정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

집단정신치료와 싸이코드라마

윤성철,이후경 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.2

In this paper, first of all we compared psychoanalysis with psychodrama by a historical point of view. Next, we reviewed group psychotherapy generally and considered the position of psychodrama through the comparison with various types of group psychotherapy. On the basis of this consideration, we compared Yalom's group psychotherapy as a typical type of group psychotherapy with psychodrama. Lastly, we discussed the application of group psychotherapy and psychodrama to each other. Psychoanalysis, psychodrama, and group psychotherapy developed separately at similar times in different fields. Finally, these three fields met with one another in the field of psychiatry. Each of these three fields changed itself as a result of absorbing various things from one another. Therefore, nowadays these fields became to have a close relation with one another. Psychodrama is in a position as a type of group psychotherapies, so it is important to understand group psychotherapy generally for understanding psychodrama. Psychodrama has similar aspects to other group psychotherapies, but also has different aspects from other group psychotherapies. When we understand these aspects, we can conduct therapeutic works effectively in practice. Psychodrama's methods can be applied to group psychotherapy and group psychotherapy's theories can applied to psychodrama. When psychodrama and group psychotherapy takes good points from the other side they can make progress.

緯度와 地形에 따른 溫帶中部 溪谷植生의 種多樣性 및 群集構造에 關한 硏究

尹相旭,辛壽哲,郭東勳,金昌浩 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1994 農林科學 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

This study was Carried out to analyse species composition, species diversity and structure and variation trends of vegetation, of Mt. Odae, Mt. Sobaek, and Mt. Juwang following various latitudes and topographies which were in middle temperate zone in Korea. Obtained results are as follows : 1. As a result of the simple discriminant analysis, soil texture Showed the highest high percent contribution of each environmental factor to the discriminant of Studred area. And Mt. Odae showed high content of sand while Mt. Juwang Showed silt. 2. Mean stem density showed highest value in Mt. Juwang and mean D. B. H. was Mt. Odae, and on phisiographic locations showd high values of stem density and mean D. B. H in slow slope area, nothern aspect area, and high elevation area, in order. 3. Species that showed the highest importance value in each canopy-subtree-shrub layer in study area were Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Lindera obtusiloba were in Mt. Odae, Betula platyphylla var. japonica-Styrax obassia-Deutzia parviflora were in Mt. Sobaek, and Pinus densiflora-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Lindera obrusiloba were in Mt. Juwang. 4. Species that showed the highest importance value in each canopy-subtree-shrub layer on the physiographic location were Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Lindera obtusiloba in high elevation and southern aspect, Carpinus laxiflora-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Lindera obtusiloba in high elevation and southern aspect, Carpinus laxiflora-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Lindera obtusiloba in nothern slope, Carpinus laxiflora-Styrax obassia-Lindera obtusiloba in low elevation, and Betula platyphylla var. japonica-Styrax obassia-Deutzia parviflora in high elevation. 5. According to decrease of latitudes with going down from Mt. Odae to Mt. Juwang, the more Number of species and individuals were increased, and the deversity index was the highest value in Mt. Sobaek, the evenness was in southern aspect, and the dominance was in high elevation. 6. As a result of Cluster analysis, the study area were divided into 4 groups, Carpinus laxiflora community, Styurax obassia community, Deutzia parviflora community, and Quercus mongolica community. 7. As a result of COA analysis, communities of the study area were divided into Betula platyphylla var. japonica community, Deutzia parviflora community, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, and species were divided into 4 groups as the major, the disturbed, the waterside, and the fertile. 8. As results of the simple discriminant analysis and the linear regression, sand and silt content, slope aspect, total nitrogen content, and elevation among environmental factors had high percent contribution to classification and ordination of vegetation communities of the study area. 9. Major tree species had the unstable layer structure due to lower importance values of canopies and subtrees than those of shrubs, and Pinus laxiflora and Betula platyphylla var. japonica were on the decline phase due to very low dominance and absence of next generation. while, Styrax obassia and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum were sustanable layer structure as being distributed on all the crown layer.

드레인 전류 잡음원만을 고려한 스케일링이 가능한 바이어스 의존 P-HEMT 잡음모델

윤경식,이창석,맹성재,이진희,박철순 대전산업대학교 반도체기술연구소 1999 半導體技術硏究所報 Vol.1 No.-

게이트 길이가 0.2㎛인 P-HEMT에 대하여 드레인 바이어스 전류의 변화 및 게이트 폭에 대해 스케일링이 가능한 잡음모델을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 S-파라미터를 정확히 예측하기 위하여 x를 제외한 intrinsic 파라미터는 offset를 도입하여 정규화 한 후 스케일링을 하였다. 드레인 포화전류에 대한 드레인 전류의 비율과 게이트 폭을 변수로 하는 소신호 모델 파라미터의 맞춤함수를 구하였다. 또한, 잡음 파라미터를 정확히 예측하기 위하여 진성저항 잡음 온도 T_g, 게이트 단 전류 잡음원 등가잡음 컨덕턴스 G_ni 드레인 단 전류 잡음원 등가잡음 컨덕턴스 G_no를 잡음 모델정수로 사용하여 그 값을 추출하여 스케일링 하였다. 잡음 온도 T_g는 드레인 전류와 게이트 폭에 거의 추출되었다. 그러므로, G_no만을 잡음 모델정수로 하는 잡음모델과 T_g, G_ni, G_no를 잡음 모델정수로 하는 잡음모델을 측정값과 비교하여 본 결과 G_no만을 갖는 잡음모델도 측정된 잡음 파라미터와 잘 일치하였다. 따라서, 모델 정수 추출이 간단한 G_no 만을 갖는 잡음모델은 게이트 폭과 바이어스 전류에 대해 스케일링이 가능한 실용적인 잡음모델임을 확인하였다. Bias-dependent noise models of 0.2㎛ gate length P-HEMT's which are scalable with gate width are proposed. To predict S-parameters of the P-HEMT's the intrinsic parameters except for x subtracted the offsets introduced in this paper are normalized to the gate width and then scaled. The small-signal model parameters are expressed as fitting functions of the drain current to I_dss ratio and gate width. In addition, to estimate accurately noise parameters the noise temperature T_g of the intrinsic resistance, the equivalent noise conductance G_ni of the gate current noise source, and the equivalent noise conductance G_no of the drain current noise source are adopted as the noise model parameters. The extracted values of T_g are nearly independent of drain current and gate width and their average is arou

건선 병변부 및 병변주위부 피부의 Cytokines 유전자 발현

윤기성,김도원,정상립,김문규,김정철 경북대학교 병원 1997 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.1 No.1

It has been proposed that cytokines may be involved in mediating the characteristic pathological changes in psoriasis, including epidermal hyperplasia, compromised keratinocyte differentiation, and dermal and epidermal infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. The purpose of this study os to assess the pattern of cytokine gene expression in psoriatic skin lesion. To investigate the cytokine expression pattern, we examined the transcripts of cytokine genes using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method with 13 cytokine-specific primers. The Results were as follow; 1. Only the TGF-β gene was expressed in the normal skin. 2. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, and TGF-β were detected in both lesional and perilesional psoriatic skin. The lesions showed more prominent expression. 3. IL-10 and GM-CSF were weakly detectable in three lesional psoriatic skin respectively, and IL-2R in two lesional psoriatic skin. 4. IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6 TNF-α, IFN-γ were not detectable on both lesional and perilesional psoriatic skin. Therefore, distinct differences in the cytokines gene expression were noted between normal and psoriatic skin. The patterns of cytokines gene expression in perilesional skin were similiar to those of lesional psoriatic skin.

수산화세륨(Ⅲ)으로부터 질산암모늄세륨(Ⅳ)의 제조

윤호성,김철주,이진영,김성돈,김준수,유승준 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.3

본 연구에서는 수산화세륨으로부터 질산세륨 용액 제조 후 질산암모늄 첨가에 의한 질산암모늄세륨 제조시, 출발용액의 산도와 농도 그리고 질산암모늄 첨가량, 반응온도 및 반응시간이 질산암모늄세륨 합성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였으며, XRD, SEM 그리고 TGA 분석을 통하여 결정의 형태 및 구조에 대한 고찰을 수행하였다. 4가의 수산화세륨을 질산에 용해한 질산세륨(Ⅳ)수용액으로부터 질산암모늄 첨가에 의한 질산암모늄세륨 제조시 회수율을 고려한 최적 합성조건은 출발물질의 세륨 농도 70-100g/l, 출발용액의 산도 7 mol/l, 질산암모늄 첨가량 2.5당량, 감압·가열온도 65℃ 및 반응시간 15-30min.이었으며, 제조된 질산암모늄세륨의 결정 화학식은 (NH_4)_2[Ce(NO_3)_6) · ×H_2O(x=6-8)인 것을 알 수 있었다. Synthetic process of ammonium cerium nitrate from cerium hydroxide was presented and influences of concentration and acidity of starting solution, addition quantity of ammonium nitrate, reaction temperature, reaction time on the yield of ammonium cerium nitrate are discussed. The shape and composition of crystal were determined by SEM, thermogravimetry differential thermal, x-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The optimum synthesizing conditions of ammonium cerium nitrate were discribed as follows; rare earth concentration of starting solution 70-100 g/l. acidity of starting solution 7 mol/l, addition quantity of ammonium nitrate 2-3 equivalent, the condition of rotary evaporation 65℃ and reaction time 15-30 min. It was also known that the chemical formulae of ammonium cerium nitrate was (NH_4)_2[Ce(NO_3)_6] ·×H_2O(x=6-8) from TGA.

집단정신치료의 내용과 과정

윤성철,이후경 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.2

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate important therapeutic factors in encounter group and compare these therapeutic factors with those in long-term outpatient group psychotherapy, to understand the content and process in real cases for facilitation of interpersonal learning which is important for long-term outpatient group psychotherapy, and to acquire basic data of long-term outpatient group psychotherapy on the basis of this understanding. Methods : The subject was 7 encounter groups, composed of 41 persons. We used short from of Yalom's Q-sort to find important therapeutic factors in encounter group. We selected 2 cases for analying the process and content in these cases. Results : Three of the most important therpeutic factors were existential factors', 'self understanding', and 'interpersonal learning(input)'. Conclusion : We suggest that interpersonal learning is the most important therapeutic factor in encounter group.

열대 지역에서 통일형 초다수성 벼 품종의 생육 및 수량성 비교

이지윤,준현,성환,손영보,송유천,한상익,박동수,권영업,이철원,이종희 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2015 農業科學硏究 Vol.31 No.2

인터넷 통신에서 자바 바이트코드를 이용한 애플릿 보안

윤찬호,석경휴,나기창,배철수,나상동 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2002 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.5 No.1

Java applets are downloaded from web server through internet and executed in Java Virtual Machine of clients' browser. Before execution of java applets, JVM checks bytecode program with bytecode verifier and performs runtime tests with interpreter. However, these tests will not protect against undesirable runtime behavior of java applets, such as denial of service attack, email forging attack, URL spoofing attack, or annoying sound attack. In order to protect malicious applets, a technique used in this paper is java bytecode modification. This technique is used to restrict applet behavior or insert code appropriate to profiling or other monitoring efforts. Java byte modification is divided into two general forms, class-level modification involving subclassing non-final classes and method-level modification used when control over objects from final classes or interface. This paper showed that malicious applets are controlled by java bytecode modification using proxy server. This implementation does not require any changes in the web sever, JVM or web browser.

개에서 이중 결찰법을 통한 동맥관 개존증의 완치 예

윤헌영,정순욱,박희명,박철,정만복,김준영,한현정,황민,노병국,박상혁,장하영,박정윤 한국임상수의학회 2004 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

A ten months old, female Yorkshire terrier weighing 2.88 kg referred to veterinary teaching hospital of college of veterinary medicine, Konkuk University because of syncope, cough and dyspnea. First hematological and serum chemical test revealed thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and increase of concentration of ALP (195 U/L). On 57 days later, second hematological and serum chemical test revealed polycythemia, increase of concentration of ALP (211 U/L), and Tchol (387 mg/dl). Right atrium enlargement, main pulmonary artery bulge and cardiomegaly (VHS = 11.5) were observed in radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic images showed both right and left ventricular dilation and turbulent flow between the descending aorta and the main pulmonary artery in color Doppler imaging. ECG showed left ventricular enlargement, SA block, and electrical alternant. Thoracotomy was performed through left fourth intercostal incision under isoflurane anesthesia. Patent ductus arteriosus was double ligated with 1-0 silk. Cough and dyspnea disappeared on 5 days after operation. Turbulent flow was not found in color doppler imaging of ultrasonography on 10 days after operation. Ten months later after the operation, syncope could not exist any more.