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        경제적 상상과 상상의 경제: 사우스 시 버블(The South Sea Bubble)과 영국 근대 금융의 한 단면

        신경숙 한국유럽학회 2012 유럽연구 Vol.30 No.2

        Eighteenth-century England was witness to a large-scale transformation, both in the field of economics and in the epistemological framework with which writers and intellectuals sought to understand moral and economic activity. The concept of “credit,” and particularly “public credit,” became increasingly significant, serving as the basis for a changed set of economic activities pivoting around the new forms of property―paper money, joint-stock company shares, exchequer bills, and promissory notes. This financial revolution and the emergence of a speculative market are coeval, and this modern speculative economy began to dissolve the rigid boundaries between land and money, credit and debt, morality and economics, virtue and self-interest, business and pleasure, public loyalty and private interests. This essay argues that the new financial situations exemplified by the South Sea Bubble of the 1720s not only fed contemporary writers with a rich set of literary and cultural images with which to contemplate the complex interstices of economics and morality; they also made it possible to begin to consider the “economics” of desire and imagination. 18세기 초 영국은 “신용”(credit), 특히 “공적 신용”(public credit)에 기반을 둔 새로운형태의 경제적 행위가 가능해지는 경제 환경의 변화를 경험하고 있었다. 유형재산이며 관습을 담지하고 있던 토지가 아니라, 어음, 주식회사의 주식, 잉글랜드 은행(Bank of England), 또는 재무성이 발행한 화폐등, 이전과는 다른 재화가 유통되고 개인의 재산이되었다. 이들은 가치의 새로운 표상으로서, 이들을 이해하고 유용하려면 사람들의 인식론적 전환이 필요했다. 이 표상들은 대중의 경제적 상상을 규정하기도 했다. 경제사적, 금융사적, 역사적 입장에서 이 시기를 주목한 사람들이 “금융혁명”(the financial revolution)혹은 “상업혁명”(commercial revolution)이라고 칭한 혁신적 경제체제의 부상은 투기시장의 등장과 궤를 같이 한다. 1720년 프랑스와 영국에서 각각 커다란 경제적 충격을 몰고온 미시시피 버블(the Mississippi Bubble)과 사우스 시 버블은 바로 이런 투기현상에 대한 묘사로서, 서구 경제사에서 인간의 상상과 욕망에 의거한 (근대)경제로의 전환을 보여주는 순간을 적나라하게 예시한다. 서구 경제사에서 오늘 날의 영국을 만든 “금융혁명”의한 단면으로서 투기의 유혹과 음영, 그 과장된 믿음과 맨 얼굴을 동시에 보여준 사건인사우스 시 버블은 경제사적인 연구뿐만 아니라 문화적인 호기심을 자극한다. “버블”로 표현되는 투기현상은 신용과 부채, 재산과 자본, 공민의 덕과 개인의 이익, 일과 쾌락, 남성의 영역과 여성의 영역의 경계를 무너뜨리면서 경제(학)과 상상(력)의 구별을 모호하게 만들었기 때문이다. 이 글은 사우스 시 버블이라는 현상을 통해 드러난 금융혁명의 단면들이 당대 사람들의 경제적, 문화적 상상을 자극했을 뿐만 아니라, 상상의 경제를 공고화시킨 텍스트 구실을 했음을 보이고자 한다.

      • The Romantic Displacement : A Comment on Jerome McGann's The Romantic Ideology

        신경숙 연세대학교 영어영문학회 1991 영어영문학연구 Vol.12-13 No.-

        All these analyses finally point out the specific historical, social, and cultural climate of which the works of the romantic artists are at once components and products. Among the many peculiarities of the historical and cultural climate of Romanticism, the idea of community (more specifically, of the writers' communities) bears an interesting relevance to the poets' displacement and monologism, especially in Wordsworth and the Lake Poets. Despite his obsessive yearning for solitude, Wordsworth valorizes the spirit of community. The act of writing is for him a form of an active social engagement, giving him a sense of vocation: "I would give utterance in numerous verse./Of truth, of grandeur, beauty, love and hope-/Hope for this earth and hope beyond the grave. " In Wordsworth's circle, members both recognized (Wordsworth, Coleridge, and possibly Southey) and unrecognized and thus uncanonized (as yet: Dorothy Wordsworth), appropriate one another and manifest their interdependency through their discourse. Such communitarianism, I shall argue, is a resistance against the inclination toward displacement that McGann has called into view; it is the writers' attempt to modify and overcome their monologism by inviting others to share it and by questioning their own narrative modes. By using current scholarly approaches to the romantic discourse and ultimately the "romantic ideology, " I will examine romanticism's self-consciousness about its process of self-representation. Unlike McGann, my contention is that it is not displacement itself but the poets' attempt to escape it that is crucial in Romantic poetry; what is valorized by the Romantic poets is not poetic discourse as such but the infinitely self-conscious attitude represented through it.10) The poetic discourse that allows this endless rereading of itself and its self-representation is thus exalted, even though the poet's own attempts to escape displacement ultimately fail.

      • KCI등재후보

        피임제(Norinyl)가 흰쥐 난소의 Alkaline Phosphatase 활성에 미치는 영향

        신경숙,이군자,정호삼,이규식 대한해부학회 1985 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.18 No.1

        In mammals, female sexual hormones secrete at different rate during the sexual cycle so that the follicular cells and the granulosa cells undergo structural and functional changes. Therefore the authors undertook to pursue the changes of the graafian follicle during the estrous cycle and the effect of the oral-contraceptive. Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150g were used as a experimental animal. Vaginal smears were obtained daily and only animals that showed consecutive four-day estrous cycle were used. The animals of the oral-contraceptive administered groups were administered norinyl, dissolved in distilled-water. The ovary was fixed with 10% neutral formalin and sliced at 14 ㎛ thickness in a frozen cryostat. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was observed by the Gomori's method for histochemical study. The other ovary was homogenized and the homogenate was assayed by the Lowry's method for biochemical study. The results were as follows. 1) In the follicle alkaline phosphatase activity was positive in the theca layer while the granulosa layer was negative. Strong activity were shown at proestrous and metestrous stage during the estrous cycle. And alkaline phosphatase activity of the ovary did not change markedly during the estrous cycle but the activity of estrous stage were slightly higher than other stages. 2) In the norinyl-administered group, the alkaline phosphatase activity of the ovary did not change during the estrous cycle. And the activity of the administered groups was lower than the control group.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        The Topographies of Memory in Mary Shelley and John Ruskin

        신경숙 19세기영어권문학회 2010 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.14 No.2

        This essay explores the ways in which gender organizes the genre of travel narrative, and, thus, constructs differently the viewing subjects particularly in the nineteenth-century context. Focusing on the connection of Venice (space), travel writing (genre), and gendered historiography (gender), I illustrate how the writing subjects are formed in Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, 1840, 1842, 1843 (1844) and Ruskin’s Letters in Italy (1845). Shelley’s Romantic cosmopolitanism and idealism separate her from other writers while Ruskin’s jeremiad renders him as a rather Romantic prophet. Ruskin feminizes and privatizes the city in order to defend aesthetic and moral values he upholds as an English man viewing the other; Shelley refuses to feminize Italy and transforms her personal memories into cosmopolitan sympathy for the Italian people and their nationalism. Venice is thus re-membered differently, existing at the core of Ruskin’s aestheticization of politics and Shelley’s politics of sympathy.

      • 전자선으로 전처리한 하수슬러지의 혐기성소화공정에 관한 연구

        신경숙,강호 충남대학교 환경문제연구소 2000 環境硏究 Vol.18 No.-

        To treat a large amount of sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants, various pretreatment processs have been developed for the subsequent anaerobic digestion. As one of the processes, the pretreatment with electron beam irradiation has been investigeted. The SCFMRS were run to evaluate their reactor performance of sludge with and without irradiation by electron beam. The dewaterbility of digested sludge, which is derived from SCFMR, was also measured by Specific Resistance to Filtration(SRF) and Capillary Sunction Time(CST). The biogas productivity of SCFMR fed with 6kGy irradiated sludge showed 0.10∼0.14m3/m3-d at the HRT of 20days. It appeared 3∼5 times higher than that of unirradiated sludge in SCFMR. Consequently, TVS and COD removal efficiencies in the SCFMR fed with 1∼6kGy irradiated sludge were 30∼55% and 32∼52%, respectively, which were 20∼35% higher than those of unirradiated sludge as a function of irradiated dosages. The SRF of digested sludge pretreated with electron beam is 2.2 times lower than that of irradiated sludge. In conclusion, electron beam treatment on sewage sludge could accerlerate organic degradation rate and also enhance the dewaterbility of divested sludge.

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