Selection of factors influencing calving ease in Korean Holstein cattle

Mahboob Alam,Jae-Gu Lee,Chang Gwon Dang,Seung Soo Lee,Mi Na Park,Sang Min Lee 한국동물유전육종학회 2022 한국동물유전육종학회지 Vol.6 No.4

Calving ease is an important reproductive trait in dairy production. We investigated the first five parities calving ease (CE) scores and various factors to identify their relationships with CE in Korean Holstein cows. We analyzed the 83,943, 69,120, 31,500, 29,003, and 9,361 records from parity 1 through 5 provided by Dairy Cattle Improvement Center (DCIC), Korea. The categorical CE scores (1 to 5) were also linearly transformed via the snell procedure and analyzed alongside actual scores. A generalized linear model or GLM analysis was performed in the R software package to estimate the significance of predictor variables. The complete models included the fixed effects of calf sex (SEX), calf size (SIZE), gestation length group (GLEN), dam calving age (DAGE), calving year (YR), calving season (SEA), and calving herd (HERD). Both actual and linear-transformed phenotypes were fitted separately for individual parity datasets. CE rates differed across parity. Male calves tend to have larger body sizes and longer gestation periods. As a result, males were also more inclined to extreme CE. However, longer gestation lengths, irrespective of sex, were also associated with greater CE. The GLM analysis showed that the effect of HERD, SIZE and YR are significant across parities (P<0.05). However, the SEX effect was only non-significant at parity 3, whereas GLEN was significant only up to parity 3. The season effect was mostly non-significant at P<0.05. The DAGE effect was removed by stepwise regression for all datasets. The stepwise regression also retained similar factors for the best-fit models. However, despite some minor variations in model parameter estimates, the identified predictor variables were identical across actual and modified scores. It also indicates the possible use of similar independent variables for any genetic evaluation, regardless of CE datatype. This is the first in depth study on factors of CE in Korean Holstein. We, therefore, believe these findings on significant predictors could greatly assist in designing future genetic evaluations for calving difficulty.

Genetic parameters of calving ease using sire-maternal grandsire model in Korean Holsteins

Alam, Mahboob,Dang, Chang Gwon,Choi, Tae Jeong,Choy, Yun Ho,Lee, Jae Gu,Cho, Kwang Hyeon Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.9

Objective: Calving ease (CE) is a complex reproductive trait of economic importance in dairy cattle. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic merits of CE for Holsteins in Korea. Methods: A total of 297,614 field records of CE, from 2000 to 2015, from first parity Holstein heifers were recorded initially. After necessary data pruning such as age at first calving (18 to 42 mo), gestation length, and presence of sire information, final datasets for CE consisted of 147,526 and 132,080 records for service sire calving ease (SCE) and daughter calving ease (DCE) evaluations, respectively. The CE categories were ordered and scores ranged from CE1 to CE5 (CE1, easy; CE2, slight assistance; CE3, moderate assistance; CE4, difficult calving; CE5, extreme difficulty calving). A linear transformation of CE score was obtained on each category using Snell procedure, and a scaling factor was applied to attain the spread between 0 (CE5) and 100% (CE1). A sire-maternal grandsire model analysis was performed using ASREML 3.0 software package. Results: The estimated direct heritability ($h^2$) from SCE and DCE evaluations were $0.11{\pm}0.01$ and $0.08{\pm}0.01$, respectively. Maternal $h^2$ estimates were $0.05{\pm}0.02$ and $0.04{\pm}0.01$ from SCE and DCE approaches, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic components were $-0.68{\pm}0.09$ (SCE) and $-0.71{\pm}0.09$ (DCE). The average direct genetic effect increased over time, whereas average maternal effect was low and consistent. The estimated direct predicted transmitting ability (PTA) was desirable and increasing over time, but the maternal PTA was undesirable and decreasing. Conclusion: The evidence on sufficient genetic variances in this study could reflect a possible selection improvement over time regarding ease of calving. It is expected that the estimated genetic parameters could be a valuable resource to formulate sire selection and breeding plans which would be directed towards the reduction of calving difficulty in Korean Holsteins.

홀스타인 선형심사형질에 대한 유전모수 추정

조충일,Mahboob Alam,조광현,노재광,고대영,박경도,이준호,박수봉,최태정 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소(구 강원대학교 동물자원공동연구소) 2014 동물자원연구 Vol.25 No.2

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for 18 linear conformation traits and overall conformation score in Holstein cattle. A total of 376,606 records for type traits were collected from 2001 to 2011 from Korea Animal Improvement Association. The model of estimation of variance components and correlations among lactations using VCE included both fixed effects (herd-year-season and stage of lactation parity-wise) and random effect (animal additive genetic). The estimated heritabilities (h2) for capacity class, such as stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, and body condition score were 0.32, 0.16, 0.27, 0.12, and 0.19, respectively. Rump angle and width from rump class also showed h2 of 0.31 and 0.17, respectively. The heritabilities in udder class were mostly low to medium; in which traits were fore udder attachment (0.13), rear udder height (0.17), udder support (0.11), udder depth (0.33), front teat placement (0.17), front teat length (0.21), and rear teat placement (0.21). For feet and legs composite class, the estimated heritabilities for rear leg set, foot angle, rear leg rear view, and locomotion were 0.12, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.03, respectively. The h2 estimated for overall conformation score was 0.16 in the study. The genetic and environmental variance components estimated from this study would be helpful to change from single lactation animal models to multiple lactation animal models in the national genetic evaluation system for the improvement of linear type traits. Moreover, The breeding values obtained using these variance components would be able to be used in the calculation of Korean type production index (KTPI), udder composite (UDC) and, feet and legs composite (FLC).

한우 암소 개량집단의 혈통완성도지수, 근교계수 및 유효집단크기 추정

구양모,Mahboob Alam,박미나,이수현,이도현,당창권,노승희,손지현,이기환,최태정 한국동물유전육종학회 2021 한국동물유전육종학회지 Vol.5 No.3

This study was conducted to use the pedigree information of Hanwoo cows participating in the Hanwoo cow test project to examine changes in pedigree completion, inbreeding coefficient, and effective group size. As of 2020, 273,381 cows participating in the Hanwoo cow test project were used, and the final 581,816 data were used for analysis by inquiring up to 13 generations of pedigree records. The pedigree completeness index(PCI) analysis used only individuals who knew both parents and whose parents knew at least one parent. According to the analysis, pedigree completeness and average coefficients are increasing gradually with the year of birth, with the mean coefficient of the lastest animals with accumulated pedigree records relatively low. The results of estimating the effective group size were estimated in the range from 215 animals(1999-2019) to 51 animals(2018-2019), indicating a trend in which the effective group of groups containing animals born in the past rapidly decreases over time. Through the Hanwoo cow test project, Hanwoo farmers should make continuous efforts to prevent inbreeding coefficient damage by customized breeding considering individual pedigree information and genetic ability, and to minimize the loss of genetic diversity by mitigating the concentration of bulls. However, as many studies have shown, the effective group size is decreasing, and in order to maintain genetic diversity in Hanwoo groups, additional studies such as cow genomic selection, which can increase effective group size due to the variety of selection and breeding methods.

Management Accounting in the Era of Digitalization

Saiful ALAM,Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.12 No.11

Purpose: For the last few decades, human civilization has observed an enormous change due to digitalization. However, question remains whether and how management accounting has been transformed to meet the demand of the digitalization. This paper provides a literary illustration of such transformation in the context of a digitalized world. Research design, data and methodology: This is a conceptual study based on extant literature. Therefore, the secondary sources of materials were used. Materials include literatures published in this domain, archival documents, and other publicly available data. Results: Drawing from literary evidence, the paper first highlights the evolving character of management accounting. Then it illustrates the changing landscape in the milieu of global and institutional settings with a focus in accounting profession. It further demonstrates the digitalization impact in management accounting. Here it also identifies the changing role of management accountants. Conclusions: The paper is critical for the management accounting professionals in identifying the attributes and nature of management accounting in the contemporary world. It also provides a sketch of the potential skillset that management accounting professionals should embrace to tackle the challenges of the new environment.

한우 암소집단의 혈통구조 및 근교계수 분석

조충일,최태정,Mahboob Alam,이재구,조광현,박병호,이승수,최연호,노승희,박수봉,최재관 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2014 농업생명과학연구 Vol.48 No.4

The study was aimed to perform the analysis of pedigree structure and inbreeding coefficientin Hanwoo cows. Animal identification data and their pedigree information (440,429 heads) of228,177 Hanwoo cows that were born from 2000 till 2010 and that were raised inperformance testing farm groups of 9 provinces in Korea were collected by the Korean AnimalImprovement Association. The average inbreeding coefficients in our cow test populations inGangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do,Chungcheongnam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeju-do provinces were 0.63%, 0.46%, 0.49%,0.48%, 0.71%, 0.51%, 0.40%, 0.61% and 0.55%, respectively. And their percentages of cowswith fully identified ancestors when their pedigree structures were traced back up to 3generations were 80.0%, 79.3%, 75.5%, 76.8%, 77.3%, 71.6%, 75.4%, 79.3% and 73.3% inrespective provincial test populations. The average generation interval of sire-daughter geneticpath was 7.63 years and that of dam-daughter genetic path was 4.11 years. The estimatedeffective population sizes (Ne) were 215 in the cow groups born from 2000 to 2005, 140 in the cow groups born from 2006 to 2010 and 77 in the cow groups born from 2011 to 2012. Theseresults indicated that an increased rate of inbreeding led to a reduction in Ne and loss ofgenetic diversity over time. Therefore, optimizing the mating schemes and advised monitoringthe rate of inbreeding are required to control the effective population size and to maintaingenetic diversity enough to make Hanwoo cattle population capable of faster genetic progress. 본 연구는 한우암소검정사업을 통하여 수집된 자료를 이용하여 한우 집단의 근교계수 및 혈통구조를분석함으로써 한우 집단의 유전적 다양성 정도를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 한우 암소 데이터는 9개 도에서 2000년부터 2012년에 출생한 228,177두에 대한 정보 및 이들과 혈연관계가 있는 440,429두에 대한혈통정보를 이용하여 분석하였다. 각 지역별 평균 근교계수는 강원도 0.63%, 경기도 0.46%, 경상남도0.49%, 경상북도 0.48%, 전라남도 0.71%, 전라북도 0.51%, 충청남도 0.40%, 충청북도 0.61%, 제주도0.55%로 나타났으며, 선조 3세대까지의 조상을 알고 있는 개체의 비율은 동일한 지역에서 각각 80.0%,79.3%, 75.5%, 76.8%, 77.3%, 71.6%, 75.4%, 79.3% 및 73.3%였다. 또한 아비에서 딸소까지 평균 세대간격은 7.63년으로 나타났으며, 어미에서 딸소까지 평균세대간격은 4.11년으로 나타났다. 근교계수 및세대간격의 정보를 이용하여 유효집단의 크기를 추정한 결과 2000년생부터 2005년생까지가 215두,2006년생부터 2010년생까지가 140두, 2011년생부터 2012년생까지가 77두로 추정되어 시간이 지남에 따라 유효집단의 크기가 감소는 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 한우 집단의 근교율을 감소시키면서 유전적 개량량을 극대화 할 수 있는 한우 암소 맞춤형 교배 전략 및 모니터링 시스템이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Genetic correlation between live body measurements and beef cutability traits in Hanwoo steers

주윤호,이재구,Alam Mahboob,최태정,노승희 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.8

Objective: The growth, carcass and retail cut yield records on 1,428 Hanwoo steers obtained through progeny testing were analyzed in this study, and their heritability and genetic relationships among the traits were estimated using animal models. Methods: Two different models were compared in this study. Each model was fitted for different fixed class effects, date of slaughter for carcass traits and batch of progeny test live measurement traits, and a choice of covariates (carcass weight in Model 1 or backfat thickness in Model 2) for carcass traits. Results: The differences in body composition among individuals were deemed being unaffected by their age at slaughter, except for carcass weight and backfat thickness. Heritability estimates of body size measurements were 0.21 to 0.36. Heritability estimates of retail cut percentage were high (0.56 from Model 1 and 0.47 from Model 2). And the heritability estimates for loin muscle percentage were 0.36 from Model 1 and 0.42 from Model 2, which were high enough to consider direct selection on carcass cutability traits as effective. The genetic correlations between body size measurements and retail cut ratio (RCR) were close to zero. But, some negative genetic correlations were found with chest girths measured at yearling (Model 1) or at 24 months of age or with chest widths. Loin muscle ratio (LMR) was genetically negatively correlated with body weights or body size measurements, in general in Model 1. These relationships were low close to zero but positive in Model 2. Phenotypic correlation between cutability traits (RCR, LMR) and live body size measurements were moderate and negative in Model 1 while those in Model 2 were all close to zero. Conclusion: Therefore, the body weights or linear body measurements at an earlier age may not be the most desirable selection traits for exploitation of correlated responses to improve loin muscle or lean meat yield.

A bench-top catalyst: BF3SiO2-assisted synthesis, biological assay, and computational simulations of azacholestanes

Azhar U. Khan,Mahboob Alam,이동웅 한국응용생명화학회 2016 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.59 No.1

A series of steroidal N-20-hydroxy ethenyl-7aaza- B-homo-5a-cholestane-7-one and its analogs were prepared by the reaction of steroidal a,b-unsaturated ketone with 2-azidoethanol in the presence of BF3 . SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst in good yields. The structure of the compounds have been established by elemental and spectral data analyses. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was reported. The activity of compound 6 was further evaluated based on structural and molecular modeling and docking studies. Moreover, the structure–biological activity relationship was investigated using physicochemical and molecular descriptors with the WebMO job manager employing semi-empirical PM3, basic level method, and molinspiration tools, respectively.

Genomic selection through single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction improves the accuracy of evaluation in Hanwoo cattle

Park Mi Na,Alam Mahboob,김시동,Park Byoungho,이승환,이성수 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.10

Objective: Genomic selection (GS) is becoming popular in animals’ genetic development. We, therefore, investigated the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) as tool for GS, and compared its efficacy with the traditional pedigree BLUP (pedBLUP) method. Methods: A total of 9,952 males born between 1997 and 2018 under Hanwoo proven-bull selection program was studied. We analyzed body weight at 12 months and carcass weight (kg), backfat thickness, eye muscle area, and marbling score traits. About 7,387 bulls were genotyped using Illumina 50K BeadChip Arrays. Multiple-trait animal model analyses were performed using BLUPF90 software programs. Breeding value accuracy was calculated using two methods: i) Pearson’s correlation of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) with EBV of all animals (rM1) and ii) correlation using inverse of coefficient matrix from the mixed-model equations (rM2). Then, we compared these accuracies by overall population, info-type (PHEN, phenotyped-only; GEN, genotyped-only; and PH+GEN, phenotyped and genotyped), and bull-types (YBULL, young male calves; CBULL, young candidate bulls; and PBULL, proven bulls). Results: The rM1 estimates in the study were between 0.90 and 0.96 among five traits. The rM1 estimates varied slightly by population and info-type, but noticeably by bull-type for traits. Generally average rM2 estimates were much smaller than rM1 (pedBLUP, 0.40 to0.44; ssGBLUP, 0.41 to 0.45) at population level. However, rM2 from both BLUP models varied noticeably across info-types and bull-types. The ssGBLUP estimates of rM2 in PHEN, GEN, and PH+ GEN ranged between 0.51 and 0.63, 0.66 and 0.70, and 0.68 and 0.73, respectively. In YBULL, CBULL, and PBULL, the rM2 estimates ranged between 0.54 and 0.57, 0.55 and 0.62, and 0.70 and 0.74, respectively. The pedBLUP based rM2 estimates were also relatively lower than ssGBLUP estimates. At the population level, we found an increase in accuracy by 2.0% to 4.5% among traits. Traits in PHEN were least influenced by ssGBLUP (0% to 2.0%), whereas the highest positive changes were in GEN (8.1% to 10.7%). PH+GEN also showed 6.5% to 8.5% increase in accuracy by ssGBLUP. However, the highest improvements were found in bull-types (YBULL, 21% to 35.7%; CBULL, 3.3% to 9.3%; PBULL, 2.8% to 6.1%). Conclusion: A noticeable improvement by ssGBLUP was observed in this study. Findings of differential responses to ssGBLUP by various bulls could assist in better selection decision making as well. We, therefore, suggest that ssGBLUP could be used for GS in Hanwoo proven-bull evaluation program.

국내 Holstein종에서 milk β-hydroxybutyrate acid, milk acetone, 에너지 보정유량 및 산유량의 유전모수 추정

이석현,최성운,당창권,Alam Mahboob,도창희 한국데이터정보과학회 2017 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.28 No.6

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters for common ketosis indicators (β-hydroxybutyrate acid, BHBA; milk acetone), feed intake efficiency indicator (energy-corrected milk, ECM), and milk yield (MY) in Korean Holstein. A total of 75,072 monthly test-day records from 14,397 first parity cows were collected, between 2012 and 2016, from Korea animal improvement association enrolled farms. Variance components were estimated using a multiple trait random regression model. The heritability of BHBA and acetone levels ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 at different DIMs. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between BHBA and acetone were between 0.73 and 0.90, and between 0.93 and 0.98, respectively. The phenotypic correlation between BHBA and MY, between acetone and MY, between BHBA and ECM, and between acetone and ECM ranged from -0.18 to -0.05, -0.23 to -0.05, 0 to 0.10, and -0.09 to 0.01, respectively. Genetic correlation estimates between BHBA and MY, between acetone and MY, between BHBA and ECM, and between acetone and ECM also ranged from -0.55 to 0.05, -0.62 to -0.04, -0.10 to 0.11, and -0.20 to 0.00, respectively. We hope that these results would greatly assist in the improvement of ketosis disease in the local Holsteins. 케토시스 질병의 지표 형질인 milk β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA), milk acetone, 그리고 사 료효율의 지표형질 에너지보정유량 및 젖소의 주요 경제 형질인 산유량에 대한 유전력과 이들 간의 유전적 관계를 통하여 젖소의 케토시스 저항성 증진 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 국내 젖소 14,397두에서 수집된 산유능력 검정자료 75,072건의 기록과 혈통기록 44,954두의 기록을 다형질 임의회귀 검정일 선형 모형을 이동하여 분석하였다. 케토시스 지표형질들의 유전력은 범위 0.06 - 0.15, 평균 0.08 (± 0.03)로 추정되었으며, 케토시스 지표형질들 간에 표현형 상관은 범위 0.73 - 0.90, 평균 0.78 (±0.04), 유전 상관은 0.93 - 0.98 평균은 0.97 (±0.01), milk BHBA, milk acetone과 산유량의 표현형 상관은 범위 -0.18 - -0.05 평균 -0.08 (±0.027), 범위 -0.05 - -0.23, 평 균 -0.1 (±0.041), 유전상관은 -0.55 - 0.05, 평균 -0.16 (±0.18), -0.62 - -0.04, 평균 -0.24 (±0.17)로 각각 주정이 되었다. milk BHBA, milk acetone과 ECM의 표현형 상관관계는 0.056 (±0.023), -0.04 (±0.029), 유전적 관계는 평균 0.023 (±0.08), 0.09 (±0.067)로 각각 추정되었다. 따라서 산유 능력 검정자료 수집 시 부가적으로 수집되는 케톤체를 이용하면 케토시스 저항성 증진을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.