, which were higher than those of the control group. In particular, there was a meaningful interrelation between dietary behavior and health belief (r=0.520, P<0.001). This finding suggests that changing beliefs is very important to make desirable dietary behavioral changes. For this reason, we can conclude HBM theory is an effective model to educate nutrition and food safety for the elderly. Furthermore, food safety and nutrition education programs are implemented and delivered continuously at various settings such as a health center or community welfare center, and those will contribute significantly to enhance perception and change their desirable dietary behaviors for the elderly.

사회인지이론 기반 중산층 노인 식품안전 교육 프로그램의 효과 평가

최정화(Jung-Hwa Choi),유효이(Hyo-E Yoo),정하림(Harim Chung),이혜상(Hye-Sang Lee),이민준(Min-June Lee),장혜자(Hye-Ja Chang),이경은(Kyung-Eun Lee),이나영(Na-Young Yi),곽동경(Tong-Kyung Kwak) 한국식품영양과학회 2018 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.47 No.8

현대의학의 발달은 인간의 수명을 연장시키고 그 결과 노인인구 증가를 가져와 노인 의료비 문제가 사회적으로 대두되고 있다. 이에 적절한 방안으로는 노인들의 건강한 노화(healthy aging)를 도모하는 것이며, 이는 사회의 의료비용을 감소시킴으로써 사회 전체의 효율성을 제고시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 중산계층 노인을 대상으로 사회인지이론 기반의 식품안전 관리 교육 프로그램을 적용하여 시범실시를 하여 교육 효과 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 교육군 212명, 대조군 42명의 자료가 분석되었으며, 사전 사후 지식 총점의 변화는 교육군이 2.80점에서 3.80점으로 유의적으로 상승하였다(P<0.001). 교육군의 식품안전 식태도/건강신념의 교육 전과 후의 총점은 20점 만점에 15.28점에서 16.50점으로 유의적인 상승을 보였다(P<0.001). 대조군은 사전 15.21점에서 사후 15.29점으로 상승하였으나 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 노인의 식품안전 식행동은 교육군의 교육 전과 후의 총점이 28점 만점에 20.07점에서 22.50점으로 2.43점 상승하여 유의적인 향상을 보였다(P<0.001). 가정 내 식품 취급실태를 살펴보면 식품을 직접 구매한다고 한 응답자가 교육군의 87.3%, 대조군의 95.2%로 나타났으며, 식품 조리 여부 항목에 대해서는 교육군의 87.7%, 대조군의 95.2%가 직접 가정에서 조리한다고 응답하였다. 식태도/건강신념 변화와 식행동 변화값 간에 상관관계가 가장 높으며(r=0.447, P<0.001), 식행동 변화값과 지식의 변화 값과의 상관관계가 높은 것으로 나타났다(r=0.152, P<0.05). 경로별 교육 효과를 보기 위하여 사전, 사후 점수와 점수변화량을 비교 분석한 결과 지식, 식태도/건강신념, 식행동의 모든 경로에서 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 개발된 교육 프로그램의 효과 평가는 2차 시 교육의 사전, 사후 평가를 대조군의 평가 결과와 비교 분석하였는데, 교육의 기간이 2차시로 제한되어 있고 교육 후 행동 변화의 유지를 평가하지 못하였다. 또한, 교육경로와 대상자의 수가 적어 연구 결과를 일반화하기에는 무리가 있으며, 향후 교육의 확대를 통한 후속연구들이 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study assessed the educational effectiveness of a developed food safety management education program based on social cognitive theory for elderly in the middle class. The subjects participated in the food safety education program two times at a public health center, community welfare center, senior citizens’ center, and center for children’s foodservice management. For food safety intervention education, data from the intervention group (212 subjects) and control group (42 subjects) were analyzed. Significant (P<0.001) differences in the scores for food safety knowledge, food attitude, and food behavior were observed in the intervention group before and after the study, but no significant difference was observed in the control group. A significant positive correlation also detected between knowledge, food attitude/health belief, and food behavior in the intervention group, which indicates that the study contributed to perception changes in the intervention group and eventually behavioral changes. Accordingly, this program can induce cognitive and behavioral changes by conducting food safety training for the elderly.

유아의 텍스트 결속 형식 습득 과정

장경희,김명희,김순자 국어교육학회 2004 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.18 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 23개월-43개월 아동들의 언어에 나타나는 텍스트 결속 형식의 습득 과정을 살피는데 있다. 아동이 사용하는 결속 형식으로는 반복 표현, 생략 표현, 조응 표현, 직시 표현, 접속 표현이 나타나며, 또한 반의 관계, 계열 관계 등의 단어의 의미 관계에 의한 결속 표현이 나타나고 있다. 이러한 결속 형식의 습득 과정을 보면, 아동은 먼저 생략 표현, 반복 표현, 의미 관계에 의한 결속 표현을 거의 같은 시기에 먼저 습득하고, 그 다음 조응 표현과 직시 표현, 접속 표현 등의 결속 형식을 같은 시기에 습득하는 것으로 나타난다. 이를 통해 보면, 아동은 '문장 성분'을 결속하는 형식의 습득에서 '문장 내용'을 결속하는 형식의 습득 단계를 거친다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 문장 성분을 결속하는 형식은 습득되는 초기에는 동일 성분만을 결속하다가 비동일 성분을 결속하는 방향으로 그 사용 방법이 다양해진다. The aim of this paper is to examine the process in which the Korean children of 23 to 43 months acquire the forms of text cohesion. The boys and girls in their early period of childhood differ with adults on the aspects and usage of cohesive forms. They make use of the cohesive forms such as repetition, ellipsis, anaphora, deixis and conjunction as well as the cohesive expressions based upon the semantic relations such as antonymy, paradigmaticity, etc. When it comes to the order of acquisition of these cohesive forms, there's some difference. Ellipsis, repetition, antonymy and paradigmaticity are first acquired in quite a similar period. Then comes the acquisition of anaphora, deixis, conjunction, etc. Having looked into the order of acquisition of cohesive forms and the aspects of their usage as above, we could say as follows: from the acquisition of cohesive forms concerning 'sentence constituents', the children move on to that concerning 'sentence meanings'. And the usage of cohesive forms concerning 'sentence constituents' becomes diverse, which means that, starting from the initial stage where only the cohesion of identical elements is observed, the children finally get to the stage of cohesion of nonidentical elements.

중부지역 옥수수 파종기에 따른 생육단계 및 수량성 변화

서종호, 문중경, 정건호, 서민정, 구자환, 박장환, 배환희, 신성휴, 권영업 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2014 農業科學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Maize hybrids were planted on April 1, April 25, May 20 and June 15 in 2012, 2013 at the experimental paddy and upland fields in Suwon city , respectively to know changes of growth stage and yield according to different planting time. Maize planting on April 1 was not recommended because total growing days at planting on April 1 was not different with that at planting on April 25 due to many days from planting to emergence over 20 days at planting on April 1. Total growing days were not much different among three planting time after April 25 because days from silking to maturity was lengthened though days from planting to silking was shortened at later planting time. Stalk weight was decreased as planting time was delayed, particularly at planting times after May 20 at paddy field by excess water injury during early growth stage. But, grain yield was not low as in May and June. It is needed to introduce early maturity maize variety as Yanganok at late planting for higher grain yield and enough time for soil preparation for next winter crops

Purge & Trap-GC를 이용한 의약품 필름코팅 정제 중 잔류용제에 관한 연구

장준식,이명자,소유섭,문춘선,이주헌,박희라,김진숙,강경모,이선옥,방성연,유미자,유문균,금오성,이병욱 식품의약품안전청 2000 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.4 No.-

의약품은 약물을 생체에 적풋하기 위하여 유효성분의 효과가 언제나 일정하게 확보되고 사응에 편리하도록 만들어지는 것이므로 유효썽분 이외에 약효에 영향을 주지 않는 성분이 첨가되는 경운가 많다. 이 때 사용되는 용매들은 제피의 광택 및 건쪼시간의 단축 등을 위하여 휘발점이 낮을 용매들이 주로 사용되어진다. 본 연구는 의약품 필름코팅정제 중 잔류용매 4종(chlorofonr benzen, trichloro ethylen, 1,4-dioxane)에 대한 변형된 pirge & trap-GC 장치를 이용한 동시분석방법을 개발하였으며, 각 표준품의 RSD 값은 chloroform 3.03%, benzen 3.17%, trichloroethylen 3.69% and 1,4-dioxane 3.41%였다. 또한 시중 유통중인 의약품 50종에 대하여 잔류웅매 양을 측정하였으며, 검출되는 잔류용매는 한 건도 없었다. This study nras carried out to develope the analytical method for the mixture of chlorefonn, benzen, trichloroethylen and 1,4-dioxane simultaneously and determine the remainingorgauic solvents in coating tablets by Purge & Trap-GC. The results were as follouFs ; 1. Chloroform, benzen, trio:tloroethylen and 1,4-dioxane separated by tenax #5 trap by HP-624GC column by terrlperature programming. The peaks were separated completely at retentiontime of 6.88min for chloroform, 8.21min for benzen, 10.38miu for trichloroethylen and 11.95minfor 1,4-dioxane. 2. Standard RSD were individually chloroform 3.03%, benzen 3.17%, trichloroethylen 3.69%and 1,4-diorane 3.41%. 3. 60 samples were not detrcted chloroform, benzen, trichloroethylen and 1,4-dioxane.

난소의 호산성 투명세포암종 - 1예의 보고 -

하창원,고재수,명나혜,조경자,박상윤,김미경,장자준 대한병리학회 1992 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.26 No.5