재판매가격유지행위에 관한 대법원 판결의 검토

홍명수 명지대학교 법학연구소 2007 명지법학 Vol.6 No.-

한국에서 독일어 : 과거와 현재

홍명순,정시호,이광숙,이성만,하수권,Ammon, Ulrich 한국독일어교육학회 2002 외국어로서의 독일어 Vol.10 No.-

Es handelt sich bei dieser Arbeit um die Frage, welche Rolle die deutsche Sprache und Kultur in der koreanischen Gesellschaft bis heute gespielt haben und noch in Zukunft spielen werden, wobei die folgenden verschiedenen Bereiche in Betrachtung genommen wurden: Wissenschaft, Kunst, Wirtschaft und Werbesprache. Außerdem wurde einen U¨berblick u¨ber die Geschichte der Fremdsprachenausbildung in Korea gegeben. Bis in die 1950er war die deutsche Sprache in Korea in denmeisten wissenschaftlichen Bereichen von großer Bedeutung vor allem in der Philosophie, Sozialwissenschaft, Rechtswissenschaft, Medizin und Musik. Danach verlor die deutsche Sprache allma¨hlich ihre Bedeutung, wa¨hrend Englisch und Japanisch eine zunehmend dominierende Rolle spielten. Die deutsche Medizin und die deutsche Sprache haben zur entwicklung der westlichen Medizin in Korea einen großen Beitrag geleistet. Zum Beispiel hat Deutsch in den Curricula der Soul und der Kyungpook Medizinschule bis 1945 fast eine gleich starke Stellung wie Englisch oder zeitweise noch sta¨rkere Stellung gehabt. Aber das Jahr 1945, besonders der Korea Krieg(1950-1953) war ein entscheidender Wendepunkt. Seitdem sind die deutsche Medizin und Deutsch verdra¨ngt worden. Es hat heute vo¨llig an Boden verloren. Und um die Beeinflußung der deutschen Musik in Korea fest zustellen, wurden in Korea erschienene Musiklehrbu¨cher und wissenschaftliche Bescha¨ftgung in der Musikwissenschaft untersucht. Nach der Analyse der Musiklehrbu¨cher ist folgendes zubemerken: Im ersten Schuljahr werden u¨berwiegend Komponisten aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum behandelt. Auf dem Hochschulbereich u¨ben sie einen gro¨ßeren Einfluss aua. Bei der Untersuchung der Magisterarbeiten auf dem Gebiet Vokal-, Klavier-, Kammer- und Instrumentalmusik zwischen 1958 und 1987 fa¨llt auf, dass ca. 60-70% der arbeiten Komponisten des deutschsprachigen Raums behandeln. Anders als in den oben erwa¨hnten Bereichen ist die Einstellung koreanischer Firmen zur deutschen Sprache extrem negativ. Seitens der koreanischen Firmen wird der deutschen Sprache fu¨r ihre gescha¨ftlichen Aktivita¨ten keinerlei Bedeutung beigemessen, in vielen Fa¨llen wurde auch das negative Image der deutschen Sprache erwa¨hnt. So kommt es nicht von ungefa¨hr, wenn Absolventen eines Studienganges in Germanistik ihre deutsche Sprachkenntnis in Bewerbungsschreiben erst gar nicht erwa¨hnen, sondern stattdessen nur ihre in den Englischzertifikaten TOEIC und TOEFL erlangten Punktzahlen angeben. Neben solchen Bereichen wurde in dieser Arbeit auch die Frage untersucht, ob und welche Bezeichnungen von Gescha¨ften und Geba¨uden aus der deutschen Sprache und Kultur stammen. Auch in diesem Untersuchungsbereich dominiert Englisch und wird Deutsch selten verwendet. Allerdings sind bei Kaffee-, Bierha¨usern und Konditoreien deutsche Benennungen nicht selten zu beobachten. Viele Kaffeeha¨user tragen die Namen der in Korea beliebten Komponisten aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum : Mozart, Schubert, Brahms und Beethoven, oder auch ihrer Werke. Fu¨r Bierha¨user beborzugt man Stadt- bzw. Ortsbezeichnungen wie Mu¨nchen, Bern, Berlin, Heidelberg, Schwabing und Mosel. Außer solchen Gesichtspunkten wurde hier auch die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Fremdsprachenausblidung in Korea untersucht. Diese Entwicklungsgeschichte hat eine enge Beziehung mit der politischen Geschichte. Chinesisch galt bis Ende des 19. Jahr hunderts als Bildungssprache, und zwar nur fu¨r ho¨here Schichten der Bevo¨lkerung. Der Fremdsprachenunterricht als allgemeine Bildung an Schulen hat seinen Ursprung in den spezifischen Fremdsprachenschulen, die Ende des 19. Jahrhundert gegru¨ndet wurden, in dem der Modernisierungsprozess Koreas begann: Englisch, Deutsch, Franzo¨sisch, Russisch, Chinesisch und Japanisch konnte man dort bei Muttersprachlern lernen. In der koreanischen Fremdsprachenausbildung haven aber heutzutage Englisch und Japanisch erste Priorita¨t vor allen anderen Sprachen. Deutsch wird zwar an den Schulen unterrichtet, findet aber daru¨ber hinaus, etwa im Berufsleben, so gut wie keine praktische Verwendung. Die Untersuchung zeigt auch in anderen Bereichen einen Wandel, na¨mlich bei der Benennung der Fremdsprachen, der Zahl der Fremdsprachen und den Unterrichtsinstitutionen. Es ist dabei festzustellen, dass die Unterrichtsmethoden und Lerngewohnheiten am wenigsten mobil sind. Wenn man solche Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Rechnung tra¨gt, scheint der Ru¨ckgang des Bedarfs der deutschen Sprache in Korea unvermeidbar sowohl in der Schule und als auch in der Universita¨t zu sein, obwohl auch in Zukunft Koreaner Interesse and de Kultur der deutschsprachigen La¨nder-im großen Abstand nach den USA, Japan und China-zeigen werden. Das ko¨nnte eine negative Kettenreaktion auslo¨sen : die Anzahl von Deutsch Experten geht zuru¨ck, ihre Berufschanchen verschlechtern sich weiter, viele Institutionen mu¨ssen zwangsweise geschlossen, Forschungaktivita¨ten beschra¨nkt werden usew. Wie vorher festgestellt, gru¨ndet sich das bestehende Lehrangebot an Deutsch in Korea weniger auf einem wirklich existierenden gesellschaftlichen Bedarf, sondem auf der Macht, u¨ber die Institutionen und Strukturen verfu¨gen. Eine am Anbieter orientierte Schulpolitik hat lange Zeit den Bedarf an Deutsch in Schulen und Universita¨ten garantiert. Mit dem nun stattfindenden Wandel hin zu einer nachfrageorientierten Schulpolitik verliert das Schulfach Deutsch sein bisheriges Fundament. Quantitativ gesehen hat der Markt fu¨r Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Korea eine Phase des Wachstums hinter sich und erlebt nun einen vielerorts deutlichen Abschwung. Die Krise, in der sich Deutsch als Frmdsprache in Korea zur Zeit befindet, wird sich vermutlich angesichts der gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen, des herrschenden Zeitgeists und der ungu¨nstigen Schulpolitik fu¨s Erste fortsetzen. Geht man von einem Ungleichgewicht zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage aus, wird dieser Abwa¨rtstrenderst zum Stillstand kommen, wenn ein Gleichgewicht hergestellt ist. Selbstversta¨ndlich sind solche Tendenzen im Zusammenhang mit der umfassenden Restrukturierung zu sehen, in der sich die koreanische Gesellschaft momentan befindet.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

입원한 기분장애 소아청소년의 임상특성 : 주요 우울증과 양극성장애의 우울삽화 비교를 중심으로

임명호,조수철,백기청,이경규,김현우,홍강의 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2000 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 소아청소년에서의 우울증 및 조울증의 우울삽화에 대한 임상특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 1993년 3월 1일부터 1999년 10월 31일까지 ○○대학교 어린이 병원 소아청소년 정신과에 입원하였던 34명의 우울증 환아와 17명의 조울증 우울삽화 환아를 대상으로 병록지 기록을 통해서 이들의 사회인구학적 특성, 진단적 분류, 입원시 주 증상 및 문제점, 증상의 빈도, 주산기 모 병력과 아동기 발달력, 공존정신 질환 및 신경 심리학적 검사 가족의 임상적 특성, 가족 정신병리 및 가족 병력, 치료반응등에 대하여 조사하였다. 1) 우울증에서 남자의 비율이 여성의 경우보다 높았으며, 조울증 우울삽화에서는 남녀의 비율이 비슷하였다. 2) 평균 발병 연령은 조울증 우울삽화에서 14.1세, 우울중에서 12.8세로 우울증에서 일찍 발병하는 양상을 나타냈으며, 입원 횟수에 있어서는 조울증 우울삽화에서 우울증에 비해서 많았다. 3) 조울증 우울삽화와 우울증 모두에서 식물증상의 호소가 신체증상보다 많았으며, 자살사고 증상은 우울증에서, 공격적인 증상은 조울증 우울삽화에서 많았고, 정신병적 증상에서는 망상은 우울증에서 환각은 조울증 우울삽화에서 많이 나타났다. 4) 두 집단 모두에서 불안장애가 가장 많이 동반되었으며, 신체형 장애, 정신지체, 인격장애 등이 동반되었다. 5) 조울증 우울삽화와 우울증 모두 높은 가족력을 보였고, 특히 우울증은 아동 학대력과 가족의 부적절한 양육과 관련성을 보였다. 성인에서 조울증과 우울증이 분명한 임상적 차이를 갖고있는 것처럼 소아에서도 조울증 우울삽화와 우울증은 발병연령, 신체증상 및 식물증상을 비롯한 임상증상의 차이, 공존질환 등에서 서로 다른 임상 양상을 나타내었다. 중심 단어 : 주요 우울증ㆍ우울 삽화ㆍ임상 특성. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of depressive episode about major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent. The subjects of this study were 34 major depression patients and 17 bipolar disorder patients hospitalized at child and adolescent psychiatry in ○○ university children's hospital from 1st March 1993 to 31st October 1999. The method of this study is to review socio-demographic characteristics, diagnostic classification, chief problems and symptoms at admission, frequency of symptoms, maternal pregnancy problem history, childhood developmental history, coexisting psychiatric disorders, family psychopathology and family history and therapeutic response through their chart. 1) The ratio of male was higher than that of female in major depressive disorder while they are similar in manic episode, bipolar disorder. 2) Average onset age of bipolar disorder was 14 years 1 month and it was 12 years 8 months in the case of major depression As a result, average onset age of major depression is lower than that of bipolar disorder. 3) The patients complained of vegetative symptoms than somatic symptoms in both bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. Also, the cases of major depression developed more suicide idea symptom while the case of bipolar disorder developed more aggressive symptoms. In the respect of psychotic symptoms, delusion was more frequently shown in major depression, but halucination was more often shown in bipolar disorder. 4) Anxiety disorder coexisted most frequently in two groups. And there coexisted symptoms such as somartoform disorder, mental retardation and personality disorder in both cases. 5) The influence of family loading was remarkable in both cases. Above all, the development of major depression had to do with child abuse history and inappropriate care of family. It is apparent that there are distinctive differences between major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent through the study, just as in adult cases. Therefore the differences of clinical characteristics between two disorders is founded in coexisting disorders and clinical symptoms including onset age, somatic symptoms and vegetative symptoms. KEY WORDS : Major depressive disorderㆍDepressive episodeㆍClinical characteristics.

이기종간의 상호운용성을 지원하는 이동 에이전트 시스템

이명준,박양수,유양우,문남두,김진홍,안건태 울산대학교 2000 공학연구논문집 Vol.31 No.1

현재 대부분의 이동 에이전트 시스템들은 그들 자신의 구조를 가지며 서로 다른 방법으로 구현되어 있다. 이러한 에이전트 시스템들은 서로 다른 인터페이스를 제공하고 있어서 이기종의 에이전트 시스템에서 새성된 에이전트들은 상호 이동하여 작업을 수행할 수 없다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 이동 에이전트 시스템간의 상호운용성 지원이 중요한 과제로 다루어지고 있다. OMG(Object Management Group)는 이질적인 에이전트 시스템간의 상호운용성을 증진시킬 목적으로 MAF(Mobile Agent Facilities)명세를 제안하였다. MAF명세는 MADAgentsystem과 MAFFinder 두개의 인터페이스로 구성되어 있으며 에니전트 관리, 코드의 이동성, 명명 규칙에 관한 기능을 제공한다. 본 논문에선는 OMG의 MAF 명세를 만족하는 SMART 이동 에이전트 시스템의 설계와 이의 구현에 대하여 설명한다 SMART 이동 에이전트 시스템의 구성은 에이전트를 실행시키는 환경을 제공하는 플레이스(place), 에이전트의 라이프사이클과 플레이스를 감시하는 모니터(monitor) 그리고 에니전트에게 시스템의 자원을 할당하는 자원관리자(resource manager)로 이루어져 있다. Most current mobile agent systems adopted their own architectures, being implemented in various ways. Since those agent systems provide different interfaces, agents created in one mobile agent system could not move to other agent systems to perform their tasks. To solve this problem, interoperability becomes one of the important issues on mobile agent systems. The OMG(Object Management Group) proposed the MAF(MAF(Mobile Agent Facilities) specification for the interoperability among heterogeneous mobile agent systems. the MAF specification contains MAF Agent System and MAFFinder interfaces, and defines agent management, code mobility and naming rules. In this paper, we describe the design and implementaion of the SMART mobile agent system which satisfies the OMG MAF specification. The SMART system consists of Places that provide execution environments for agents, Monitor that monitors life-cycle of agents and places, and Resource Manager that allocates resources of system for agent.

실시간 태스크의 마감시간 만족을 위한 캐쉬 메모리의 최적 분할 형태의 분석

주수종,전홍대,김명희 圓光大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.32 No.2

본 논문은 실시간 시스템에서 주기 및 비주기적 태스크들의 마감시간 만족을 위한 캐쉬 메모리의 최적 분할 형태를 얻음으로써 태스크들에 대한 메모리 가용성을 늘릴 뿐 아니라 유휴 메모리 사용공간을 다른 태스크들에게 충분히 할당하여 마감시간 위반율을 줄이는데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 실시간 태스크들을 캐쉬 메모리의 분할 공간상에 최적으로 할당될 수 있도록 하기 위해 캐쉬 메모리 분할 알고리즘을 제시한다. 연구의 결과를 도출하는 과정으로 실시간 태스크들이 할당될 수 있는 다양한 캐쉬 메모리의 분할 형태들과 이들에 대한 태스크의 최소 가용 비용들을 얻는다. 이를 기반으로하여 실시간 태스크들에게 각각 주어진 마감시간 이내에서 실행을 할 수 있는지를 Rate Monotonic 스케쥴링 알고리즘을 응용하여 스케쥴링 가능한 캐쉬 메모리 분할 형태들을 모두 얻고, 이들로부터 스케쥴링 가능한 가용비용의 한계범위와 최소의 가용비용을 갖는 캐쉬 메모리 최적 분할형태를 보였다. This paper presents a study on the cache(memory) partitioning configurations for meeting deadlines of periodic and aperiodic task set. The purpose of this study is not only to increase the cache utilization, but also to decrease the deadline missing ratio of each task. We discuss the optimal cache partitioning problems for real-time task set. Base on the task execution time and utilization, we suggest the cache partitioning algorithm which computes the segment allocation for a given task set, respectively. The schedulability of task set depends upon task properties and the algorithm used to schedule the tasks. Here, we used the rate monotonic scheduling algorithm modified for considering all periodic tasks and aperiodic tasks together. We checked whether tasks assigned on the configurations are possible to meet the their deadlines or not. We obtained the schedulable configurations, and analyzed the utilization bound of the cache optimal partitioning configuration which the task set is schedulable if its utilization is below a certain bound.

상피종양의 keratin 생성능에 대한 전자현미경적 연구

이길선,이명주,장정수,이민전,노광을,서재홍 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1993 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.18 No.1

Keratins are characteristically present in all keratinizing and nonkeratinizing epithelial cells and their neoplasms. They consist of at least 19 different polypeptides ranging from 40 to 69 kilodaltons, which are developmentally related to specific epithelial cell types. Keratins of high and intermediate molecular weights are readily demonstrated in squamous cell carcinomas, which are characteristically rich in tonofilaments and tonofilament-desmosome complexes. Keratins of low molecular weights are expressed in adenocarcinoma including renal cell carinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and carcinoid tumor. These tumors do not reveal any tonofilaments and sacrcely show discrete filaments on electron microscopy. An immunoperoxidase technique employing antibody to keratin was used to study distribution and staining pattern of keratin filaments in benign and malignant epithelial tumors (20 squamous cell carcinomas, 20 gastric adenocarcinomas, 20 transitional cell carcinomas and 15 non-neoplastic epithelia). These immunohistochemical results were compared with ultrastructural features of neoplastic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma, and estimation of degree of differentiation. The results are as follows : 1. The squamous epithelium, glandular epithelium and transitional epithelium disclosed the positive reaction for keratin. 2. Squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma exhibited positive reaction for keratin. 3. Gastric adenocarcinoma showed uniformly negative or weakly positive reaction for keratin. 4. On electron microscopy, heavy bundles of tonofilaments and desmosomes were more frequently encountered in well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, In poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, a few tonofibrils and desmosome were noted. 5. In the adenocarcinomas, the intermediate filaments were arranged randomly as nonaggregated, short filaments spread throughout the cytoplasm, although occasionally they formed a perinuclear whorl. These filaments did not become aggregated to form tonofilaments. 6. On the immunogold labeling for keratin of low molecular weight areas in gastric adenocinoma, in tense labeling of intermediate filaments for keratin was noted. From the above result, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on malignant epithelial cell were useful in differential diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma, and estimation of degree of differentiation. It was also proved that immunogold labeling technique was especially valuable for diagnosis of vague case which showed negative or weakly positive reaction in immunohistochemical stain.

웹 기반 공동작업 지원시스템의 개발

문남두,안건태,김진홍,박양수,이명준 울산대학교 2001 공학연구논문집 Vol.32 No.1

최근 웹의 확산과 더불어 제품개발을 위하여 공동작업 구성원들 사이의 정보 공유와 재사용을 지원하는 웹 기반의 공동작업 지원 시스템 개발에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 기업 및 공공기관의 공동작업은 광범위하게 분산되어 있는 경우가 많으며, 여러 작업그룹 내의 구성원은 이러한 환경에서 효과적으로 서로의 정보를 교환하고 공유할 수 있는 작업공간을 필요로 한다 또한 공동작업의 결과로서 생성된 기술문서의 체계적인 관리 기능과 실시간 의사전달의 기능 등이 함께 제공되는 것이 바람직하다. 본 논문에서는 웹 기반의 공동작업 지원 시스템인 CoWare의 설계와 구현에 대하여 설명한다. CoWare는 통합시스템으로서 CoSpace, CoDocs, CoMail로 명명된 세 개의 관련된 시스템으로 구성된다. CoSpace는 자료의 저장과 공유를 위하여 개인 및 작업그룹을 위한 작업공간을 제공하고, CoDocs는 전자문서의 체계적인 관리를 지원하며, CoMail은 실시간 의사전달의 기능을 제공한다. CoSpace, CoDocs, 그리고 CoMail은 기본적으로 사용자 정보, 사용자 그룹정보, 작업그룹정보의 공유를 통하여 상호 연계되어, 보다 자연스럽고 효율적으로 공동작업을 지원할 수 있다. With rapid growth of World-Wide Web(WWW or Web), much interest has shifted to develop a Web-based collaborative work system which supports information sharing and reusing. Most of collaborative works in a company or a public corporation are widely distributed. In such an environment, members of work groups require workspaces for exchanging and sharing information. In addition to those workspaces, it is desirable to support real-time messaging facility and systematic management of technical documents produced during collaborative works. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a Web-based groupware, named CoWare, which supports effective collaboration. The CoWare system is an integrated system including three related systems : CoSpace, CoDocs and CoMail. The CoSpace system provides personal workspace and shared workspace for storing and sharing informations. The CoDocs system manages electronic documents systematically, while the CoMail system supports real-time messaging facility. Basically, the user information, the user group information, and the work group information are shared among CoSpace, CoDocs, and CoMail. Thereby, the CoWare system supports more natural and effective collaboration.

노인의 영적 간호요구

최미혜,김경희,김귀옥,김기숙,김수강,김정신,김춘숙,노흥진,박지연,성혜연,오명선,이선희,이원옥,이윤영,이현수,장명재,차혜경,채정선,홍상희 중앙대학교 의과대학 간호학과 간호과학연구소 2001 중앙간호논문집 Vol.5 No.1

This study was designed to exam the aged's needs for spiritual nursing care. The purpose was to serve as a basis for the development of spiritual nursing practice. The major findings are as follows : 1. The degree of needs for spiritual nursing care as area was that needs of love and relationship mean 22.0, needs of meaning and object mean 28.2, needs of forgiving mean 13.5. Total needs for spiritual nursing care mean 63.7, which was on the upper middle level. The needs of meaning and object was rated highest. 2. Among the general characteristics of the subjects, needs of love and relatiohship wasn't significanlty different. 3. Among the general characteristics of the subjects, needs of meaning and object was significantly different according to two factors : age(F=7.260, p=0.001), religion(F=5.275, p=0.001). Higher needs of meaning and object was possessed by the older than the younger, by the one who have religion than the other. 4. Among the general characteristics of the subjects, four factors made a significantly difference to needs of forgiving : sex(t=-2.851, p=0.006), age(F=8.201, p=0.001), religion(F=6.928, p=0.000), disease(t=2.327, p=0.024). Higher needs of forgiving was possessed by man than woman, by the older than the younger, by the one who have religion than the other, by the one who have disease than the other.

Special Articles on Fair Trade Law : Subjective Requirement of Competition Law Violations

( Myung Su Hong ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2015 Journal of Korean Law Vol.15 No.1

The Korean Supreme Court has held in the case of POSCO (2007) that subjective requirements such as anti-competitive intent or purpose must necessarily be considered before there can be any finding of abuse of market dominant position or of competition restraints effects in antitrust cases. However, this holding is not properly supported by legal theory or competition policy. When considering regulations governing the abuse of market dominant position pursuant to Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter TFEU), the concept of abuse has an objective standard. Subjective requirements, such as anti-competitive intention, are not considered independently. The objective characteristics of the behavior in the relevant market are crucial in determining whether there is the abuse or not. Likewise, Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits both monopolies and attempts to monopolize, but while the subjective requirements of the alleged monopolistic behavior might be considered, this approach must be understood in terms of the different legal systems regulating the monopoly itself. These issues are relevant to any determination of the illegality of a cartel in the aftermath of the POSCO decision. Article 101 in the TFEU refers explicitly to the purpose of competition restraints as a requirement for the regulations of cartels. However, the purpose in this article could be proved by nature, and where the effect of the competition restriction exists, the purpose of competition restraints could not be understood as an essential requirement. If the subjective requirements are essential to decide the illegality of a claim for abuse of market dominance under the POSCO rules, these requirements may pose a problem in establishing abuse.