『흠흠신서(欽欽新書)』의 여성 관련 범죄 분석을 통해 본 정약용의 여성 인식과 시대적 의미

백민정 ( Min Jeong Baek ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2016 동방학지 Vol.173 No.-

이 글은 정약용의 인명사건 판례집인 『欽欽新書』의 여성 관련 범죄를 분석한 것이다. 특히 동시대의 관찬 판례집인 국왕 정조의 『審理錄』, 『秋官志』의 사건 기록과 비교하면서, 여성 관련범죄 평가에 드러난 유학자 정약용의 여성인식의 의미와 한계를 밝히고자 했다. 조선은 강상윤리와 풍속에 의한 도덕교화를 중시했는데, 정약용은 충효열의 강상윤리를 지나치게 우상화하는 정부정책과 이에 따른 효자 열부의 범람현상을 경계했다. 다산은 남편 사망 후에 따라죽는 부녀들의 순절행위를 비판했으며, 정조를 지키기 위한 여성의 과도한 자살 및 복수형 살인행위가 양산되는 것도 매우 우려했다. 열부에 대한 국가의 포상과 징계정책 때문에 여성들이 심각한 성적위핍의 상황이 아닌데도 맹목적으로 자살과 살인을 감행한다고 본 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 다산은 여성을 중심으로 빚어진 성관련 사건에서 국가가 아닌 개인들의 사적 응징과 처벌이 확산되는 현상에 대해서도 분명한 반대 의사를 피력했다. 하지만 여성의 죽음을 심각하게 우려한 다산의 관점은 여성 자신을 위한 것이라기보다 여성이 책임져야 남성 가부장 중심의 가족질서를 염두에 둔 것이라는 점에서 분명한 한계를 갖는다. 다산은 남편을 따라 죽은 부녀가 아니라, 남편의 시부모 봉양과 자손 양육의 책임을 자임하는 존재야말로 참된 열부라는 점을 분명히 한다. 가부장 가족의 영속을 위해 헌신하지 않고 한 때 울분으로 자살하거나 복수 살인하는 여성의 행위를, 다산이 편협한 부녀들의 우발적 자살소동, 부당한 복수행위로 비판한 것은 바로 이런 점 때문이다. 다산은 효제자의 인륜관계에서 아내를 제외하면서, 아내로서의 여성은 남편 시부모와 후손 양육의 역할을 철저히 수행함으로써 비로소남성 가족의 일원이 될 수 있다고 보았다. 하지만 『흠흠신서』에 수록된 여성 관련 사건들은, 오히려 여성이 이런 도덕적 책무에서 벗어나길 원했고, 가부장 중심의 가족질서에 부딪히면서 자신의 욕망을 표출하거나 혹은 욕망의 표출 결과 심각한 폭력적 대가를 감수해야 했던 상황을 보여준다. 정절의 윤리를 자발적으로 묵수하거나반대로 거부하는 수많은 사건들 사이에서, 우리는 당시 여성들이 어떠한 의지적 판단과 선택에 따라서 행위 했는지 살펴볼 수 있다. This study analyzes Jeong Yagyong’s evaluation of crimes involving women in Heumheum Sinseo (A New Book of Criminal Law), a collection of judicial precedents for murder cases. The paper seeks to elucidate the significance and limitations of the Confucian view of women in his evaluation of crimes involving women in comparison with the incidents recorded in contemporary governmental documents, including the Simnirok (審理錄) and the Chugwanji (秋官志). Joseon emphasized ethics on the basis of three bonds and five virtues, and Jeong was wary of the government’s excessive idealization of loyalty, familial reverence, and fidelity, and the consequent proliferation of filial sons and virtuous wives. He criticized the proliferation of female suicides and of retributive murder to preserve chastity. Jeong believed that women committed these acts even in situations that did not involve serious sexual violations due to the state policy of rewards and punishments for virtuous or straying wives. He also opposed the spread of punishments by individuals instead of the state in sexual incidents involving women. However, Jeong’s concern for women’s deaths stressed the patriarchy more than women. For him, the wives who cared for their parents-in-law and children instead of dying after their husbands were truly virtuous, and only then could they become members of their husbands’ families. However, incidents in the Heumheum Sinseo reveal that some women rejected those moral duties, and paid a fatal price for expressing their opposition to the patriarchy.

20세기 전반 지역사회의 재편과 지역민의 대응 ; 최한기 정치론에서 민(民)의 위상에 관한 문제

백민정 ( Min Jeong Baek ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2009 大東文化硏究 Vol.0 No.67

사북-고한지역이 탄광폐석에 대한 암석학적 특성 연구

백환조,임길재,서백수,민경원,정연태 강원대학교 석재복합신소재제품연구센터 1996 석재연 논문집 Vol.1 No.-

사북 및 고한 지역에 분포하는 동원탄좌와 삼척탄좌에 적치되어 있는 석탄폐석은 대부분 사암과 흑색 셰일로서, 사북광업소의 경우 약 730만 m³, 정암광업소에는 약 830만 m³의 폐석이 적치되어 있다. 동원탄좌 사북광업소의 석탄폐석중 사암은 대부분 평균 입자의 크기가 0.15∼0.9㎜에 해당하는 등립질 조직을 보이는 이질석영사암으로서, 입자의 모양과 원마도에 따른 분류로는 low sphericity의 subrounded grain에 해당된다. 또한 흑색 셰일은 평균 광물 입자의 크기가 0.05㎜ 이하이고 비교적 물결 모양의 충리를 나타내고 있다. 삼척탄좌 정암광업소의 사암은 대부분 평균 입자의 크기가 0.15∼0.3mm의 범위에 해당하는 등립질의 이질석영사암으로서 대체로 low sphericity의 subrounded grain에 해당되며, 흑색 셰일은 평균 장경이 약 0.03∼0.06㎜에 달하고, 충리가 비교적 잘 발달되어 있다. 주성분 원소들의 화학분석 결과에 따르면 동원탄좌 사북광업소의 사암은 삼척탄좌 정암광업소의 사암에 비해 상대적으로 SiO₂의 평균함량이 약간 더 높은 값을 보이고 있는데, 특히 동원탄좌 사북광업소의 일부 사암(D-4 및 D-5)은 치밀한 조직의 석영으로 구성되어 있고, 소량의 점토광물만이 기질을 이루고 있어 건설재료로서 그 활용가치가 높다고 판단된다. 또한 삼척탄좌의 사암(S-3 및 S-4)은 동원탄좌의 사암보다 상대적으로 낮은 SiO₂ 함량과 높은 Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃*, K₂O 및 L.O.I. 함량을 보이는데, 이는 기질을 이루는 점토광물의 양이 상대적으로 많음을 반영한다. 삼척탄전의 석탄폐석에 대한 암석학적 및 지구화학적인 특징에 의하면 사암의 경우는 대체로 건설재료로서 활용이 가능하나, 흑색 셰일의 경우는 비교적 탄질물이 많이 함유되어 있어 직접적인 건설재료로의 이용은 비효율적일 것으로 생각된다. The coal mine waste rocks piled in he Sabuk and Gohan district consist mainly of sandstones and black shales, and the estimated volumes of the waste rocks are about 7,300,000m³ and about 8,300,000m³ at the Sabuk mine, Dongwon Coal Co. and the Jeongam mine, Samchok Coal Co., respectively. Sandstones in the waste pile yard of the Sabuk mine are mainly equigranular argillaceous arenites composed of low spherical and subrounded grains of 0.15∼0.9㎜ in size. Black shales show generally wavy lamination and their average grain sizes are less than 0.05㎜. Sandstones in the waste pile yard of the Jeongam mine are also mainly equigranular argillaceous arenite of low spherical, subrounded and 0.15∼0.3㎜ sized grains, and black shales exhibit well developed laminar structure with grains of 0.03∼0.06㎜ in size. Sandstones at the Sabuk mine have higher SiO₂ contents than those at the Jeongam mine, and especially some sandstones (D-4 and D-5) have extremely high SiO₂ contents, reflecting their compact textured quartz grains with small amounts of argillaceous matrix. Compared with those at the Sabuk mine, Sandstones at the Jeongam mine display lower SiO₂ contents but higher abundances of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, and L.O.I., reflecting relatively lower amounts of clay minerals. According to their petrological and geochemical properties, sandstones rather than black shales in the Sabuk and Gohan district could be potentially utilized as raw materials for construction and especially for polymer-concrete, which is now under design for mass production in this area.

성악골 절제후 유리피판술을 이용한 상악재건 3례 보고

박정일,한태근,최준,백세민 大韓成形外科學會 1991 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.18 No.1

Malignant tumor of the head and neck can be treated by radical excision of the lesion. But the resultant facial deformity acts as a handicap in the patient's life. The quality of life is as important as the quantity. Therefore reconstruction of these patients is an important field in plastic surgery. We used 3 kinds of flap for reconstruction after maxillectomy. Two cases were late reconstruction with Rectus Abdominis myocutaneous free flap and parascapular free flap respectively. In remaining one case, immediate reconstruction was performed with rib bone graft and Latissimus Dorsi free flap. The results were satisfactory. But we found that ptosis of the flap is problem in all cases.

3kW 태양광발전시스템의 실증시험(Ⅰ)

박정민,조금배,백형래,최창주 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 2004 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.26 No.1

Consider the optimal design for PV system, it is apply to 3㎾ interconnected electric power PV system, that is a point of reference for 3㎾ PV the spread residential section system. Through the driving various practical system, we look into that fbr efficiency of generation and stability of interconnected system. Using obtained data acquisition, It can be suggest that installation and management for system parameter to optimal design maximum generation electric power. PV system have some losses that are variation radiation, shadow, change temperature, unbalanced grid connection, serial circuit loss, MPP deference loss, PCS loss and so forth. Using obtained various performance characteristic result, we can make database in the future, through the this study, we can get the reliance and have regard to spread PV system.

대학생 흡연자의 금연경험에 따른 건강신념차이

구정일,김민정,김동희,백정희,안현실,은가희,우혜령,이명희,이수현,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

It has been generally known that smoking is one of the worst factor increasing disease and mortality in human health since in 1950's and nowadays. But regardless of various proofs about social or economical problems due to smoking, current smoking rate has not been decreased in our country. Until now, most of tobacco use and its addiction researches have been focused on the adolescent or adult women smokers not on the university students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate smoking cessation of university smokers and analyze the health belief-perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits and barriers- difference, then to provide basic data for effective smoking cessation strategy for university smokers. The subjects were comprised of 181 university smokers from 15 universities in Seoul. The data were collected by structured questionaires. The questionaires were designed to measure general characteristics, smoking cessation and health belief, based on Ahn(2003)'s result on the Study of Smoking attitude, Behavior and Smoking Cessation of Adult Male and Lee(1987)'s result on Relationships Between the Health Belief Model and Smoking Habits. The data were collected from May 5 to 16. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The actual number, percentiles, means, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were done. The result of this study were as follows; 1. The general characteristics of the subjects of this study The range of age was from 18 to 34 and the averaging age was 23. The subjects of this study were 141 males and 40 females. The religions were Christianity 25.4%(46), Buddhism 12.7%(23), Catholic 23.2%(42), no religion 37.0%(67). The residential forms were living with family 59.1%(107), cooking food for oneself 28.7%(52), dormitory 5.0%(9), boarding house 1.7%(3). Smoking starting age were university 43.1 %(78), high school 29.8%(54), middle school 14.9%(27), in the army 6.1 %(11), elementary school 1.1 %(2). 2. The smoking cessation of the subjects 80% of current smokers showed quitting smoking decision and 20% have not tried. The frequency of quitting smoking decision were from 1 to above 8 and mean was 3.06. As for smoking cessation plan, 54.7%(99) current smokers answered yes, 3.9%(7) said no, 35.4%(64) had no idea and 6.1 %(11) didn't answer. As for the reason of never quitting smoking decision, 71.42%(25 among total 35) have no need to quit smoking and the others said difficulty of smoking cessation. As for the main reason of smoking cessation decision, 54.7%(99) answered for the health, 7.2%(13) family advice, 15.5%(28) girl/boy friend's advice, 1.7%(3) to save money. As for the reason to fail smoking cessation, 56.7%(68) were will-lack, 17.5%(21) stress, 15%(18) smoking mood, 10%(12) withdrawl symptom. As for the smoking cessation method, 85.0%(125) were oneself-will, 2.7%(4) way acquired by mass-media, 2%(3) doctor's prescription, 2%(3) religion's help, 0.7%(1) smoking cessation school. As for the difficulty in smoking cessation, 42.2%(62) were drinking meeting, 23.1 %(34) no alternative of stress release, 12.2%(18) withdrawl symptom, 11.6%(17) having nothing to do, 7.5%(11) friend's encouragement. As for the most difficult cigarette to quit, 67.8%(99) were all-day smoking except the first smoking in the morning, 32.2%(47) the first smoking in the morning. 3. Health belief as for general characteristics Gender - The total point in benefits showed higher in male(28.5177) than female(26.6750). There was significant difference(t=.778, p<.05). The total point in health belief showed higher in male (105.8298) than female(l00.5000). So there was significant difference(t=.345, p<.05). Age - There was significant difference in benefits between age(10's-25.83, 20's-28.39, 30's-32.00)(F=3.73, p<.05). Smoking starting age - There was significant difference in total point of sensitivity and health belief(sensitivity F=4.00, p<.Ol, health belief F=2.843, p<.05). As for sensitivity, subjects who started smoking in the army showed the highest(33.36) and ones in high school showed the lowest(26.96). The total point in health belief showed the highest in elementary school(l19.00) and the lowest in high school(100.98). 4. Health belief as for smoking cessation There was significant difference in health belief as for smoking cessation(t=0.189, p=0.OO2). Sensitivity point showed higher in smoking quitting trial smokers(29.2) than non-trial smoker (26.9). Severity point showed higher in trial smokers (30.7) than non-trial smokers(28.9). Benefit point showed higher in trial smokers(28.6) than non-trial smokers(26.2). There was no significant difference in barriers point.

Parapharyngeal Space에 발생한 Pleomorphic Adenoma의 치험례

장신남,백민주,김진수,변기정 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2003 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.25 No.2

본 교실에서는 발생이 드문 부인두간극에 발생한 다형성 선종을 악하절개와 하악지 부위의 하악골 절단을 행한 이후에 둔적박리(blunt dissection)를 이용하여 종물과 주위의 구조물을 외과적으로 절제하였으며, 3년간의 추적 조사 결과 재발의 양상 없이 양호한 결과를 얻었기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common of the benign salivary gland tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma accounts for 60% of all parotid gland tumors, 50% of submandibular gland tumors. and only 25% of sublingual gland neoplasms. Fifty percent of all oral minor gland tumors are pleomorphic adenomas of which 55% arise in the palate, 25% in the lip, 10% in the buccal mucosa, and 10% from all other oral and oropharyhgeal sites. The presence of tumors within the parapharyhgeal space is rare. Some investigators have reported pleomorphic adenomas originating in the deep lobe of the parotid gland advancing to involve this region, as well as primary pleomorphic adenomas of nonparotid origin. We present a case report of pleomorphic adenomas in the parapharyhgeal space with literature review. The tumor was completely removed under general anesthesia via submandibular incision with the division of mandible.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

비골골절 환자에 대한 정복 후 만족도에 대한 임상적 연구

정성훈,박정일,최 준,백세민 大韓成形外科學會 1994 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.21 No.5

In the evaluation of the result of reduction of fractured nasal bone, 'the degree of satisfaction of the patient' is the most important factor. There were several reports regarding 'patient's satisfaction'. However they are not related to individual factors such as age, sex, cause of injury, method of reduction, etc but are the 'overall' rate of satisfied patients. We tried to know what should we do in the individual steps in treating fractured nose to reduce the rate of dissatisfaction. We analysed 120 consecutive patients who underwent reduction in Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital due to fractured nose from August of 1989 to March of 1993. The results were as followings ; 1) There were many dissatisfied cases in second and third decades(p=0.054). 2) In case of severe combined injury requiring general anesthesia, the rate of dissatisfaction was high(p=0.061). 3) In cases with septal fracture, the rate of dissatisfaction was high(p=0.042). 4) The operation should be performed before 24 hours after trauma or on the fifth, sixth, and seventh posttraumatic day because the rate of dissatisfaction was low(p=0.023) 5) To evaluate the effect of splinting, further study is necessary. We should follow-up for longer time and it is difficult to define criteria of satisfaction of individual persons. We think that further research can clerify the protocol in the treatment of nasal bone fractures.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor가 백서두개관 세포군의 증식 및 교원합성에 미치는 영향

김기수,고성희,백정화,민병무,김관식,정동균 대한구강생물학회 1991 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.15 No.2

To study the effect of platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) on the replication and collagen synthesis of rat calvarial cells, five bone cell populations(I-V) were prepared from fetal rat calvaria by sequential enzyme digestion. After primary culture for 6-7 days, each bone cell population was collected and then population Ⅰ and Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ were pooled together. And the cells were resuspended at 6-8×10^4 cells/㎝^2 and cultured for 2-3 days. The medium was changed to serum-free medium prior to addition of growth factor. The effect of PDGF on the cell proliferation was measured by the incorporation of [^3H]thymidine into DNA. Protein synthesis was determined by measurement of [^3H]proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible protein(CDP) and noncollagenous protein(NCP) according to the method of Peterkofsky and Die-gelmann(1971). The observed results were as follows. 1. PDGF at 10 ng/㎖ significantly increased the [^3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in all bone cell populations. 2. PDGF at 30 ng/㎖ significantly increased the synthesis of NCP in population Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅳ, Ⅴ. 3. PDGF had no effect on the synthesis of CDP but percent collagen synthesis was decreased significantly in population Ⅳ, Ⅴ. Taken together, the increase of protein synthesis by PDGF in rat calvarial cells was due to the incraese of NCP synthesis.