공단지역 및 청정지역 식물 잎권의 잎표면세균 및 내산성세균의 분포

안종훈,방숙진,한남정,송왕영,황소영,이인수,박성주 대전대학교 이과대학 기초과학연구소 1997 自然科學 Vol.- No.-

산성강하물의 영향을 받는 대천공단지역과 영향을 받지 않는 청정지역인 대전 계족산 자연휴양림에서 자라는 밤나무(Castanea crenat)의 잎표면에서 서식하는 총세균수, 생존세균수, 종속영양세균수, 내산성세균수를 1996년 8월부터 1997년 8월까지 5회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 공단지역 잎표면 평균 총세균수, 생존세균수 및 종속영양세균수는 각각 9.9×10^(5) cell/㎠, 1.6×10⁴cell/㎠, 7.1×10³cell/㎠,로서 청정지역에 비하여 각각 1.5배, 2배, 2.6배 정도로 관찰되었다. MPN법으로 측정한 pH 5.6애서의 잎표면 내산성세를수는 공단지역 3.3×10⁴, 청정지역 3.4×10⁴MON/㎠로 거의 같았고, pH 4.0에서의 내산성세균수는 공단지역애서 1.9×10^-(-1)MPN/㎠인 반면 청정지역에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. pH 3.0에서의 내산성 잎표면세균수는 공단지역과 청정지역의 잎권 어느 곳에서도 검출되지 않았다. 한편 계절별 잎표면세균수의 분포는 대체로 잎이 나기 시작하여 크기가 가장 작은 5월에 최대를, 그리고 낙엽이 지는 11월에 최소를 나타내었다. 이런 결과는 공단지역의 대기오염물질의 침적이 주변의 식물 잎표면 세균수를 감소시키지는 않으며, 특히 산성강하물의 영향으로 내산성세균수가 증가함을 보여주고 있다. Total, direct viable count, and acid-tolerant epiphytic bacterial population sizes were quantified on leaves of chestnut tree (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) near Taejon Industrial Estate affected by acid precipitation and deposition as well as in the clean natural forest area, Mt. Kyejok, in Taejon city from August 1996 to August 1997. Geometric mean numbers of total, direct viable count, and acid-tolerant epiphytic bacteria were 9.9×10^(5) cell/㎠, 1.6×10^(6)cell/㎠, and 7.1×10³cfu/㎠ respecfvely, being 1.5, 2, and 2.6 times those in the clean area. Acid-to-lerant epiphytic bfcterial numbers at pH 5.6 by MPN method were 3.3×10" in the industrial area, about the same as the number,3.4×104 MPNicni, of the clean area. Acid-tolerant bacterial number at pH 4.0 was 1.9×10^(-1)MPN/㎠ in the industrial area, whereas none was detected in the clean area. Acid-tolerant bacteria at pH 3.0 were not detected at all in the industrial area as well as in the clean area. Epiphytic bacterial population sizes were generally the greatest in May when leaves are emerged and grew but the lowest in November when defoliation occurs. These results showed that air pollutant deposition on leaves did not cause a deuease of epiphytic bacteria at least and acid deposition on leaves did cause an increase of acid-tolerant bacteria.

우리나라 農村地域에서의 效率的인 母子保健事業에 관한 硏究 : 保健支所內에 助産員 投入後 母子保健事業의 效果를 中心으로

李仁淑,韓聖鉉,方淑 순천향대학교 1985 논문집 Vol.8 No.2

This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survey in 1981, trained nurse/midwives were introduced into two health subcenters in a rural setting(Seosan country) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwife’s role as the link between health workers(nurse aids) and village health workers, and referal of risk patients to the private physician(OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Some results obtained from this evaluation are as follows; During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance rates increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign drive by the government for the same study period. Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 78% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the increased from 41%(1981) to 65%(1984). It was found that the shorter birth interval and previous death were significant risk factors in predicting the perinatal & infant mortality. The study indicated that there is a need of an adequate manpower development in MCH to equip with a qualified or trained health personnel who are able to provide an integrated FP/MCH services at primary health care level as the couple increasingly demand for MCH care in order to maintain their smaller family norm even in rural Korea.

복강경 시술전 투여한 Metoclopramide와 Ondansetron 이 Propofol 을 마취유도제로 사용하는 전신마취시 술후 오심 및 구토에 미치는 영향

이현숙,김수연,김명희,조경숙,방은치,강용인 대한마취과학회 1998 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.35 No.1

Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common problems in patients undergoing outpatient laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Associated complications range in severity from mild discomfort to hospital admission for dehydration or pulmonary aspiration. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of 2 antiemetics (metoclopramide and ondansetron) with propofol as the induction agent for prophylaxis of postoperative emesis in women undergoing general anesthesia for gynecologic endoscopic surgery. Methods : One hundred and twenty six healthy women undergoing laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery with general anesthesia were randomized to receive intravenous bolus of saline 2 ml, metoclopramide 10 mg, ondansetron 4 mg prior to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2∼2.5 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg and maintained with O2, N2O, enflurane, fentanyl 1∼2 ㎍/kg. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was assessed at recovery room and all patients were contacted 24 hours after discge. Results : The incidence of PONV showed 11.9% in control group, 11.9% in metoclopramide group and 9.5% in ondansetron group in recovery room. The incidence of PONV showed 14.3% in control group, 14.3% in metoclopramide group and 7.1% in ondansetron group in 24 hours postoperatively. There were no significant differences among the groups. Conclusions : When propofol was administered by intravenous induction agent, no antiemetic in this study was more efficacious than propofol alone in reducing PONV for women undergoing outpatient laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 144∼150)

가족계획과 모자보건 통합을 위한 조산원의 투입효과 분석 -서산지역의 개입연구 평가보고-

방숙,한성현,이정자,안문영,이인숙,김은실,김종호,Bang, Sook,Han, Seung-Hyun,Lee, Chung-Ja,Ahn, Moon-Young,Lee, In-Sook,Kim, Eun-Shil,Kim, Chong-Ho 대한예방의학회 1987 예방의학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects o

農村婦人의 母子保健서비스 利用에 미치는 社會文化的 要因에 관한 硏究 : An Anthropological Analysis on Socio-Cultural Factors of Medical Pluralism 陰城地域의 母性保健 事例를 中心으로

方 琡,金鐘淏,李鍾仁 순천향대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.11 No.1

This study is to investigate the maternal health care seeking behavior in relation to the characteristics of the local health care systems in rural Korea. This study found that there was a medical pluralism in the maternal health care seeking behavior such as healer shopping. This is due to the existence of the structural complexity of the local health care system in rural Korea. We can categorize the local health care systems into four sectors: mordern-public (i.g. health sub-center, MCH center, community health practionner), modern-private(i.g. local clinics, hospitals ect.). traditional-formal (i.g. herb doctor) and traditional-informal (i.g. acupunctucture practionner, informal drug marchant and spiritual therapeutists such as shamans, diviners.) sectors, Because of this structural complexity of the local health care system, not all maternity women are soley depended on modern medical doctors and their professional referrals, but used one or two other sectors without professional referrals before and after reaching modern medical sectors. In 40 families we studied, there were no cases whose maternal health care (prenatal, delivery & postpatrum) were soley depended on one obstetrical care resources. This anthropological observations correspond to the survey data collected in July 1987. We can conclude that the medical pluralism in maternal health care seeking behavior is mainly due to the structural complexity of the local health care system in which four sectors, cited above, are not systematically linked each other in the health care deliverly system. This study also found that there were the socio-cultural factors which influence on the maternal health care seeking process as follows: a. The delivery cost at the MCH center is about ￦30,000 While the same service costs ￦180,000 at a community Hospital. Thus. 44% of the pregnant women were delivered at the county MCH center while 15% used a Community Hospital, according to the survey in July 1987. b. The utilization of the MCH center was influenced by the family type (nuclear and extended). Though the stay period in the MCH center after delivery is 3 days, a higher percentage of women from extended families with mother-in law stayed for only 24 hours, in comparison with women from nuclear families. c. For postnatal care, rural women tend to depend on traditional medicine especially for back pain after delivery. For delivery care, however, most rural women depend on western medicine facilities. d. In terms of doctor patient relationship, a close relationship is a key factor in selecting a physician. Patients tend to go back to the same doctor again and again. This partnership is most evident in prenatal care. e. The patients prefer the individual private practioner over the hospital. Rural women have more confidence on older private doctors than in younger hospital doctors. A factor related to this is that older doctors tend to take more time to listen to the patient. Younger doctors at hospital offer more laboratory tests, but do not take the time to listen to the patient or provide an adequate explanation regarding the patient's problems. Therefore, there is a need to take into account socio-cultural aspects of maternal health seeking behavior in planning and implementing a maternity care programme in rural Korea.

신이식후 적혈구과다증 25 예의 임상적 고찰

김인식,김영우,정인숙,윤영석,손현식,이관우,김춘추,방병기 대한내과학회 1986 대한내과학회지 Vol.30 No.2

Erythrocytosis after renal transplantation had been noted as an uncommon complication, Twenty- five patients with erythrocytosis after renal transplantation, performed at St. Mary`s Hospital and Kang-Nam St. Mary`s Hospital, Catholic Medical College during 1969-1985 were studied. Their clinical features, laboratory findings, the differences between age and sex, and prognosis could be summalized as follows. 1) Among tota1155 patients of renal transplantation, erythrocytosis occurred in 25 patients (16.3%). 2) Age distribution was between 15 and 52 years old with median of 37 years old, and most frequently in the fifth decades. The number of the patients who had the erythrocytosis was 23 (19.1%) in the total 120 male patients and 2(6.0%) in the total 33 female patients. 3) The mean onset of erythrocytosis was 12.68±13. 77 months (range 3~61 months) after transplantation, and on the average persisted for 22 months (range 1~72 months) in 14 of 25 patients, but in the remaining 11 patients only the isolated erythocytosis occurred (single hematocrit value above 51%). 4) Average maximum hematocrit was 54.64±4.55% (range 51~70w). 5) Generally, the erythrocytosis patients had good renal function (mean serum Cr l.42±0.36mg/dl), and only two out of all had one episode of reversible acute allograft rejection. 6) The underlying causes of chronic renal failure in these patients were as follows; 14 of 25 were chronic glomerulonephritis, 2 were hypertension, and the remained 9 were not well-defined origin. 7) The sources of grafted kidney were all living-related donor but one living non-related donor. 8) As compared immunosuppresaive agents, no significant differences in incidence of erythrocytosis between Aza.+Pred. Group and Cs-A+Pred, group were found. 9) We performed bone marrow culture in 5 of 25 patients, the results were that the formation of clusters and colonies were significantly decreased in erythrocytosis patients group than in control group, (CFU/GM). 10) None of the erythrocytosis patients showed thromboembolic isodes.

부인과 수술에서 정맥내 Nalbuphine-Ketorolac을 이용한 선행진통 효과의 평가

이현숙,김명희,김수연,조경숙,방은치,강응인 대한통증학회 2000 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.13 No.1

Background: Preemptive analgesia may decrease postoperative pain by preventing nociceptive inputs generated during surgery. The preemptive effect of intravenous nalbuphine was examined in gynecological surgery. Methods: Forty female patients scheduled for gynecological surgery were randomly allocated into two groups. Each patient received 10 mg of intravenous nalbuphine as a bolus dose at the closure of peritoneum in group I (n=20) and before the skin incision in group II (n=20). After the bolus dose, the intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) which contained 50 mg of nalbuphine, 120 mg of ketorolac, 0.25 mg of droperidol and 90 ml of 5% dextrose water was given continuously at the rate of 2 ml/min. The postoperative visual analogue scale pain score (VAS), the total amount of the analgesics used, the degree of satisfaction of the patients and the developement of side effects were examined for 2 days. Results: VAS were significantly lower in group II than in group I after 9 and 12 hours. The cumulative consumption of analgesics in group II was significantly less than in group I. Most patients were satisfied with this regimen. There were no remarkable side effects. Conclusions: Preemptive analgesia with intravenous nalbuphine decreased postoperative pain and analgesic requirement. The analgesic effect of IV-PCA with nalbuphine-ketorolac was effective in control of postoperative pain in gynecologic surgery.

발아 생식을 이용한 비만개선 효과에 관한 연구

서정숙(Jeong Sook Suh),방병호(Byung Ho Bang),여인범(In Beop Yeo) 한국식품영양학회 2001 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.14 No.2

종합병원에 근무하는 여자직원들을 대상으로 건강 한 사람 11명과 체질량지수 25이상인 7명을 선정하여 4 주간의 발아생식을 섭취한 후 인체 계측과 혈당, 혈청 지방질 변화를 보기 위해 triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 4주간 발아생식을 섭취한 후 비비만군의 평균체중은 54.2kg에서 51.7kg으로 (p<0.001) 비만군은 평균체중 69.1kg에서 65.6kg으로 (p<0.001) 모두 유의적 감소율을 보였다 . 2. 피하지방 두께 변화는 삼두박근의 경우 비비만군 에서 21.6mm에서 19.95mm로, 비만군에서도 35.4 mm에서 32.1mm로 모두에서 유의적인 감소를 보였다. (P<0.0l, P<0.05) 또한 신체둘레에 있어서 는 허리둘레가 비비만군이 69.7cm에서 66.8 cm로 현저히 감소하였고 (p<0.0001) 비비만군도 84.2cm에서 80cm로 감소하여 유의성을 보여 (P< 0.017), 발아생식은 복부비만자에게 효과가 있다고 생각 된다. 3. 비만군, 비비만군 모두 혈당, triglycerides, total cholesterol의 감소를 가져왔고, HDL-cholesterol은 비비만군에서 3.3%, 비만군에서 5.8%의 상승을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 4 주간 발아생식을 섭취한 후에 체중과 피하지방 두께의 감소, 혈당 및 혈청지방질 성분 이 개선된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 발아생식 제품은 고른 영양소를 함유하여 일상생활에 무리를 주지 않는 범 위내에서 체중감량과 혈액 조성이 이상적으로 유도되어감을 보여주는 다이어트식이임을 알 수 있었다. 이 는 비만으로 동반될 수 있는 당뇨병이나 동맥경화, 심장병, 고혈압, 통풍 등 혈액질환이나 고지혈증과 같은 만성적인 부작용까지도 극복하고 개선될 수 있는 새로운 비만개선 식이로써 좀더 안전하고 효율적인 다이어트를 위한 식품의 개발에 활용될 것을 기대한다. 특히 발아생식을 실시했을 때 복부 비만자에게서 허리둘레, 엉덩이둘레가 현저히 감소되었다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of weight loss and the change of serum lipids composition for normal and obese women after sprout raw grains and vegetables diet intake. Diet were given to the subjects which were composed of 11 normal women and 7 obese women for 4 weeks. After diet intake, 4.6% in normal group and 3.5% in obese group were shown weight loss. And the both groups of normal and obese women showed a significant reduction in the thickness of subcutaneous fat and the body girth. Particularly, the waist measure was shown to be remarkably reduced in the normal group (p<0.0001) and to be reduced in the obese group (p<0.017) significantly. After diet intake, the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced in both groups significantly. And in the obese women, HDL-cholesterol level increased 5.7%. As those results, it could be seen that weight and the thickness of subcutaneous fat were reduced and the component of blood serum were improved after diet intake for 4 weeks. Specially, abdomen, waist measures and hip girth were reduced remarkably, so it is considered that the diet is more effective in the diet therapy of obese women with upper obese status.

산과 경막외마취가 분만에 미치는 영향

이현숙,김수연,김명희,김정환,방은치,강용인,조경숙,김수연 대한산부인과학회 2000 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.43 No.12

목적 : 무통분만을 위해 시행한 지속적 경막외제통이 분만에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 분만시 통증경감을 원하는 산모를 두군으로 나누어 자궁경부가 3-5cm 개대시 1군 산모 35명은 0.0625% bupivacaine과 0.2㎍/㎖ fentanyl을 혼합하여 지속적 경막외제통을 시행하였고, 2군 산모 43명은 nalbuphine 10mg을 근주하였다. 1군과 2군에서 분만 1기와 2기의 진행시 소요된 시간, 제왕절개술의 빈도, 신생아의 Apgar score 및 체중을 기록하였고 통증 정도는 0-100mm의 시각통증등급에따라 측정하였다. 통계는 모수검정에는 independent t-test, 비모수검정에는 chi-square test를 이용하여 p〈0.05인 경우 통계적 의의를 두었다. 결과 : 1. 1군에서 분만 1기와 2기가 연장되었지만 통계적 차이는 없었다. 2. 신생아의 체중 및 Apgar score는 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 3. 제왕절개술의 빈도는 1군이 16%(7/35), 2군이 14%(6/43)로 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 4. 통증정도는 1군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 결론 : 분만진통시 시행하는 경막외제통은 분만의 진행과정에 지장을 주지 않았고 제왕절개술의 빈도도 높이지 않았다. 경막외제통은 태아나 산모에게 안전하게 시행될 수 있으나 산모선택이나 마취방법, 산과적 수기에 세심한 주의가 필요하다고 사료된다. Background : The effect of epidural analgesia on the progress of labor is controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of analgesia on the outcome of labor, especially cesarean delivery rate in the epidural group and non-epidural group, prospectively. Methods : All the parturients were divided into two groups, group 1(epidural group, n=35) and group 2(non-epidural group, intramuscular nalbuphine, n=43) randomly. Epidural analgesia was maintained with a continuous epidural injection of 0.0625% bupivacaine with 0.2 ㎍/㎖ fentanyl in the group 1 and nalbuphine 10 ㎎ was intramuscular injected in the group 2 when the cervix was dilated to at least 3-5 ㎝. The duration of first and second stage of labor, cesarean delivery rate, Apgar score and body weight of baby were recorded and pain score of parturient was recorded by 0-100 ㎜ visual analog scale. Results : The duration of first and second stage labor were prolonged in the group 1. But there were no significant differences in the duration of first and second stage labor, Apgar score and body weight of baby between the two groups. Cesarean delivery rate was 16%(n= 7/35) in the group 1 and 14%(n= 6/43) in the group 2, so there was no significant difference between the two groups. Pain score was significantly lower in the group 1 than the group 2. Conclusion : Epidural analgesia was not associated with increased cesarean delivery rate and provided safe and effective intrapartum pain control. Maternal-fetal factors and obstetric management, not epidural analgesia, are the most important determinants of the cesarean delivery rate.

Gene expression profiling of kidneys from Sprague-Dawley rats following 12-week inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles

Dong, Mi Sook,Choi, Ji-Yoon,Sung, Jae Hyuck,Kim, Jin Sik,Song, Kyung Seuk,Ryu, Hyun Ryol,Lee, Ji Hyun,Bang, In Seok,An, Kangho,Park, Hyun Min,Song, Nam Woong,Yu, Il Je Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2013 Toxicology mechanisms and methods Vol.23 No.6

<P>The specific properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), such as antimicrobial activity and electrical conductivity, allow them to be used in many fields. However, their expanding application is also raising health, environmental and safety concerns. Previous <I>in vivo</I> AgNP toxicity studies have indicated a gender-different accumulation of silver in the kidneys, with 2-3 times more silver in female kidneys compared to male kidneys. However, no other studies have further addressed this gender difference. Accordingly, the current study investigated the gender-dependent effect of AgNPs on the kidney gene level based on toxicogenomic studies of kidneys obtained from rats exposed to AgNPs via inhalation for 12 weeks. When compared with the fresh air control, the silver nanoparticle-exposed kidneys included 104 genes with a more than 1.3-fold expression increase. For the male rat kidneys exposed to a low or high dose of silver nanoparticles, 96 genes exhibited expression changes, where six genes changed with both the low and high dose; four increased and two decreased. Meanwhile, for the female rat kidneys exposed to a low or high dose of silver nanoparticles, 66 genes exhibited expression changes, where 11 genes changed with both the low and high dose; nine increased and two decreased. Gender-dependent gene expression changes of more than 2-fold were linked to 163 genes, with 79 genes in the male kidneys and 84 genes in the female kidneys, plus gender-dependent gene expression changes of more than 5-fold were linked to 21 genes. However, no genes involved in apoptosis or the cell cycle were activated by the 12-week silver nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Overall, the male rat kidneys showed a higher expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, while the female rat kidneys showed a higher expression of genes involved in extracellular signaling.</P>