연구논문 : 아마로 사용실태 및 향 선호도

김장순 ( Jang Soon Kim ),이종렬 ( Jong Ryol Lee ),박천만 ( Chun Man Park ) 한국미용학회 2006 한국미용학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for establishing a theory on aroma therapy by understanding Korean use and preference of aroma. The subjects of the study were 130 skin care specialists who worked for skin care salons and 410 general people in Daegu. The study was carried out through a questionnaire and inhalation test. The data were collected from September 1, 2003 to October 1, 2003. The result were as follows : 1. The rate of people who had experienced aroma less than 3 times was 40.5%. The rate of people who had not experienced aroma was 26.1%, who had experienced aroma massage was 33%, and who had inhaled aroma was 47.5%. The people who were older, wealthy, female, married, graduated from college were more experienced aroma(p<0.0l) and housewives in the thirties had more opportunities of experiencing aroma than other subjects. 2. General people preferred aroma Orange(66.3%) the most among 8 essential oils used in the test. The second preference was blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(26.1%). The third preference was the Lavender(25.8%). The order of preference in skin care specialists was Orange(83.3%), Lavender (48.8%), blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(42.9%), and blended oil with Lavender, Sandalwood, Ylangylang and Mandarin(26.2%). Both general people and skin care specialists disliked Teatree the most. 3. Lavender was more preferred by women than men (p<0.05) and Teatree was more preferred by men than women(p<0.0l). In particular, people in thirties liked Lavender the most(p<0.01). Teatree(p<0.001) and Sandalwood (p<0.05) were more preferred by married people than unmarried people. 4. The more educated people were, the more they liked the blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium, and Lemon(p<0.01). Housewives preferred Lavender(p<0.001) and Frankincense(p<0.05) and workers preferred Teatree(p<0. 001) and Sandalwood(p<0.05). As people were not healthy, they tended to prefer Teatree(p<0. 01) As people experienced essential oil, aroma massage and aroma inhalation more, they preferred Lavender and Frankincense. 5. Women`s average score was higher than men`s(women : 4.58, men: 4.18, total score: 6.0). Younger people more preferred aroma than older people(p<0.05). 6. 51.3% of specialists answered they used aroma for skin care less than one time a day, 35.7% of them used 2 or 3 times a day. 29.6% of specialists answered that the biggest difficulty in their work was the lack of knowledge of aroma. The next one was relationship with co-workers and pay(20.4%) and overwork was 13.9% 7. 37.3% of specialists had got massages 10~20 times from a skin care specialist and 31.7% of them had got massages less than 10 times. About experiencing aroma in everyday life, 42.9% of them experienced aroma 10~20 times and 28.6% of then experienced less then 10 times. 8. Generally, the more experienced people liked Lavender, Teatree, Sandalwood and Frankincense(p<0.05). 9. As a result of the survey on the specialists` preference, preferred oils were Lavender(22.4%), Rosemary (13.4%), Rose(10.1%), Jasmine(9.2%) and Orange(8.4%). Unpleasant oils were Teatree(16.0%), Yiangyiang(13.6%), Peppermint(9.9%) and Patchouli(8.6%). The specialists used Lavender the most (67.6%) in aroma therapy and used Rosemary(6.5%), Teatree(5.6%) and Peppermint(4.6%). In conclusion, the subjects` experience and knowledge of aroma were not high, and there was difference in preferences of aroma by their ages, gender, education, occupations, and experiences. However, both general people and the specialists had a difficulty in aroma use due to the lack of knowledge of aroma. So, if we apply aroma therapy to patients in consideration of their preferences, the best result will be expected. A systemic aroma education program for specialists is needed as soon as possible.

길경 Saponin 이 고지방식이를 한 흰쥐의 혈청, 간장 및 분변 지질 함량에 미치는 영향

박무희,이영주,황성원,한준표,배만종 대구효성가톨릭대학교 식품과학연구소 1994 식품과학지 Vol.6 No.-

6주간 고지방식이를 섭취한 흰주에 있어서 길경 saponin이 지방 축적 억제와 대사에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 혈청과 간장 및 분변 중 지방 성분을 생화학적으로 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈청 및 간장중의 총지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 함량은 길경 saponin군이 대조군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였다. 2. 분변 중 총지질 및 총콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군과 비교할 때 길경 saponin군이 다소 배설이 증가되었으나, 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Platycodi radix saponin(PRS) on the reduction of lipid status in rats fed on high fat diet for 6 weeks after which lipid contents were measured in serum, liver and feces. The results obtained from this study are as follows; That the levels of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum and liver were significantly lower in the PRS group as compared with the control group. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol excreted in the feces were tended to be slightly increase in PRS group compared to the control group, which were not significant.

한국산 나비 目(Lepidoptera)의 발향린(Androconia)에 관한 주사전자현기경적 연구 III. 네발나비科

박원학,류성만,서경인,이종욱 嶺南大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1992 基礎科學硏究 Vol.12 No.-

한국산 네발나비과에 보고된 77종 중 북한산 12종과 채집하지 못한 21종을 제외한 44종, 670여 개체를 재료로 광학현미경으로 발향린의 유무 및 분포를 확인하였다. 이중 발향린이 관찰된 10종을 대상으로 주사전자현미경으로 그 형태를 비교 연구하였다. 1. 발향린이 관찰된 종은 Brentis ino(R.), Argyronome laodice (P.). A. ruslana (M.). Damora sagana (D.), argynnis paphia (L.), Childrena zenobia (L.), Speyeria aglaja (L.), Fabriciana pallescens (B.), F. adippe (L.), F. nerippe(c.et R. F.) 10종이다. 2. 발향린은 암컷에서는 관찰되지 않았고, 수컷이 앞날개 표면에서만 관찰되었으며, 시맥위에서만 분포한다. 3. 확인, 관찰된 10종의 발향린은 나발막(fimbriae), 경부(neck), 잎새(laminar), 자루병반(foot stalk) 등 발향린의 전형적인 모양을 나타내었으며, 동종내 개체간 변이는 관찰되지 않았다. 4. Argyronome laodice, A. ruslana, Damora sagana, argynnis paphia, Childrena zenobia, Fabriciana pallescens 등 6종에서는 2가지 형태의 발향린이 관찰되었다. 5. 본 연구에서 관찰한 10종은 Subfamily Argynninae아과의 Argynnini족에서만 관찰되었으며, 관찰된 발향린중 Type ⅠⅠ의 형태는 종간에 큰 차이점이 없었고, Type Ⅰ은 많은 형태적 차이를 보이므로 분류학적으로 중요한 형질이라 사료된다. this paper observed through microscope the existance and the distribution of the androconia of the 44 species Nymphalidae among 77 ones that have been reported in Korea, excluding 12 species in North Korea and 21 one's not collected ten species that were observed the androconia among those were chifely compared and studied through Scanning Electron Microscope. 1. The 10 species that observed androconia is Brentis ino(R.), Argyronome laodice (P.). A. ruslana (M.). Damora sagana (D.), Argynnis paphia (L.), Childrena zenobia (L.), Speyeria aglaja (L.), Fabriciana pallescens (B.), F. adippe (L.), F. nerippe(C. et R. F.) 2. The androconia was not found at the female, but only on the dorsal surface of male's fore wings. 3. The androconia of 10 species was not observed intraspecific seasonal variation and individual variation. It was appeared the androconia as general type of fimbriae, neck, laminar and foot stalk. 4. Two types(typeⅠ and Ⅱ) of androconia were observed at the species of Argyronome laodice, A. ruslana, Damora sagana, Argynnis paphia, Childrena zenobia, Fabriciana pallescens. 5. According to this study, the androconia of 10 species observed only Argynnini, subfamily Argynniae. The type Ⅱ of the androconia similar to between species but type Ⅰ was observed multitudes of morphological difference. These difference of type Ⅰ was very important taxonomical characters.

거제지역 당뇨병 및 고혈압 환자의 복합질병 위험요인

박필숙,정기만,김종현,백지현,박미연 한국식생활문화학회 2003 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study is to compare the correlation of clinical characteristics and patterns of disease. Subjects of the study were the adults(207) living in Geoje City, the diabetes mellitus and the hypertension patients(166) and the normal people(41). In the diabetes mellitus group and the hypertension group, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholestero LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index(AI) were significantly high. As the obesity index was getting higher, the blood pressure of the diabetes mellitus group was high, and the HDL-cholesterol of the hypertension group was low, but AI of it was significantly high. The AI was significantly high as serum lipid index were getting higher in both groups. The rate of the prevalence was very high in the diabetes mellitus group(74.3%) and the hypertension group(73.7%). The pattern in the diabetes mellitus group was in order of the hypertension, the hyperlipidemia, and the obesity but, in the hypertension group was the hyperlipidemia, and the obesity. The obesity index and serum lipid index of complex patient group were higher than single patient group.

패턴 특징과 색상 특징을 이용한 내용기반 영상검색

박종현,박순영,방만원 木浦大學校 工業技術硏究所 1999 工業技術硏究誌 Vol.9 No.-

In this paper, we propose an efficient content-based image retrieval method using the color and wavelet based pattern features. The pattern features are extracted from the invariant moments of the high-pass band image through spatial-frequency analysis of wavelet transform and color features are extracted from color histograms of the global image. The proposed image retrieval method is called a pattern and color feature based query(PCBQ). Forward PCBQ and backward PCBQ perform similarity matching of cascade form using the pattern and color features. The first step matching is carried out to find the candidate images which are most similar to the query image using the pattern or color features. The second step matching is executed using the feature vectors for the accurate retrieval from the candidate images of the first step. Weighted PCBQ performs weighted similarity matching of parallel form using the pattern and color features. The experimental results show that the proposed retrieval systems yield more improved retrieval accuracy than the previous methods.

강진만에서 미생물의 년 변화

박종천,오재영,정용욱,주현수,이원교,유춘만,이우범 國立 麗水大學校 환경문제硏究所 2001 環境硏究論文集 Vol.4 No.-

The biological surveys were performed at seven sites in the Gangjin bay from February, 1998 to November, 2001. In order to analysis of environmental variation, numbers of heterotrophic bacteria, general fungus and fecal coliforms were enumerated in each sample. The result showed that variation range of heterotrophic bacteria, general fungus, and fecal coliforms were 2.9 x 10^(3)~9.6 x 10^(3) CFU/ml, 17.2~80.1 CFU/ml, and 6.3~682.5 CFU/100ml for four tears(1988~2001), respectively. Density of heterotrophic bacteria and general fungus were gradually decreased for four tours, while fecal coliforms were suddenly increased. Specially, numbers of fecal colifoms were increased the more 100 times in 2001 than that 1998. We think that it was probably caused a little rainfall in February, 2001. There result suggests that ecosystem of Gangjin bay were mainly regulated by 2~3 factors, which were inflow of fresh water, salinity and variation of water temperature.

자궁경부에 발생한 배아성 횡문근육종 2예

박정열,조준식,김대연,이동헌,김종혁,김용만,김영탁,목정은,남주현 대한부인종양 콜포스코피학회 2002 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.13 No.3

횡문근육종은 소아와 청소년기에 가장 흔한 연부조직 육종이다. 발생 부위는 일반적으로 두부 및 경부, 그 다음으로 비뇨생식계이다 조직학적으로 배아성 횡문근육종, 국화상 육종, 폐포성 횡문근육종, 다형성 횡문근육종으로 나누어진다. 횡문근육종의 약 20%가 비뇨생식기에서 발생하고, 50% 이상이 배아성 횡문근육종이다. 여성 생식기의 배아성 횡문근육종은 드문 악성 종양으로,주로 유소아의 질에서 발생하며, 자궁경부에서 발생하는 횡문근육종은 청소년기에 흔하고, 질에서 기원하는 횡문근육종이 자궁경부에 기원하는 경우보다 5배 정도 많다. 폐경기여성에서는 자궁체부에서 가장 흔히 발생한다. 비뇨생식기의 횡문근육종의 치료는 과거에는 골반장기 적출술만으로 치료를 시도하였으나. 서서히 다중 항암화학요법, 방사선요법, 근치적 절제술을 포함한 병합요법으로 바뀌어가고 있으며, 이에 따라 생존율이 현저하게 향상되었다. 이에 저자들은 최근 본원 산부인과에서 자궁경부에 발생한 배아성 횡문근육종 2예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 아울러 보고하는 바이다. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and young adult. Genitourinary tract is the econd most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma can be classified into one of four major types; embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic and undifferentiated. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the female genital tract is rare malignant tumor and usually occurs during childhood in the vagina. In rare cases, rhabdomyosarcoma can originate in the uterine cervix, with a peak incidence in the second decade. Recently we have experienced two cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix. These cases are presented with a brief review of the literature.

무지개 松魚의 遺傳 育種學的 硏究 : Ⅳ.血淸成分 水準의 年中 變化 Ⅳ.Annual Changes of Serum Components Levels

朴弘陽,尹鐘萬,金桂雄 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1991 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.16 No.-

본 연구는 무지개 松魚 암컷 3년생 120마리에 대하여 1989년 3월부터 1990년 2월까지 계절 및 人工産卵前後에 따른 血淸成分 含量 水準을 측정하였고, 각 血淸 成分間의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 장차 무지개 松魚의 繁殖效率 增進에 필요한 遺傳育種學的 基礎 資料를 얻기 위하여 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 血淸中 albumin, calcium, glucose, total protein, alkalin phosphatase, SGOT 및 phosphorus의 함량은 産卵期中에 높은 수준이었으나, cholesterol, creatinine 및 triglycerides의 含量은 卵黃形成期中에 비교적 높은 수준을 유지 하였다. 2) 人工産卵展, 産卵後 및 過熟時期에 따른 血淸中 albumin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase 및 phosphorus의 含量은 人工産卵前에 비교적 높은 수준을 유지한 반면에, BUN, glucose, SGOT 및 SGPT의 含量은 過熟時期에 높은 수준이었다. 그리고 A/G 比率은 非産卵期인 6월, 7월 및 8월에 最高水準을 유지하다가 産卵時期直前부터 감소하여 산란시기 동안에 낮은 수준으로 계속 유지되었다. 3) 産卵期中 albumin수준과 calcium(r=-0.793)간에는 부(-)의 상관이었으나, 그 밖의 다른 성분간에는 有意性이 인정되는 정(+)의 상관이 존재하였다. BUN 含量水準과 alkaline phosphatase(r=0.790), SGOT(r=0.881) 및 SGPT(r=0.902)와는 正(+)의 高度相關이 존재하였다. Glucose수준과 모든 다른 성분간에는 負(-)의 相關關係였으마, cholesterol수준과 그 밖의 다른 성분간에는 正(+)의 相關이 존재하였다. Glucose수준과 total protein(r=0.856), triglycerides(r=0.973), alkaline phosphatase(r=0.738), SGOT(r=0.711) 및 SGPT(r=0.738), 및 SGPT(r=0.657)間에는 正(+)의 高度相關을 보였으며, creatinine 수준과 total protein(r=0.672)에도 正(+)의 상관관계가 존재하였다. Total protein과 triglycerides(r=0.911)와는 正(+)의 高度相關이었으며, alkaline phosphatase 水準과 SGOT(r=0.936) 및 SGPT(r=0.926)間은 正(+)의 高度相關關係가 있다. 또한 SGOT와 SGPT(r=0.995)와는 매우 높은 정(+)의 상관관계가 존재하였다. 4) 産卵期中 호르몬과 血淸成分間의 상관관계에 있어서 血淸中 LH 濃度와 BUN(r=0.747)과는 유의한 負(-)의 相關이었으나, creatinine(r=0.887) 및 total protein(r=0.688)과는 正(+)의 高度相關이 존재하였다. FSH濃度와 creatinine(r=0.831) 및 total protein(r=0.709)간에는 正(+)의 상관관계가 있었다. Estradion-17β와 creatinine(r=0.899), total protein(r=0.899), total protein(r=0.859) 및 trigpycerides(r=0.673)간에 비교적 높은 正(+)의 상관이었으나, progesterone 濃度과 BUN(r=-0.606)간에는 負(-)의 상관관계가 존재하였다. This study was carried out to investigate serum components levels(12 components) obtained from 120 of 3-year-old female rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). All data were collected and analysed monthly from March in 1989 to February in 1990. Serum protein components were assayed by blood analyzer. The results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. The contents of serum albumin ,calcium, glucose, total protein, alkalkine phosphatase, SGOT, and phosphorus increased during spawning period, but those of serum cholesterol, creatinine, and triglycerides maintained relatively high levels during vitellogenetic period. 2. The contents of serum albumin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus prior to handstripping were relatively high, while those of serum BUN, glucose, SGOT and SGPT were high in over-ripe stage. 3. The correlation between serum albumin and calcium during correlations of albumin and other contents were significantly positive. Those of serum BUN with alkaline phosphatase(r=0.790), SGOT(r=0.881) and SGPT(r=0.902) were highly positive. The content of calcium was highly correlated with various serum contents, and that of cholesterol was a signigicantly correlated with other serum contents. The correlations of serum glucose with total protein(r=0.856), triglycerides(r=0.973), alkaline phosphatase(r=0.738), SGOT(r=0.711) and SGPT(r=0.657) were significantly high. The correlation coefficients between creatinine and total protein, between total protein and triglycerides, and between SGOT and SGPT were significantly high. In addition, those of serum alkaline phosphatase with SGOT and SGPT were also significantly high. 4. The correlation of serum LH with BUN during spawning period was highly negative(r=-0.793), while the correlations of LH with creatinie and total protein were high(r=0.887 and 0.688, respectively). Similarly, the relationships of serum FSH with creatinine(r=0.831) and total protein(r=0.709) were significantly highly positive. The concentration of estradiol-17βwas highly correlated with creatinie, total protein, and triglycerides. But the relation of serum progesterone with BUM was significantly negative(r=-0.606).

甘桔湯 및 甘桔湯 加味方의 解熱 , 消炎 , 祛痰 작용에 대한 연구

박만석,손영종,이영종 대한본초학회 2002 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Objects : Gamgiltant, which is in common use of laryngopharyngeal disease, consists of Glycyrrhizae Radix and Placotycodi Radix. Author intended to find out the efficacy of Kami-gamgiltant(added Houttuyniae Herba, Schizandrae Fructus and Sterculliae lychnophorae Semen, which are good for respiratory disease, to Gamgiltant) for the purpose of developing a recipe effective for sphagitis or bronchitis. Methods : After oral administration of Gamgiltang or Kami-gamgiltant to rats, the efficacies of antipyretics, antiinflammation and discharge of phlegm are figured. After inducing the rats to be feverish by injecting LPS(10㎍ LPS/㎏ body weight) of Serratia marcescens into caudal vein of them, rectal temperatures were taken to prove antipyretic effect. After inducing the rats to be edematous by injecting 0.1% of carrageenin into hind paw, the volumes of hind paw were measured to prove antiinflammatory effect. To testify the effect on discharge of phlegm, after administrating the decoctions to rats, quantity of mucous in their throat are measured. Also by aspirating 250ppm of sulfur dioxide 2 and half hours a day during 12 days, rats were induced laryngopharyngeal infections. Then adminstrating the decoction since 5th day of aspiration, the numbers of leukocyte were figured with the object to identify microbial infections. Results : 1) Gamgiltang and Kami-gamgiltant have antipyretic effects on pyrexia induced by LPS injection. Also the latter recovered quickly than the former. 2) Gamgiltant and Kami-gamgiltang have antiedematous effects on edema induced by carrageenin injection. Also the latter shows a quick recovery than the former. 3) Gamgiltant and Kami-gamgiltang have no effect on normal mucous tissue in their throat. 4) The decoction of Gamgiltang has an effect on inflammation induced by exposure to sulfur dioxide, but the Kami-gamgiltant doesn't. Conclusion : Gamgiltang and Kami-gamgiltant could be effective for laryngopharyngeal disease.

韓國産 싸리屬의 形態學的 硏究

朴鍾烈,金鍾萬,朴正德 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

우리나라에 널리 자라고 있는 지피조성용, 사료, 밀원, 공예, 섬유, 관상자원으로서 중요한 싸리속 식물의 몇가지 특성을 관찰하여 그의 분류상의 식별점을 조사 하였다. 본실험을 통하여 구명된 결과를 요약하면 다음 검색표와 같다. 1. 花粉의 型은 3-colporate 6B??, 小網狀紋이며 크기가 20μ이상 이다…2 1. 花粉의 型은 3-colporate 6B??, 小網狀紋이며 크기가 20μ이하 이다…6 2. 잎은 녹색이다.…3 2. 잎은 농록색이다…4 3. 꽃은 홍자색이고 크기는 S>K>W, 꼬투리는 表面에 有毛, 망맥이 있으며 난상타원형이고 뿌리의 색깔은 흑색이다.…Lespedeza bicolor Turcz(싸리) 3. 꽃은 赤紫色이고 크기는 S>W>K, 꼬투리는 表面에 有毛, 망맥이 있으며 타원형이고 뿌리의 색깔은 黑紫色이다.…Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha(Nakai) T. Lee(쇠싸리) 4. 꽃의 크기는 S>K>W의 순이다…5 4. 꽃의 크기는 S>W>K의 순서이고 꼬투리는 난형이고 表面에는 털이 있고 망맥이 있으며 뿌리의 색깔은 황색이다.…Lespedeza cyrtoborya Miq.(참싸리) 5. 꼬투리는 광란형이고 암갈색이며 表面에 有毛이고 뿌리의 색깔은 흰색이다.…Lespedeza cuneata G. Don(비수리) 5. 꼬투리는 난상타원형, 담갈색, 表面에 有毛, 망맥이 있으며 뿌리의 색깔은 적색이다…Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai(풀싸리) 6. 뿌리의 색갈은 Yellowish white 이며 꼬투리는 장타원형으로서 꽃의 크기가 K>W>S의 순서로 된다…7 6. 뿌리의 색깔은 yellowish white 이며 꼬투리는 광타원형, 꽃의 크기가 S>K>W의 순서이다…Lespedaez maximowicxii Schneider(조록싸리) 7. 小化梗의 길이가 1.17∼1.97mm이고 종자는 신장형으로 황록색이고 반점이 없다…Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai(털조록싸리) 7. 小化梗의 길이가 2.43∼2.79mm이고 종자는 신장형으로 암갈색이고 반점이 있다…Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor Nakai(삼색싸리) It was intended to identify the members of the Genus Lespedeza in Korea by the investigation of morphologycal characteristics, i.e., leaf length and width, stomata size and density, flower size, pod type and colour, seed type and colour, pedicel length and root colour. The following 5 species were used in this experiment. ① Lespedeza bicolor Turcz ② Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha(Nakai) T. Lee ③ Lespedeza cuneata G. Don ④ Lespedeza cyrtobolrya Miq. ⑤ Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai ⑥ Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider ⑦ Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai ⑧ Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor Nakai The results can be summarized as the following key; 1. Pollen type of 3-colpolate 6B??, subre; pollen size larger than 20 microns…2 1. Pollen type of 3-colpolate 6B??, subre; pollen size less than 20 microns…6 2. Leaves green colour…3 2. Leaves deep green colour…4 3. Flower size standard> keel> wing, reddish purple;pods shaped ovate-elliptic, pubescent, the reticulum faint; roots dark colour… Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 3. Flower size standard> wing> keel, red purple; pods elliptic, pubescent, the reticulum faint; roots dark purple…Lespedeza bicotor var. melanantha(Nakai)T. Lee 4. Flower size standard> keel> wing…5 4. Flower size standard> wing> keel; pods ovate, pubescent, the reticulum faint; roots' yellow…Lerpedeza cyrfobotrya Miq. 5. Pods broadly ovate, dark reddish brown, pubezcent across the top and along the sides; roots white…Lespedeza cuneata G. Don 5. Pods pilous ovate-elliptic, light bown, pubescent, the reticulum faint; roots red…Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 6. Roots yellowish white; pods oblong; flower size keel> wing> standard…7 6. Roots yellowish white; pods broadly elliptic; flower size standard>keel>wing…Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider 7. Pedicels 1.17mm.∼1.93mm. length; seeds kindney shaped, yellowish grenn.…Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai 7. Pedicels 2.43∼2.79mm. length; seeds kidney shaped, dark brown spots on the greenish brown coat…Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor Nakai