중년여성의 약물사용 실태 조사

이영선,김은경,김경숙,강경인,김희선,신성희,김은숙,최지선,신혜숙,황선기 여성건강간호학회 2001 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.7 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the drug use of middle aged women. The subject consisted of 330 middle aged women who ranged in age from 40 to 60 years. They were selected in Seoul, Kyung-Ki province, Korea. Data were collected by using questionnaires, from April, 10th to 30th 2001 and analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program using qui-square. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. The proportion of drinking and smoking experience was 42.4%, 3.7%. The motivation of drug use was advised family and relatives(46.1%), doctor's order(39.4%), magazine and advertisement(14.5%). Most of middle aged women get the information on knowledge of drug from hospital(47.3%), magazines and advertisement(30.3%), advised family and relatives(22.4%). And 57.9% of the middle aged women didn't know side effect of the using drug and 13.9% of the middle aged women have had experienced with side effect. And the level of attitude on drug abuse in middle aged women was 43%. Most of the subjects(93.9%) didn't use alternative drugs, and they used more than 3 kinds of drugs(47%). 2. They used digestives(44.2%), applying ointments(41.8%), drinks(39.4%), analgesics(39.1%), laxatives(8.8%), anti hypertension drugs (8.8%), and anti-anemic drugs(8.8%) in their orders.

생물막여과공정에 의한 고도정수처리시스템 구성에 관한 연구

강용태,양희천,김화석,김경동 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1999 硏究報告 Vol.22 No.2

This study is to evaluate the characteristics of submerged biofilter process as pretreatment of raw water and alternative advanced water treatment system(AAWTS) composed with bioflitration, post-ozonation and GAC for Nakdong River by comparison of existing advanced water treatment system(EAWS), composed with pre-ozonation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, post-ozonation and GAC. In the biofiltration process, the removal of turbidity, color, KMnO₄consumption, NH₃-N and UV254 reached 98%, 95%, 70%, 72%, 79% respectively. The stable removal efficiency was obtained by the direct biofiltration after coagulant injection thought the influent was a muddy and highly polluted. The removal efficiency of the alternative advanced water treatment(AAWTS) using biofiltration process for turbidity, color, KMnO₄consumption, NH₃-N and UV254 was reached 98.5%, 98%, 82%, 90%, 92% respectively. It is equivalent to the removal efficiency of existing advanced water treatment system(EAWTS) though the demanded area and coagulant of the alternative advanced water treatment system using biofiltration process was decreased about 60% and 70% respectively.

Pd 촉매 하에서 알릴 디올의 아릴화 연구 : 방향족 히드록시 케톤 및 페닐 치환된 알릴디올의 합성 Highly Selective Synthesis of Phenyl-Substituted Allylic Diols

강석구,정경윤,박찬희,남궁은영,김태현 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.2

The coupling reaction of iodobenzene with allylic diols in the presence of Pd(OAc)_2 and nBu_3P as catalysts using K_2CO_3 as base afforded the phenyl-substituted allylic diols. However, under the same reaction conditions with Et3N as base, phenyl-substituted α-hydroxy ketone was obtained.

일 대학 병원 마취 · 회복실 간호사의 간호활동 분석

강윤경,김경미,김연이,박혜옥,서광희,송숙녀,이현숙,조의영 대한간호행정학회 2006 간호행정학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: This study was aimed to specify roles of nurses from the anesthesia and recovery room by analyzing nursing activities as well as anesthesia nursing during surgery. Method: The objects were 12 RNs working in the recovery room of a university hospital located in Incheon. Self-report was performed by measuring stop-watch for five days from May 17th to May 21st in 2004. Research method was designed to record the time and frequency of the nursing activity from anesthesia and recovery room based on nurses' statement and other references for five days. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test via SPSS Win 10.0 program. Result: Nursing activities in anesthesia recovery room were classified into two different characteristics such as direct and indirect nursing activity. The activities consisted of 11 direct nursing areas and 39 nursing activities in anesthesia preparation room. The indirect nursing was classified into 8 nursing areas and 32 nursing activities. The direct nursing was classified into 12 nursing areas and 55 nursing activity. Also, the indirect nursing was classified into 7 nursing areas and 21 nursing activities in recovery room. In terms of prevalence of nursing activities in the anesthesia preparation room, observation and cooperation of anesthesia was the most prevalent activity, drug and eqipment management the second prevalent, and drug administration the third. On the other hand, in the recovery room, the most prevalent activity was vital sign checking and observation, the second most prevalent activity informative activity, and the third body temperature control. Nursing activity time was recorded according to the nursing characteristics. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing spent for 8092.20 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 7198.50 minutes. Also, in the recovery room, the direct nursing spent for 2361.16 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 1134.13 minutes. 4. Nursing activity time was compared to duty shifts. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing was more prevalent on day shift and the indirect nursing was prevalent on evening shift. However, in the recovery room, both direct and indirect nursing activities were prevalent on day shift. Conclusion: The role of anesthesia and recovery room nurses was analysed according to the time, frequency, and its characteristics.

뚜렷한 입체 선택성을 갖는 알릴 디올의 고리 카보네이트와 아세토니드의 Wacker 산화 반응 연구

강석구,정경윤,정재욱,남궁은영,김태현 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.1

Palldium(Ⅱ) 촉매 하에서의 말단 알릴 디올의 고리 카보네이트와 아세토니드의 산화반응은 anti-Markovnikov hydation에 의해 알데히드 또는 α,β-불포화 알데히드 만이 생성되었다. 치환된 알릴 디올의 분자내 이중 결합의 반응으로는 (E)-알릴 디올의 경우에 β-케토 생성물을, 반면에 (Z)-알릴디올의 경우엔 α-케토 생성물을 얻을 수 있었다. 치환된 알릴 디올의 고리 카보네이트와 아세토니드에서는 각각 β-케토 화합물과 α,β-케토 화합물 들이 생성되었다. Palladium(Ⅱ)-Catalyzed oxidation of acetonides or cyclic carbonates of terminal allylic diols afforded aldehydes or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as the sole products, resulting of anti-Markovnikov hydation. For the internal olefins of the substituted allylic diols, (E)-allylic diol provied β-keto-product, whereas (Z)-allylic diol affored α-keto-product. The acetonides and cyclic carbonates of the substituted allylic diols yielded β-keto-products and α,β-unsaturated ketones, respectively.

Intrusion arch wire activation시 상악 견치에 가해진 초기응력의 유한요소법을 통한 고찰

강정원,차경석,이진우 대한치과교정학회 1998 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.28 No.3

본 연구는 유한요소법을 사용하여 상악견치에 intrusion arch wire를 강제로 engage시켰을 때 상악 견치와 치근막에서 발생되는 압축력과 인장력의 분포의 양을 알아보고 어느 부분에 집중되는가를 분석하였다. 또한 각 부분에서의 압축력과 인장력의 비율을 비교하기 위해서 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 상악 견치의 FA point와 백악법랑경계부분에서는 압축력과 인장력의 비율이 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. 2. 치근첨 부분에서는 압축력이 인장력의 거의 4배정도 크게 나타났다. Intrusion force적용시 치근흡수 정도가 치근첨에서 발생되는 것을 정량화시켜서 보여준 결과이다. 3. 백악법랑경계부분은 즉 FA point를 제외하고는 압축력과 인장력이 가장 큰 값을 보이고 있다. 즉 치아에 교정력이 직접 적용된 부분을 제외하고는 치아와 치주인대가 처음 접촉되는 백악법랑경계부에서 응력이 집중되는 것을 유추할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to find the distribution and measurement of compressive and tensile stress when intrusi-on arch wire is forced engage with upper canine and to analysis stress at each section through FEM. And we compare compressive and tensile ratio at each section. The results were as follows. 1. At FA point and cemento-enamel junction of upper canine, compressive and tensile force ratio is about the same. 2. At apex, compressive force is the four times as tensile force ; In intrusion, we show root resorption at apex. 3. At Cemento-enamel junction, the compressive and tensile force show the maximum value except FA point.

초등학교 과학 수업에서 개념도 활용의 효과

강석진,이유영,고한중,전경문,노태희 한국초등과학교육학회 2004 초등과학교육 Vol.23 No.1

In this study, we investigated the effects of using concept mapping as an instructional tool on 4th graders' achievement, science learning motivation, and attitude toward science classes. T재 classes (38 students) from an elementary school were respectively assigned to a control group and a treatment group. Students were taught about "expansion of matter by heat" and "heat transfer". These topics were chosen because they require students to understand more concepts as well as relationships among them. A science learning motivation test and an attitude toward science classes test were administered as pretests. A researcher-made achievement test, the science learning motivation test, and the attitude toward science classes test were administered as posttests. The results indicated that using concept mapping in 4th-grade science classes was not significantly effective in improving students' achievement though a statistically significant positive effect was found in the subcategory of knowledge. No statistically significant effect of using concept mapping was found in the scores of the science learning motivation test and the attitude toward science classes test. Educational implications are discussed.

배양된 골수 간엽 간세포에서 연골형성의 유도 및 그 포식 인자의 발현

석경수,김현우,강응식 대한정형외과학회 골.연부조직이식학회 2003 대한골.연부 조직이식학회지 Vol.3 No.1

2-프로핀일 고리 카보네이트의 Pd(0) 촉매를 이용한 가수소분해반응연구 : (Z)-호모알릴알콜과 2-호모프로핀일 알코올의 합성 Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Prop-2-ynylic Cyclic Carbonates

강석구,박동철,정재욱,정경윤 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1994 論文集 Vol.45 No.1

삼중 결합을 갖고 있는 2-프로핀일 고리카보네이틀 Pd(acac)_2와 nBu_3P을 촉매로 하여 포름산 암모늄염을 사용한 탈카르복실화-가수소분해반응을 이용해서 (Z)-호모알릴 알콜과 2-호모프로핀일 알콜을 반응조건에 따라 각각 합성하였다. 그리고 분자끝 2-프로핀일 고리카보네이트의 가수소분해반응을 이용하여 호모알릴 알콜을 합성하였다. (2S. 4Z)-1-(p-메톡시벤질옥시)-2-히드록시-4-헵틴 2b를 광학활성 중간체로 사용하여 pyralid 나방 Aphomia gularis의 male 성페르몬을 합성하였다. The decarboxylation-hydrogenolysis of prof-2-ynylic cyclic carbonates which have an internal acetylenic bond with ammonium formate in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Pd (acac)_2] and nBu_3P afforded(Z)-homoallylic alcohols or homoprop-2-ynylic alcohols dependin on the reaction conditions. however, hydrogenolysis of terminal prop-2-ynylic cyclic carbonates gave homoallylic aicohols; using (2S, 4Z)-1-(p-Methoxybenzyloxy)-2-hydroxy-4-heptyne 2b as a chiral synthon, the male sex pheronome of the pyralid moth Aphomia gularis has been synthesized.

충남대학교 오·폐수처리 현황

강호,신경숙 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1997 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the effluent water quality from wastewater treatment facilities operated in Chungnam National University (CNU). The survey showed that the effluent water quality from 58 anaerobic septic tanks, 18 domestic wastewater treatment systems and 2 hazardous wastewater treatment plants operating in CNU met the national effluent standards satisfactorily. This paper covers the present status of water quality of the treatment systems : pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP). Their significances were also discussed.