한국인에서 일광 노출의 유해성에 대한 인지도와 일광 차단제의 이용 행태에 대한 연구

김상태,김기호,오선진,이승철,강세훈,윤재일,김진준,박석범,김홍용 대한피부과학회 1999 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

Background: Although deleterious effects of sunlight have been increased recently, the surveillance of the attitudes toward sun-exposure and the behavioral aspect of using sunscreens in Koreans has hot been carried out. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the attitude toward the harmfulness of sun-exposure and behaviors of using sunscreens in Korea. Method: Five hundred and fifty-two subjects were surveyed to assess the attitude toward sun-exposure, as well as the subjects knowledge about, and the use of sunscreens. Underlying data including demographic data, skin colors, skin types, occupation, and sun-exposure, were obtained. Results: Fifty-four percent of subjects believed that sun-exposure is bad for their skins, but, on the contrary, 12.5% believed it to be beneficial. Fifty-two percent of subjects used sunscreens. Almost all subjects(93.8%) knew why to use sunscreens but 62.7% of subjects did not know the meaning of sun protective factors(SPF). Women, indoor workers, subjects less than 40 years old, with less sun-exposed, fair colored skin, or with skin type I, II, III tended to know the deleterious effects of sunlight and the meaning of SPF and used more sunscreen. Conclusion: High risk population-men, outdoor workers, subjects oider than 40 years old, with more sun-exposed, dark colored skin, or skin type VI, V could be targeted with campaigns that promote attitudinal and behavioral changes.

셀레나이트로 유도되는 백내장에서 선삼 성분에 따른 백내장 억제효과의 비교 분석

이상목,정문선,정진호,김미금,위원량,박정일,이진학,Sang Mok Lee,MD,Jung Moon Sun,MD,Jin Ho Jeong,MD,Mee Kum Kim,MD,Won Ryang Wee,MD,Jeong Hill Park,PhD,Jin Hak Lee,MD 대한안과학회 2010 대한안과학회지 Vol.51 No.5

Purpose: To compare the protective effects of saponin and non-saponin Sun-ginseng extract fractions in a selenite-induced rat cataract model. Methods: A total of 101 Sprague-Dawley rat pups were divided into four groups by treatment: Sun-ginseng, saponin fraction, non-saponin fraction, and control. For induction of cataracts, sodium selenite 15 nmol/g was injected subcutaneously in 13 day-old rat pups. Sun-ginseng extract 100 μg/g (Group I, Ginseng Science, Seoul, Korea), saponin fraction 100 μg/g (Group II), non-saponin fraction 100 μg/g (Group III), and phosphate buffered saline (Control group) were injected intraperitoneally every two days for a total of seven injections. The rats were sacrified and their lenses were dissected and photographed at day 7 and 14, and the cataracts were graded according to the ratio of the cataract area to the total lens area. The blind method was used for the evaluation of the cataract area. Results: At day 14, cataract formation rates (CFR) were 33.3% in group I, 76.4% in group II, 41.2% in group III, and 77.7% in the control group. The mean cataract area (MCA) was 13.4±20.8% in group I, 14.4±11.7% in group II, 5.7±7.7% in group III, and 15.8±12.1% in the control group. Group III showed statistically significant results compared with those of control group (CFR p=0.001, MCA p=0.001). We observed significantly lower incidence and smaller mean cataract area in Group I and Group III at day 7 compared with the control group (Group I, CFR p=0.018; Group III, CFR p=0.032, MCA p=0.005). Conclusions: The protective effects of Sun-ginseng extract are caused by the components in the non-saponin fraction, not by those in the saponin fraction, in a selenite-induced cataract rat model. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51(5):733-739

실용음악 전공 학생들의 발성치료 전후 성대 및 음성 특성 비교

황연신,심미란,김철준,최용석,김상연,최찬호,선동일,Hwang, Yeon Shin,Shim, Mi Ran,Kim, Chul Jun,Choi, Yong Suk,Kim, Sang Yeon,Choi, Chan Ho,Sun, Dong Il 대한후두음성언어의학회 2016 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.27 No.2

Background and Objectives : Many students major in applied music singing have various difficulties in phonation when they sing or perform. But the studies about this cause are lack. The purpose of this study is whether singing voice therapy based on vocal music is effective or not to applied music singing students that have difficulties in phonation. Materials and Methods : Singing voice therapy program had been done to 8 students major in applied music singing during 7 weeks. We did laryngeal stroboscope, perceptual, acoustic and aerodynamic examination before and after singing voice therapy to this students. And we studied post examination results have differences or improvements compared to pre examination results. Results : Four male students don't have effective improvement after singing voice therapy but they shows slight improvement in aerodynamic examination values compared to pre examination values. Four female students shows improvement in aerodynamic examination values and pitch range increasing. Above all, one student's vocal nodules disappeared after singing voice therapy. Conclusion : Singing voice therapy based on music singing is very effective to the students major in applied music singing. Above all, their curriculum in applied music singing should include phonation training based on music singing before training perform and technic practices.

Thermodynamic Calculations and Parameter Variations for Improving the Extraction Efficiency of Dy in Ternary Alloy System

Sun‑Woo Nam,Sang‑Min Park,Do‑Hyang Kim,Taek‑Soo Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.3

The extraction behavior of dysprosium (Dy) in a rapidly solidified Dy–Fe–B alloy system consisting of Dy2Fe14Band Dy6Fe23phases was investigated using the liquid metal extraction (LME) process. Liquid magnesium (Mg) was selected as the solventmetal in LME because it forms intermetallic compounds with Dy but not with iron (Fe) and boron (B) in this process. Thediffusion behavior of Dy was estimated through thermodynamic calculations and subsequently confirmed by process parameterssuch as temperature and reaction time. As the temperature increases, the extraction rate increases and the maximumextraction efficiency is about 74% Dy for 1 h at 1000 °C. As the reaction time increases, we achieved the maximum extractionefficiency of 95% Dy after 24 h at 900 °C. The factor affecting Dy extraction ratio up to 6 h is Dy6Fe23phase, after which theextraction mainly occurs in Dy2Fe14Bphase. Furthermore, the diffusion behavior is described in detail with analysis basedon microstructural and compositional properties. The effects of process parameters on extraction rate are also discussed.

말초염증에 의한 등족뿌리신경절의 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 합성의 변화

김상열,김정기,김효신,이상지,하선옥,홍해숙,김동선 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.3

The Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face Trial

( Sun Young Huh ),( Jung Won Shin ),( Jung Im Na ),( Chang Hun Huh ),( Sang Woong Youn ),( Kyoung Chan Park ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.1

Background: Melasma is a common acquired symmetrical hypermelanosis that occurs on sun-exposed areas, and it is frequently observed among women. Various treatment modalities have been tried, but none are completely satisfactory. 4-n-butylresorcinol, which is a resorcinol derivative that has an inhibitory effect on both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, was introduced in 1995 and it has received increasing attention as a new hypopigmenting agent. However, the hypopigmenting effect of 4-n-butylresorcinol in human subjects has only been shown in a few studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the hypopigmenting efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma. Methods: Twenty patients with melasma were enrolled to this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study. The patients were instructed to apply 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream or vehicle to each side of the face twice daily for 8 weeks. Mexameter measurements were performed along with photography at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Adverse events were observed and recorded throughout the study. Results: All the patients completed the study. Mexameter measurements demonstrated that the melanin index of the treated side showed a significant decrease when compared with that of the vehicle-treated side after 4 weeks (p=0.006) and after 8 weeks (p<0.0005). All the adverse reactions were mild and transient. Conclusion: 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream showed rapid efficacy and it was well tolerated when used for the treatment of melasma. (Ann Dermatol 22(1) 21∼25, 2010)

Protective Effects of N-acetylcystenine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats

Yeo-sung Yoon,Sun-don Kim,Min-hye Lee,Heung-shik S.Lee,In-se Lee,Je-kyung Sung,Eun-sung Park 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in RatsEun-sung Park, Sun-don Kim1, Min-hye Lee, Heung-shik S. Lee, In-se Lee, Je-kyung Sung and Yeo-sung Yoon*

A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea

Yong Sung Choi,정성훈,김은선,Eun Sun Kim,Eunhee Lee,Euiseok Jung,So-Yeon Lee,이우령,Hye Sun Yoon,Yong Joo Kim,Ji Kyoung Park,Son Moon Shin,Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim 대한신생아학회 2022 Neonatal medicine Vol.29 No.1

Purpose: Pediatricians have a significant responsibility to educate mothers about the importance of breastfeeding. However, there have been minimal efforts in the courses of resident training in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and attitude before and after a 4-week breastfeeding educational intervention among multicenter residents. Methods: Prospective interventional educational research was designed for residents at eight training hospitals in Korea. Institutional reviews were obtained in each hospital. The education curriculum consisted of 14 courses regarding breastfeeding theory and practice. These materials were used to teach pediatric residents for 4 weeks. Knowledge-based tests were administered before the course, and re-tests were administered after the course using different test items of similar levels. Test scores and survey responses were compared before and after the intervention. Results: A total of 73 residents (1st year 20, 2nd year 23, 3rd year 16, and 4th year residents 14) from eight training hospitals completed the intervention. Their average age was 30.3±2.9 years, 17 (23.3%) were male, 22 (30.1%) were married, and eight had more than one child of their own. The mean pre-test score was 61.8±13.4 and the mean post-test score was 78.3±7.5 (P<0.001). The inter-grade difference in the score was significant in the pre-test (P=0.005), but not significant in the post-test (P=0.155). There were more responses of obtaining confidence after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion: In our study, pediatric residents showed improvement in their knowledge and confidence level after 4 weeks of the breastfeeding curriculum. This will provide a basis for future policymaking in the training of pediatric residents regarding breastfeedReceived: 6 January 2022 Revised: 15 February 2022 Accepted: 15 February 2022 Correspondence to: Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3390 Fax: +82-2-3010-6978 E-mail: arkim@amc.seoul.kr A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea Yong-Sung Choi, MD,PhD1, Sung-Hoon Chung, MD, PhD2, Eun Sun Kim, MD, PhD3, Eun Hee Lee, MD4, Euiseok Jung, MD5, So Yeon Lee, MD, PhD5, Wooryoung Lee, MD6, Hye Sun Yoon, MD, PhD7, Yong Joo Kim, MD, PhD8, Ji Kyoung Park, MD, PhD9, Son Moon Shin, MD, PhD9, and Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD, PhD5 1Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea 4Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea 5Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 6Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 7Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea 8Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 9Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 pISSN 2287-9412 . eISSN 2287-9803 Copyright(c) 2022 By Korean Society of Neonatology This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Original Article 29 Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 ing in Korea.

조선시대 향교 건축의 공간 구성 -기문 및 문헌자료를 중심으로-

조상순 ( Sang Sun Jo ) 한국동양예술학회 2012 동양예술 Vol.20 No.-

역사적 건축물은 시대에 따라, 다양한 모습과 형태를 갖추면서 변화하여 왔다. 문화재의 元形1)을 언급하거나 건축물을 수리할 때에는, 역사적 변화과정을 감안하여, 각 시대의 흔적이 유지되도록 하되, 완전성과 진정성을 고려하는 것이 중요하다. 향교는 고려시대부터 존재하여 온 대표적인 조선시대 건축이다. 이에 대한 연구는 다양한 시각에서 이루어져 왔으나, 대부분 현존하는 형태와 공간에 대한 유형학적 연구에 그쳤으며, 이의 원형과 변화 과정에 대한 고찰은 부족했다. 본 연구에서는 조선시대 전반에 걸친 문헌자료를 근거로 현존향교의 공간 구성이 ‘어떠한 과정을 거쳐 현재와 같이 정형화하였는가’에 대하여 고찰하여, 내재된 공간 구성의 기본 원칙과 변화과정을 체계적으로 살펴보고자 하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문헌에 나타난 조선 전기(1530년대) 향교는 328개이며, 과반수인 65.6%의 향교가 邑治의 동쪽과 북쪽에 입지하였고, 읍치와의 거리는 5리 미만이 86.9%였다. 향교의 입지는 개인 주택, 사찰터 등을 사용하기도 하였으며, 경치가 좋은 곳에 자리하기도하였다. 좌향은 기본적으로 남향을 선택하였으며, 이는 조선 중기 이후에 향교 입지 선정의 기본 원칙으로 자리 잡았다. 둘째, 대성전을 중심으로 한 제향영역과, 명륜당을 중심으로 한강학영역은, 조선 전기 향교에서 하나의 공간에 존재하고 있었고, 조선 전기를 거치면서 현재와 같이 구분되었다. 특히 명륜당은 조선 전기를 거치면서 향교의 구성 요소로 자리하게 되었으며, 조선중기에 창건되는 경우도 있었다. 셋째, 두 영역은 전후 관계에 따라 소위 ‘前廟後學’과 ‘前學後廟’, 두 가지 유형의 배치로 구분된다. 後者는 이미 중국 宋代 지방 향교 배치에 적용되고 있어, 이러한 배치는 지방 향교가 갖는 보편적 배치 형태였음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 開城 成均館2)이 후자의 배치를 갖고 있는 반면, 서울 成均館이 전자의 배치를 갖게 된 배경은, 서울 성균관이 유교적 예법을 강조하였기 때문이었을 것으로 추정된다. 서울 성균관과 같은 배치를 갖고 있는 전주와 경주의 향교는 이를 모방하여 건립되었음이 확인되었다. 다섯째, 경상도에 위치한 자인향교의 경우 조선 초 선산의 해평향교, 강릉의 연곡향교의 예에 따라 건립한 기록이 있어 경우에 따라 타 향교를 모방하였음을 확인하였다. 여섯째, 명륜당은 15c까지도 일반 향교에 보편화되지 못했으며, 이것이 제도화되어 정착되는 시기는 16c전후이다. 조선 후기에는 건물 간 배치 관계가 명확해졌고, 소위 ‘上殿下堂’의 원칙이 완성되었다. Historic buildings, depending on the era, while equipped with a variety of looks and shapes have changed. So, whenever we mentioned about its original68) form or repair it, under consideration of its historical process of change, we should pay attention to keep its traces of each periods and also consider its totality and authenticity. Hyang-gyo69) has existed since the Goryeo Dynasty(A.D. 918-1392) and it is a representative architecture of the Joseon Dynasty(A.D. 1392-1910). And researches about it has been made from a various viewpoints. But most in cases, it concentrated on its typological research on form and space of present state. And there was the lack of consideration for the originality and the process of change. In this study, based on literatures throughout the Joseon Dynasty, I have considered the process of change of the spatial configuration of current Hyang-gyo architecture. By this, I tried to examine systematically the spatial configuration of the basic principles and processes of change inherent. The results are as follows. The First, the number of Hyang-gyo of the early Joseon period(A.D.1530s) in the literature are 328. More than half of them are located eastern and northern area of village or city. And 86.9% of them are located within 2km``s distances. In some cases, Hyang-gyo located on past-residence or past-temple site, and basically they were set southward. The second, the shrine zone centered by Dae-sung-jeon and the school zone centered by Myung-ryun-dang was originally existed in one space in case of beginning period of Joseon Dynasty. And they divide into two zones during former term of Joseon Dynasty. Especially, Myung-ryun-dang start to exist during former term of Joseon Dynasty and in some cases, it was build first during medium term of Joseon Dynasty. The third, these two zones would be layout as two types. The one is front-shrine and rear-school and the other is front-school and rear-shrine. As the layout of the latter was already adopted in Chinese local Hyang-gyo during Song dynasty(A.D. 960-1279), so this type of layout could be a typical one in hyang-gyo. In case of the former layout, it was the unique one of Joseon dynasty. The forth, there are two Sung-kyun-kwan which are the top educational institutions in Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. But they have different layouts. And the reason must be a difference of emphasis on Confucian etiquette and the one of Joseon dynasty take a front-shrine and rear-school layout. In cases of hynag-gyo in Jeonju and Gyeongju have imitated the layout of Sung-kyun-kwan of Joseon dynasty. The fifth, in case of hyang-gyo in Jain, it imitated the hyang-gyo in Hae-pyong of Sun-san and the hyang-gyo in Yeon-gok of Gang-neung in early Joseon dynasty. And it means that there were some cases of imitations regardless of the area. The sixth, Myung-ryun-dang(a study building) was not being common until 15th century. And its institutionalization and settlement period is around 16th century. During late Joseon dynasty, the clear relationship between buildings was placed and the principle of ``upper-shrine & below-school`` was completed.

가시오갈피의 생리·생태적 특성 (Ⅰ) : 산지별 순광합성, 기공증산, 기공전도도 Net Photosynthetic Rates, Stomatal Transpirations, Stomatal Conductances of Leaves

한상섭,권정중,이갑연,허성두,김하선,김종원 江原大學校 森林科學硏究所 2003 Journal of Forest Science Vol.19 No.-

이 연구는 가시오갈피 엽의 생리적 특성을 밝히고자 광합성, 기공증산, 기공전도도의 생리반응을 측정한 것으로 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 광보상점은 양엽이 약 30 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1), 음엽이 약 15 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 이었다. 2. 광포화점은 양엽이 약 1,000 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1), 음엽이 약 300 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 이었다. 3. 우리나라 및 중국산 가시오갈피 상엽의 순광합성속도는 약 8.0-8.8 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 로 산지간에 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 제주산 섬가시오갈피 상엽은 약 6.9 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 로 다소 낮았다. 4. 모든 산지에서 중위엽의 순광합성속도는 상엽의 40-65%, 하위엽은 상엽의 30% 정도이었다. 그러나 섬가시오갈피 하엽은 상엽의 약 71%로 다소 높았다. 5. 상엽의 기공증산속도는 1.1-1.4 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1), 중위엽은 0.7-1.0 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1), 하위엽은 0.5-0.6 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 산지별로 유의차가 없었다. 6. 기공전도도는 상엽이 약 70-90 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 산지별 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 그러나 제주 섬가시오갈피 상엽은 약 380 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 타산지보다 현저히 높았다. This study was made on the physiological reactions of photosynthesis, stomatal transpiration, stomatal conductance of Acanthopanax senticosus of leaves. The resuits obtained are as follows : 1. The light compensation points were approximately 30μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in sun leaves and 15μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in shade leaves. 2. The light, saturation points were approximately 1,000μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in sun leaves and 300μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in shade leaves. 3. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, net photosynthetic rates were approximately 8.0 to 8.8μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in upper leaves. However, net photosynthetic rate in upper leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was slightly low about 6.9μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1). 4. Net photosynthetic rate in middle leaves of all mountains was ranged from 40% to 65% of upper leaves, and that in lower leaves was approximately 30% of upper leaves. But, the net photosynthesis in lower leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was slightly high about 71% of upper leaves. 5. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, stomatal transpirations were ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 mmol H₂Om^(-2)s^(-1) in upper leaves, 0.7 to 1.0 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1) in middle leaves, and 0.5 to 0.6 mmol H₂0m^(-2)s^(-1) in lower leaves, respectively. 6. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, the stomatal conductance in upper leaves was ranged from 70 to 90 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1) . However, stomatal conductance in upper leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was approximately 380 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1), its remarkedly higher than any other mountain.