鄕吏制度의 變遷과 腐敗에 關한 一考察 : A Study on the Change and Corruption of Hyang-Ree System

李鍾恒 慶北大學校 1963 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Ⅰ. Here I considered the cause of Corruption of the Hyang-Ri (The Local Officers in Lee Dynasty), which was said that the main reason of decline and fall of the Lee Dynasty. I concluded the cause of corruption of the Local Officers into three: 1. Under Lee's regime, the government did not paid the salary to the local officers for keeping their living at all. In Silla and Koryo period all local officers were paid the salary though was not so much but still enough to keep their living, while in Lee Dynasty government did not care for the local officers living through her all period. So we can easily imagine that this was a main cause to the local officers to run quickly be corrupted. 2. In Lee dynasty all high ranking officers, who were mainly chosen by very strict national examination, were quite unacquainted with the loca1 business because these high ranking officers were selected among the small size of high class, and also they were forced to study from their childhood only confucian classics and poems, which was the course of the national examination. Usually the county chief. who is appointed from central government, is amateur in dealing with the local business while local officers who are well trained to be low ranking officers from their childhood were very skilful to managing all their daily duteis. This let them took the power to handle the business and gave them the chance to be corrupted endlessly 3. Usually the term of high ranking officers were very short so they did not had the time to accustomed to their duties. This also offer the chance to the local officers to be powerful in dealing the county business and the local officers could do anything they wish. Ⅱ. I traced to the origin of this kind of local officers in the middle part of Silla Period, According to the Samkuk-Yusa(unauthorized three countries history)we can find an anecdote of one local officer whose name is An-Kil(安吉), and this is only prove that there were Hyang-Ri in Silla also, but except this example there are no records on the local officers. And at the end of Silla Period most of local provinces and counties were apart from the central governmental control and became a kind of automonous body. Then we can imagine that in that most of loc포1 officers were also absorbed by these automonous body. After Koryo founded there arose a new local officers which was a ill treated low class and it continued through the Lee Dynasty. So I concluded the direct ancestor of the Hyang-Ri in Lee Dynasty is in the early part of Koryo though its origin is in Silla. Conclusion : The corruption of the Hyang-Ri in Lee period was a main cause of the decline and fall of the Lee dynasty. Seeing this example in the modern time the corruption of low rank officers will be a cause of hampering the progress of the democratic state, because even in now the low ranking officers are huge in number and is doing very important duties to earring out the democratic state.

李朝 黨派 分裂의 原因에 關한 一考察

李鍾恒 慶北大學校 1958 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

Introduction Chap. Ⅰ, Process of the Party Division. Sect. 1, Begining of the Party Division. Sect. 2, Cell Division of the Party Chap. Ⅱ. Causes and characteristics of the Party Division. Sect. 1, C aracteristics of the Party Division. Sect. 2, Cause of the Party Division, Conclusion. It is well known that the political history of Lee Dynasty from its middle part on, especially the reign of Senjo(宣祖) onwards, is that of party struggles. Through detailed study on the party struggles attempted by scholars home and abroad, their process has been already well clarified. This Thesis is not, therefore, intended to go into another detailed description of history of the party Struggles. Observation of their history reveals several points that are peculiar to Lee Dynasty's party struggles compared with those which are often found in the struggle of political party in other nations, and these characteristics are as follows. 1. Party is diveded like "Cell" division. A party which gains political power is divided into two, and They are engaged in struggle with each other until one of them is entirely gotten rid of. Then the other remaining party begins to be further divided into two. At first the political world is composed of two parties, East Men(東人) and West Men(西人). East Men is then divided into South Men(南人) and North Men(北人), then North Men into Big North(大北) and Small North (小北), and finally Small North into Clear North(淸北) and Dirty North(獨北). I'd like to call such process as "Cell division of political party in Lee Dynasty" 2. The political party is divided as soon as it gains the political power. It means that soon after it takes over the power, the East Men comes into South Men and North Men, then at the very beginig of achievement of its political purpose North Men into "Big" and "Small North" and again at the time when Small North acquires the superior positions in politics, it is further divided into two. 3. As time goes on, the party struggle becomes more intensified and worse. When the party is first divided into two, it is not considered a matter so significant and serious. However as it continues further division, the struggle becomes more serious and gloomy than before, and the meaner and more unfair methods of struggle sre resorted. Above mentioal are the characteristic points of the party struggle. and now it is attempted to clarify the cause and reason for the party struggle adopting the principle of "Enemy-Friend Relationship" of Carl Schmitt (1888- ) It is my opinion that the party struggle in Lee Dynasty came from the absence of this "Enemy-Friend Relationship" which ougst to have been in the ideal on which the state of Lee Dynasty was founded. When the state was founded, it was determined to be subordinated to china(Min明) without any thought of going against it. So, from the begining, there was no enemy that threatened them from outside. Therefore They we e necessarily obliged to seek some political enemy within the country. This the very reason that defines the peculiar charcter of the party struggle which never heppens in other countries. Looking into the ancient history of Korea, though its was through the positive assistance on the part of Tang(唐) that Silla(新羅) came to unify devided three into one state, it was never thought to be subordinate to Tang. Next, Koryo(高麗) thought them as successor of KoKuryo(高句麗), had a firm spirit of independence and held a strong antagonistic attitude toward Kitai(契丹) and other Kingdoms in China. Accordingly it is natural that inner party struggle of any serious nature can not be traced. Contrary to it, from the beginging, the Lee Dynasty Came under Min as a subordinate state and absolutely gave up the spitit of independence, that naturally resulted into the harsh party struggle at home.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

HVDC適用을 考慮한 高密度폴리에틸렌에틸렌비닐아세테이트 混合 絶緣物의 內部電界 및 電位分布에 關한 考察

유종철,이흥규 忠州大學校 2007 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.42 No.-

Recently, many attention has been paid to blended polymer power cable for HVDC. The electric field in an insulation system is decided by its conductivity or space charge for DC. Also, the conductivity or space charge is very sensitive to additives, impurities, or physical structure of insulating polymer. In this study, we tried to overcome the defects by mixing HDPE and EVA has good miscibility with the ratios of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 respectively. The basic properties such as FE-SEM and XRD analysis, FT-IR analysis are discussed. In the internal electric field and potential distribution analysis, we investigated tendency with applied voltage variation, also applied time dependency of internal electric field and potential distribution calculated from space charge density distribution according to blend ratio each specimen. Through this experiment, we present mixture ratio with optimal insulation performance for HVDC transmission and distribution cable.

檀君의 肇國 說話에 對한 一二의 存疑

李鍾恒 慶北大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

Introduction : In this thesis I intended to consider the substance of the story of state foundation in Tankun-Shinhwa, mainly according with the knowledge of archeology in Manchuria and Northern Korea. What is the rear fact that offered to Tankun-Shinhwa? By whom, how and when it happened? All of these are vague and unknown veiled by exaggerations and distortions. So this is, in my mind, an effort to approach the rear story of the Tankun-Shinhwa. 1. My major concern in Chap.Ⅰ. is that what is the rear story of the state foundation in Tankun-Shinhwa, and when did it happened by whom and how. No one believe that the Tankun-Shinhwa was founded in the 2,333 B.C. At the same time contents because it is a myth. So I should start to take off all these covers and seek the rear fact of the state foundation story from Tankun-Shinhwa. Here, at first. I doubted the number of the person who followed to Hwan-ung(환웅), the father of the Tankun. Comparing to the Sanhan(삼한) era the seize of the tribe states were not so big, then if so the state of Tankun also were not so large and powerful like as ancient large territory states. 2. This is a most important part in this thesis becausr here in chap.Ⅱ. I presumed the time when the Tankun-Chosen was built. There are no written materials to assume the era that kingdom should be founded. Using the merits of archeological knowledge in Manchuria and Northern Korea, I assumed the time it had happened. In these area the most oldest remains of the political authority is "Dolmen" The "Stone-Table" which is proved to be a tomb of the tribe's king. Dolmens, especially some of them, are so big and huge stones were used to built that can't be moved by one family or small number's of men. And also these were supposed to be built for dignifing the authority of the dead king and for respecting the power of king. Seeing these Dolmen, the primitive tribe state had been arosed with these Dolmen's society because there are no remains more older than these Dolmen's society the concentrated power expressed. If it is right, then we can draw a line of the uper limit of era that Tankun-Chosen would have been built. Archeological Merits tells us these Dolmens were built at far most in the 3C.B.C. If so the Tankun-Chosen also couldn't went up beyond the 3C.B.C. Northern style Dolmen began at Manchuria and spread out into Northern Korea next, so the Tankun-Chosen located near by Pyong-yang should be a little bit later than 3C.B.C. It is quite reasonable to think that Tankun had founded his kingdom in the middle of 3C.B.C. Thereby I can conclude that the real facts of the Tankun's state foundation story were the reflection of a northern tribe, which is more civilized then the native dwellers, came down to Northern Korea from Manchuria and conquered the native dwellers and built one primitive state. 3. In Chap.3 I considered the relationship between Tankun-Chosen with Kiza-Chosen. Nowadays it is also denied by many scholars that the Kiza who is a lineage of Yen(연) dynasty king escaped from the Chou(조) and founded the Kiza-Chosen. The substance of the Kiza-Chosen is also one of a primitive state spontaneously arose within the Northern Korea. Then when and how the Kiza-Chosen arose and took over the Tankun-Chosen? It's also a big question on our ancient history. So here I have to consider the relation between Tankun-Chosen and Kiza-Chosen. From the conclusion of chap.2, the Kiza-Chosen had existed during the middle of 3C.B.C. to 194~180B.C. Then how two dynasty can exist within less than half century? By these fact I concluded that the Tankun-Chosen and Kiza-Chosen are one though nowadays these two are quite different each other. In my consideration Tankun is a founder of the Kiza-Chosen and the name of that state was "Kaeazi-Chosen". 4. Einally I considered the story of "One Bear and one tiger", though not so important. This can be seen as a state that the tribe is so primitive having one woman chief and a man as military command with in the tribe at the same time. So when the tribe confronted to be conquered by Tankun's Father group, military commander (man) resisted and killed or escaped and the thief (woman) was conquered and married with the chief of conqueror. One Bear means the chief the tiger is commander. Conclusion : In short the Tankun, who was the founder of the Tankun-Chosen, should be existed during the middle of the 3C.B.C. and name of his kingdom was "Kaeazi-Chosen" lately mixed to Kiza-Chosen. So the Tankun-Chosen and Kiza-Chosen is quite same one, though now it is recognized to be entirely different two.

地方自治를 위한 基層組織으로서의 洞會의 機能開發模型

李南久,琴鍾友,鄭三澤,全相恒 경북대학교 1991 새마을 硏究論叢 Vol.12 No.-

무용학습이 유아의 장독립적 및 장의존적 인지양식에 미치는 영향

이용덕,이종희,허정행 경희대학교 체육과학연구소 1999 體育學論文集 Vol.27 No.-

The purpose of this research is to analyze how much children's experiences of dancing has influence on the form of recognition of Field Independent-Field dependent. We chose normal kindergartens and dancing ones located in 25 Ku's of Seoul, one by one using proportional stratitified sampling. The subjects of this research were 300 children from 6 to 7 years old at each kindergarten. We used PEFT. And we came to a conclusion through comparison and analysis of differences between those two groups by T-test and F-test. It is as follows. 1.Comparison of six-year-old children's group According to the analysis of T-test, the group of normal kindergartens got 39.17 ± 5.73, while that of dancing ones got 52.08 ± 12.26. The analysis was that the former group had the form of higher-leveled recognition of Field Independent than the latter one by significance level(p〈.05). 2.Comparison of seven-year-old children's group According to the analysis of T-test, the group of normal kindergartens got 59.56 ± 6.02, while that of dancing ones got 52.99 ± 12.21. We didn't have the significance level, and the analysis was that the former group had the form of higher-leveled recognition of Field Independent than the latter one. 3.Comparison of normal kindergartens with dancing ones According to the analysis of T-test, the group of normal kindergartens got 59.62 ± 6.33, while that of dancing ones got 52.29 ± 11.24. The analysis was that the former group had the form of higher-leveled recognition of Field Independent than the latter one by significance level(p〈.05). In the synthetic point of the conclusion, we can find that the children who go to normal kindergartens have the form of higher-leveled recognition of Field Independent than the ones who go to dancing kindergartens where they can learn professional dances, while the group of dancing kindergartens have the form of higher-leveled recognition of Field Dependent than that of normal ones.

대장암 환자에서의 담즙 암태아성 항원(CEA)

김종우,박용태,정철운,권성원,장항석,손석우,안대호,이경포 대한대장항문학회 2000 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.16 No.6

科學 探究能力 評價 問題 類型 變化에 關한 縱斷的 硏究

우종옥,이항로,구창현 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 1996 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.6 No.1

This study investigated the literature about science process skills' evaluation to analyse transition of evaluation objectives before and after a Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance. In the literature survey the researcher established a 3 dimensional science assessment framework with X axis as science concept, Y axis as science process skills and Z axis as problem context. In order to analysis and compare each items the researcher selected 210 items from the 1st to the 7th trials and 138 items from the 1st to 4th Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance and sampled 2873 science achievement test items from 10 high schools. In accordance with this taxonomy the researcher analysed and compared science process skills item forms. The following results were drawn: The items were evenly distributed in all the four areas(Earth Science, Biology, Physics and Chemistry) of the science concept domain, but they were heavily concentrated on data analysis and drawing a conclusion in science process domain. In the domain of problem context school context was the majority. In spite of distribution like this the ratio on science process skills measurement items and science achievement test items was increased after the Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance was given. Also the ratio on item expression type was increased. Item form was almost 5 options selection type in the national level test. Although there were 4 options selection type, 5 options selection type, short answer type, essay type in school level test, rising from 33.1% to 65.5% on 5 options selection type is exhibited. This study showed that the school level item form was better various than the nation level. This point like this is the evidence for the improvement toward the science process skills test and influenced by Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance. The ratio on the item which joined with the 3 axes had a mean of 99.3% in nation level test and mean 44.9% in school achievement test level. But the ratio in the school achievement test level increased after the Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance was given. In view of this study we must furthermore study the item types which can evaluate validately science process skill's five stage each and evaluation method by the high school students' problem solving patterns and features in scientific inquiry on all science process skills elements.

農家副業으로서의 畜産現況과 그 改善方案에 關한 硏究

洪鐘旭,李熙碩,朴恒均,崔源弼,李鉉凡,金祥基 慶北大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.25-26 No.-

Recently, there have been much corncerns about the strategies which can reasonably increase farm income at the average farm level. In other words, as a result of third-term Five Year Economic Development Plan there was a remarkable gap between farm household and non-farm household incomes. Therefore, various policy tasks to eliminate this unbalanced income growth are currently being implemented. This study was carried out to identify the situation of livestock farming at general farm level, regarded as one of income generation strategies for the farm sector. Some results of the study can be summarized as follows: First of all, it was found that a group of farms which raise a small size of animals like Korean cattle, hog, and various poultry gave higher resource bases as compared with that of non-livestock farms. Secondly, it was also recognized that both farm and farm household income levels of small-scale livestock farms were higher than those of non-livestock farm group within the same region, specifically as much as approximately ￦200,000. Thirdly, it was known that the average size of animal raising per household in 0.9 head of cattle, 0.8 head of hog, and 34 lyers of poultry, respectively. To the end, according to the farm disposal practices of major by-products, only about 18 percent of total rice straws produced at individual farms was utilized for the animal raising, and about 45 percent of all the brans available at farms for the livestock enterprise. The rest of straw and brans in regarded as selling at farm level. In this respect, it may be recommended either to increase current size of animals or to expand number of livestock farms.