한국 정신장애의 역학 조사 연구[I] : 각 정신장애의 유병률

조맹제,함봉진,김장규,박강규,정은기,서동우,김선욱,조성진,이준영,홍진표,최용성,박종익,이동우,이기철,배재남,신정호,정인원,박종한,배안,이충경 大韓神經精神醫學會 2004 신경정신의학 Vol.43 No.4

Objectives : This study aims to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). Methods : Subjects were selected by taking multi-stage, cluster samples of 7,867 adult household residents, 18 to 64 years of age, in ten catchment areas. Total 78 trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents, from June 1 to November30,2001. Results : Total 6,275 respondents completed the interview. Some 33.5% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, 20.6% reported at least one-year disorder, and 16.7% reported at least one-month disorder. The most common lifetime disorders were alcohol abuse/dependence (17.24%), nicotine dependence/withdrawal (11.19%), specific phobia (5.16%), and major de-pressive disorder (4.25%). The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse/dependence (0.25%) and schizophrenia (0.16%) was very low. Nicotine and alcohol use disorder showed very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among female than male. Conclusion : The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in distributions of psychiatric disorders across the areas and times were observed.

한국 주요정신장애의 유병률 및 관련요인 : 2006 전국정신질환역학조사

조맹제,장성만,함봉진,정인원,배안,이영문,안준호,원승희,손정우,홍진표,배재남,이동우,조성진,박종익,이준영,김진영,전홍진,이해우 大韓神經精神醫學會 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.3

Objectives The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in the Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), and to compare those with previous studies. Methods The Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area study Replication (KECA-R) was Conducted between August 2006 and April 2007. The sampling of the subjects was carried out across 12 catchment areas. A multistage, cluster sampling design was adopted. The target Population included all eligible residents aged 181o 64 years. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) based on the DSM-IV (N=6,510, response rate=81.7%). Results A total of 6,510 participants completed the interview. The lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for all types of DSM-IV disorders were 30.0% and 17.3%, respectively. Those of Specific disorders were as follows : 1) alcohol use disorder, 16.2% and 5.6% ; 2) nicotine use disorder, 9.0% and 6.0% ; 3) specific phobia, 3.8% and 3.4% ; 4) major depressive disorder, 5.6% and 2.5% ; and 5) generalized anxiety disorder, 1.6% and 0.8%. Data relating to nicotine and alcohol use disorder revealed a very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among females than males. Conclusion The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders across the country and times were observed.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Larson-Miller 법을 이용한 보일러튜브의 크립 잔존수명에 관한 연구

정진오,김봉수,김갑중 順天大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

The boiler components are operated at high temperature, and their materials are subject to the time dependent creep deformation. The materials eventually reach the fracture stage due to the creep damage, and thus the designer should pay attention to the creep damage, and thus the designer should pay attention to the creep lifetime to prevent the catastrophic fracture of those components. In this study, test specimens were prepared from the primary superheater in Yousu power plant which have been used for 11 years, and the creep tests were performed to measure the remaining lifetime. To predict the remaining lifetime of used materials, an equation was proposed by using the Larson-Miller parameter which can estimate the lifetime of unused materials. The primary superheater was turned out to be risky, and the remaining lifetime was predicted to be about 2 years. The fractography captured by the scanning electron microscope showed that the fracture was transgranular with dimples for all the specimens.

유리 전박골피판을 이용한 음경 재건술

정성광,변진석,백봉수,김법완 大韓成形外科學會 1991 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.18 No.2

Reconstruction of the penis is indicated in a traumatic or surgical amputation, congenital penile absence, micropenis, male pseudohermaproditism, or transsexualism. Initially, penile reconstruction has been performed using a local flap, but often failed because of the multiple procedures, fistula or stricture of the urethra, and no sensation of the phallus. Ideally, penile reconstruction should be a one-stage procedure, creating a phallus with both tactile and aerogenous sensibility, water-tight neourethra allowing for voiding while standing, enough bulk with stiffness, and aesthetically acceptable appearance. Since August 1989 we have constructed a penis in 4 patients. We selected the radial forearm flap as a donor site because it offers a reliable artery, veins, nerves, and stiffner. It also offers thin, malleable skin with adequate width and length. We have followed these patients from 5 months to 10 months. All operations were successful except for one fistula formation.

한국어판 예일 틱 증상 평가척도 : 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구

정선주,이정섭,유태익,구영진,전성일,김봉석,홍강의 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 틱 증상의 심한 정도를 평가하기 위한 도구인 예일 틱 증상 평가척도(Yale Global Tic Severity Scale)를 한국판 가정 평가용 설문지 및 임상 평가용 척도로 개발하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 예일 틱 증상 평가척도는 뚜렛 장애 및 기타 틱 장애에서 나타나는 운동틱과 음성틱 각각의 증상의 수, 빈도, 심한 정도, 복합성, 방해 정도 및 장해도를 포괄적으로 평가하도록 고안되어져 있다. 틱 증상을 주소로 정신과외래를 방문한 만 4.3세에서 19세까지의 100명의 환아 및 부모들을 대상으로 한국어로 번역한 예일 틱 증상 평가척도의 가정평가용 설문지를 평가전에 완료하도록 한 후, 면담을 통한 임상평가용 척도를 실시하였으며 수렴타당도 및 변별타당도의 검증을 위해 총괄적인 임상 인상척도-뚜렛 증후군, 강박장애, 주의력결립/과잉운동장애(Clinical Global Impression-TS, OCD, ADHD)를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 자료분석결과 내적일치도, 수렴타당도, 변별타당도 및 검사자간 신뢰도 모두 매우 높게 나타났으며 요인분석상 전 항목척도와 장해도는 운동틱과 음성틱에 해당하는 2개의 요인으로 묶여졌다. 결 론 : 본 연구결과 한국판 예일 틱 증상 평가척도의 높은 타당도 및 신뢰도가 입증되었으며 이는 향후 틱 증상의 객관적인 평가 및 정량화를 위해 유용하게 사용되어질 수 있을 것이다. Objectives : This study was carried out to develop the Korean form of Yale Global Tic Severity Scale(YGTSS)-family & clinical rating version. The severity of motor and phonic tics was rated according to five separate dimensions : number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference. Methods : The Korean form of YGTSS was applied to 100 children who visited psychiatric outpatient clinic with chief complaints of tic symptom. Together with YGTSS, Clinical Global Impression for Tourette's syndrome(CGI-TS), Obsessive-Compulsive disorder(CGI-OCD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(CGI-ADHD) were administered to all subjects for examining convergent and discriminant validities. Results : We could confirm high internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validities and interrater reliability of YGTSS by analysing data from 100 children with tic disorder. In factor analysis, items were clustered to 2 factors which were identical to motor and phonic tic subscales. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate the Korean form of YGSS is a reliable and valid rating scale for rating tic symptom severity. It can be used to evaluate tic symptom objectively and to quantify the tic severity in the studies for tic disorder.

Cement 風化에 依한 Mortar 强度의 變化 및 물 Cement 比가 Concrete 强度에 미치는 影響

鄭鳳守,黃龍鎭 진주산업대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

本試險 結果는 여러가지 實驗施設과 使用器具의 不充分等 限定된 與件下에서 實施하였기에 많은 未備點과 充分한 結果를 가져 오지를 못하여 부끄럽게 생각하며, 다만 아래와 같은 몇가지는 말할 수가 있다. 1. Cement는 風化程度에 따라서 强度變化率에 顯著한 差異를 가져왔다. 壓縮强度에 있어서 材令 7日에서는 未風化된 Cement와 20日, 30日 및 40日間 自然狀態로 風化시킨 Cement를 各各 比較하여 보면 13.2%, 35.7%, 및 44.6%의 低下率을 가져왔고, 材令 28日에서는 14.0%, 17.0% 및 21.9%의 低下率을 가져왔다. 引張强度 역시 많은 低下率을 나타내고 있으니 破袋된 洋灰나 長期間 貯藏된 것을 使用할 때는 事前에 强度試險을 實施하여 使用해야 할 것이다. 2. Concrete 强度에 가장 많은 影響을 주는 것은 Water-cement ratio로서 比率이 增加되면 强度는 低下率이 높아진다. Water-cement ratio가 50%인 때를 基準으로 하여 55%, 60%, 65% 및 70%일 때와 壓縮强度의 低下率을 比較해 보면 6.3%, 16.3%, 24.4% 및 38%로 나타났으며 材令 28日에서는 8.2%, 15.5%, 19.3% 및 21.0%의 低下率을 나타내었으니 工事를 始作하기 前에 반드시 Slump test를 實施하여 Water-cement ratio를 正確히 使用함이 좋지 않을까 생각된다.

한미 회사법의 비교 연구

정봉진 영산대학교법률교육연구원 2006 영산법률논총 Vol.3 No.1

One of the most important characteristics of the corporation is limited liability; the stockholders are not personally liable for the corporation's debts. However, there is one significant exception to this principle. It is called the theory of "piercing the corporate veil." This theory has been developed under the U.S. corporation law. Under this theory, the stockholder shall be personally held liable for the corporate's debts in a very exceptional case. There are no specific rule when the corporate veil will be pierced even under the U.S. laws. Factors to be considered in applying the theory of piercing the corporate veil are whether the corporation was grossly undercapitalized for the purposes of the corporate undertaking, the failure to observe corporate formalities, nonpayment of dividends, insolvency of debtor corporation at the time, siphoning funds of corporation by the dominant stockholder, nonfunctioning of other officers or directors, absence of corporate records, and the fact that corporation is merely a facade for operations of the dominant stockholder or stockholders. Conclusion to disregard the corporate entity may not rest on a single factor. However, most courts will pierce the corporate veil when they find both of the following two factors exist: gross undercapitalization and the failure to observe corporate formalities. One of Korean courts have recently adopted a very similar opinion. Korean Commercial Act provides that the director who has the authority to make a contract on behalf of the corporation ("representative director") has the authority to do all the judiciary or non-judiciary actions with regard to the corporation's business on behalf of the corporation. The meaning of "all the judiciary or non-judiciary actions with regard to the corporation's business" is unclear and there are splits in the courts' opinions. Some courts found it to mean that the representative director has the authority to do anything falling under the category of the corporate's capability, while some other courts found it to mean that the representative director's authority is limited to the ordinary business transactions. The latter's opinion is the same as that of the U.S. courts. Under the U.S. law, the management of the corporation is the responsibility of the board of directors, and the officers are the agents to carry out the corporate's day-to-day business under the supervision of the board of directors. The most important one of such officers is the president. The implied actual authority of the president includes the authority to do the ordinary business transactions on behalf of the corporation.

자동차용 브레이크 마찰재에서의 환원분철의 마찰특성에 관한 연구

정진오,이경환,김옥삼,김봉수 순천대학교 2000 순천대학교 자연과학논문집 Vol.19 No.1

In most automotive brakes, the friction material is used to convert the kinetic energy into heat. The friction material is a complex composite consisting of a resin, reinforcing fibers, lubricants and filler materials. In an attempt to enhance the friction performance of the friction material, a trial was done to examine the substitution of filler material by the reduction iron powder. In this study, two types of reduction powder M1 and M3 was prepared by the reduction process developed by Hanta M&B Inc. M1 and M3 which has reduction ratio of 1.5 and 92% respectively was used in place of BaSO_4, which was conventionally used as a filler material. The amount of M1 and M3 was varied as 10, 20, 30%, while the other component remains the same except the replaced BaSO_4. For those specimens with different amount of reduction iron powder, friction performance tests such as friction coefficient, rotor compatibility were conducted by using brake dynamometer. The bonding strength and hardness tend to decrease with use of M1 and M3, but specific weight decreased with increase of M1 and M3. The friction coefficient increased with use of M1 up to 10%, but decreased for use of M1 more than 20%. However the use of M3 resulted in a decrease of friction coefficient all the way. The surface roughness decreased with the use of M1 and M3, except for a case of excessive use of M1 of 30%. The rotor surface roughness did not show any correspondence with hardness of friction material in this study.

DIAZEPAM 투여가 조건공포의 획득 및 수행에 미치는 영향

정봉교,박진영 한국심리학회 1990 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구는 항불안 약물인 diazepam(DZP:1㎎/㎏) 투여가 조건 행동동결반응과 통증감소에 끼치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 공포조건형성과제는 흰쥐에게 관찰상자에서 20초 간격으로 3회 0.75초간 지속되는 1㎃ 강도의 전기충격이 제공되는 훈련시행과 동일한 상자에서 24시간후 행동이 관찰되는 검사시행으로 구성된다. 훈련시행전 DZP 투여는 행동동결반응의 출현빈도를 감소시켰고(실험 1), 검사시행전 DZP 투여는 삽입된 전기충격에 의한 활동성 방출시간을 감소시켰다(실험 2). 포르말린 검사에서 훈련전 DZP 투여는 행동동결반응은 감소시키는 반면에 통증의 지표인 회복행동을 증가시켰다(시험 3). 훈련시행전에 투여된 DZP가 조건 행동동결과 통증감소반응을 약화시킨다는 결과는 이 두 반응이 공포와 관련된 공통과정에 의해 중개됨을 시사한다. 아울러 DZP가 무조건자극인 전기충격의 지각된 강도를 약화시키기보다는 맥락단서의 처리를 간섭하므로 공포학습을 방해하였을 가능성을 시사해준다. This study investigated the effects of diazepam(1㎎/㎏) on the conditional freezing and analgesic responses in 96 Sparague-Dawley female rats, using 2-trial conditioned fear test. On the first training day, each rat was placed in the observation chamber, and 3 min later recieved shock three times(0.75s, 1㎃) at a 20-s intershock interval. During the second testing day, the animal's behavior was observed according to a time-sampling procedure in the same preshocked chamber. Results showed that diazepam, administered before the 1st trial, caused an decrease in freezing observed 24hr later(exp 1). The duration of activity burst that occurred following shock in testing period was decreased when diazepam given was before testing(exp 2). In formalin test, diazepam given before training decreased freezing response but increased formalin-induced recuperative behavior, i. e blocked conditioned analgesia(exp 3). The finding that diazepam given before training attenuate both conditional responses suggested that the freezing and analgesia are mediated by a common underlying process. It was also argued that diazepam's effect on the modulation of conditioned fear is attributed to the interference of the processing of novel contextual cue rather than the decreasing of perceived shock intensity.